J.
Cent. South Univ. (2012) 19: 2125−2129
DOI: 10.1007/s1177101212544
Effect of OH − on morphology of Cu2O particles prepared through
reduction of Cu(II) by glucose
WANG Yuejun(王岳俊), ZHOU Kanggen(周康根)
School of Metallurgical Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
© Central South University Press and SpringerVerlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
Abstract: Cu2O particles with different shapes were prepared via reducing Cu(II) in alkaline system by glucose at 50 °C. The
products were characterized by Xray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy
(TEM). It is found that the shape of Cu2O particles changes with the change of concentration of NaOH. The different shapes of Cu2O
particles are due to the absorption of OH − ions on Cu2O particles, which arise the variety of growth mode of Cu2O, and then
influence the morphology of Cu2O particles.
Key words: cuprous oxide; glucose reduction; morphology control; growth mechanism
morphology control was analyzed and discussed. The
1 Introduction reaction condition of preparing spherical Cu2O particles
for producing copper powder used on electronic pastes
Cu2O is widely used as additive of corrosionproof was discovered.
coating, colorant of glass and bactericide. Cu2O is a
ptype semiconductor with a small band gap of about 2 Experimental
2 eV [1], which makes it a promising material in the
application of solar energy conversion, electronics, 2.1 Materials
magnetic storage and catalysis [2−6]. Recently, some Copper sulphate (CuSO4∙5H2O), sodium hydroxide
researches were carried out on the copper powder for (NaOH), glucose (C6H12O6∙H2O) and solvents were of
electronic pastes prepared by H2 reduction of Cu2O as analytical grade and were used as received without
the precursor [7−8]. In this method, the shape and size of further purification.
copper powder particles were determined by Cu2O. Since
the parameters, such as particle size and shape of copper 2.2 Preparation of Cu2O particles
particles are utmost important for conductive pastes, it is In different sequences of experiments, the volumes
essential to investigate the morphology and size control of CuSO4, NaOH and glucose solutions with definite
of the Cu2O particle. Many efforts have been devoted to concentration were kept constant at 200 mL, respectively,
the synthesis of Cu2O with various morphologies such as and the concentrations of CuSO4, NaOH and glucose
octahedron [9−12], cube [13−17], sphere [10, 16, 18], were listed in Table 1.
starlike, flowerlike [19] and tubular like [13].
However, most of the methods utilize organic Table 1 Reaction reagent concentration for preparation of Cu2O
additive as modifier [10, 13], irradiation of microwave Experimental c(CuSO4∙5H2O)/ c(NaOH)/ c(C6H12O6∙H2O)/
[15, 18], or waterinoil microemulsions [14]. Those code (mol∙L −1 ) (mol∙L −1 ) (mol∙L −1 )
processes are inconvenient and complex. In this work, a 1.00 2.50 1.00
Cu2O particles were prepared via reducing Cu(II) by b 1.00 3.75 1.00
glucose in alkaline system. Different shapes and
c 1.00 5.00 1.00
crystallinities of Cu2O particles were obtained through
changing the concentration of NaOH without any d 1.00 6.25 1.00
assistant equipment or reagents. The synthesis can be
well repeated in high yield and satisfy the demand of Firstly, the precursor was prepared by dropping
industrialization. Furthermore, mechanism concerning NaOH solution into CuSO4 solution under stirring in
Foundation item: Project(50674100) supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China
Received date: 2011−05−27; Accepted date: 2012−03−22
Corresponding author: ZHOU Kanggen, Professor, PhD; Tel: +86−731−88836442; Email: [email protected]
2126 J. Cent. South Univ. (2012) 19: 2125−2129
flask at room temperature (25 °C). Secondly, the precursor
and glucose solutions were heated up to 50 °C,
respectively. Finally, the glucose solution was dumped
into the reaction vessel rapidly to reduce the precursor at
50 °C. The products were collected by centrifugation,
washed for 5 times with distilled water and 2 times with
ethanol, and then, dried at 65 °C for 24 h. Preparation
processes of precursor and Cu2O paste were both under
stirring (500 r/min). The pH values were measured
timely during the glucose reduction.
In the reaction, the Cu 2+ ions are reduced first to
Cu + by glucose and Cu + can react with OH − to form
Cu2O, which is described as follows:
Cu(OH)2=Cu 2+ +2OH − (or CuO+H2O=Cu 2+ +2OH − ) (1)
Cu 2+ +3OH − +C6 H12 O6=Cu + + C 6 H 11 O - Fig. 1 XRD patterns of Cu2O with different shapes:
7 +2H2 O (2)
(a) Octahedron; (b) Sphere
Cu + +OH − =CuOH (3)
2CuOH=Cu2O+H2O (4) The TEM micrographs and the selected area
electron diffraction (SAED) patterns of Cu2O particles
2.3 Measurement of quantities of OH − absorbed on with different shapes are provided in Fig. 3. Figure 3(a)
Cu2O particles shows the TEM and SAED micrographs of the spherical
Firstly, 4 g Cu2O particles were put into 200 mL Cu2O particles when the NaOH concentration is
NaOH solution. Secondly, the suspension was stirred by 2.50 mol/L. The TEM images clearly indicate that the
ultrasonication for 30 min, and then the suspension was spherical particles are all polycrystals, as indicated by the
filtrated using 0.45 μm polyether sulfone membrane filter. ringlike SAED pattern taken on these spherical particles.
Finally, the concentration of OH − was measured in the Figure 3(b) shows the TEM and SAED micrographs of
filtrate by acidbase titration. the octahedral Cu2O particles when the NaOH
concentration is 6.25 mol/L. The TEM image
2.4 Characterization of Cu2O particles unambiguously reveals that it is a perfect Cu2O single
The XRD of the powder was carried out using a crystal, and the SAED pattern can be identified as the
Rigaku D/Max 2550 Xray diffractometer with Cu Kα á111ñ zone axis projection of the Cu2O reciprocal lattice.
radiation (λ=1.541 8 Å). The morphology and particle Therefore, both single crystal particles and
size of Cu2O particles were investigated by SEM polycrystalline powders can be prepared selectively in
(JSEM6360LV, Japan). TEM images were taken with a similar procedures by simply changing the concentration
Hitachi Model800 transmission electron microscope of NaOH.
using an accelerating voltage of 200 kV.
3.2 Discussion
3 Results and discussion Two completely different mechanisms are usually
used to explain the formation of single crystals and
3.1 Characterization of Cu2O particles polycrystals [20]. A diffusion mechanism is generally
The XRD patterns of products with octahedron and accepted to explain the formation of monodispersed
spherical shapes are shown in Fig. 1. All the peaks can single crystals. According to this mechanism, the crystal
be indexed into the cubic symmetry of Cu2O. No nuclei will make a facet oriented growth via the
impurity peaks are observed, indicating that the products constituent complexes diffusion to these primary particles,
are phasepure Cu2O. and the morphology of monocrystal is determined by the
Cu2O powders obtained from different experiments relatively growth rate of different crystal faces [12,
are characterized by SEM, as shown in Fig. 2. It can be 20−21]. For Cu2O monocrystal, when (111) plane grows
deduced that spherical Cu2O particles are synthesized relative fast, the shape of Cu2O crystal tends to be
when the concentration of NaOH is 2.50 mol/L. As the cube. When (100) plane grows relatively fast, it tends
concentration of NaOH increases, quasispherical Cu2O to be octahedron. On the other hand, an aggregation
particles with angularity appear (Fig. 2(c)). When the mechanism is also employed to explain the formation of
NaOH concentration is 6.25 mol/L, the shape of Cu2O monodispersed polycrystals [10, 20]. This mechanism
particle is octahedron. considers that the aggregations of uniform single
J. Cent. South Univ. (2012) 19: 2125−2129 2127
Fig. 2 SEM images of Cu2O particles prepared in presence of different concentrations of NaOH: (a) 2.50 mol/L; (b) 3.75 mol/L;
(c) 5.00 mol/L; (d) 6.25 mol/L
Fig. 3 TEM and SAED images of Cu2O particles with different shapes: (a) sphere; (b) octahedron
crystalline subunits lead to nuclei growing into the final different shapes of Cu2O crystal particles were obtained
larger polycrystalline assemblies. via changing the concentration of NaOH. The result
It could be concluded that spherical Cu2O indicates that the competition exists between aggregation
polycrystals were obtained in this work because the growth and (100) facet oriented growth of crystal
growth mode of Cu2O nuclei was aggregation, and nucleus when the concentration of NaOH changes. It
octahedral Cu2O single crystals were owing to the could be attributed to having a large number of OH − on
growth mode of (100) facet oriented growth. In this work, Cu2O particles surface in alkaline systems.
2128 J. Cent. South Univ. (2012) 19: 2125−2129
−
In order to study the effect of OH on growth mode particles. Thus, repulsion between singlenuclei,
of Cu2O crystal nucleus, the pH values were registered molecule clusters, and primary particles is low,
timely during glucose reduction of Cu(II), as shown in aggregation is the leading growth mode, and the crystal
Fig. 4. And the absorption quantities of OH − ions on nucleus grow into spherical particles finally.
Cu2O particles at different pH values (NaOH solution 2) When the concentration level of NaOH is high,
with different concentrations) are listed in Table 2. there are more OH − ions adsorbed on the surface of Cu2O
particles. This brings about stronger repulsion among
primary particles, which restrains the aggregation growth.
Thus, diffusion mechanism is the growth mode of Cu2O
crystal nuclei. As to this work, it is accepted that the OH −
would be selectively adsorbed on (111) facet of Cu2O
crystals, then slow the growth rates of (111) facet [12].
The increase of NaOH concentration will augment the
adsorption of OH − on Cu2O particle, in especial, on (111)
crystal facet. So, the nuclei tend to preferentially grow
along (100) directions and form octahedrons bounded by
(111) facets.
4 Conclusions
Fig. 4 Change of pH values during reaction in presence of
different NaOH concentrations 1) When NaOH concentration is 6.25 mol/L, there
are more OH − ions adsorbed on surface of Cu2O
Table 2 Absorption quantities of OH − on Cu2O in different particles, and the repulsion among primary particles
alkaline systems restrains aggregation growth mode and high density of
NaOH concentration NaOH concentration Absorbed OH − on (111) facet restrains the growth of (111) facet. As
before adsorbed/ after adsorbed/ quantity of OH − / a result, relatively faster growing of (100) facet is
(mol∙L −1 ) (mol∙L −1 ) (mmol∙g −1 ) eliminated, with morphology of Cu2O forming into
0.993 0 0.961 0 1.570 octahedron finally.
0.491 0 0.474 0 0.865 2) When NaOH concentrations are 2.50 mol/L and
3.75 mol/L, the repulsion is lower, aggregation is the
0.089 1 0.084 2 0.245
leading growth mode, and Cu2O nuclei grow into sphere
0.045 1 0.043 5 0.080 finally.
0.014 3 0.013 9 0.020 3) When NaOH concentration is 5.00 mol/L, there
is a balanced competition between aggregation growth
In this work, every reaction finished after 20 min. It and (100) facet growth. As a result, Cu2O nuclei grow
can be seen in Fig. 4 that when NaOH concentration is into quasispherical particles.
2.50, 3.75, 5.00 and 6.25 mol/L, the pH values change
from 12.35 to 11.80, 12.65 to 12.18, 13.2 to 12.8 and References
13.2 to 12.9 in reaction process, respectively. Table 2
shows that there is a strong adsorption between Cu2O [1] SMITH M, GOTOVAC V, ALJNOVIC L J. LUCICLAVCEVIC M.
particles and OH − , and the adsorption increases with the An investigation of the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical
properties of the cuprous oxide/liquid phase boundary [J]. Surface
increase of NaOH concentration (pH value). It could be
Science, 1995, 335: 171−176.
concluded that when NaOH concentrations are 2.50 mol/L
[2] JAYEWARDENA C, HEWAPARAMA K P, WIJEWARDENA D L A,
and 3.75 mol/L, the absorbed quantity of OH − ions on
GURUGE H. Fabrication of nCu2O electrodes with higher energy
Cu2O particles in the reaction process is less than
conversion efficiency in a photoelectrochemical cell [J]. Solar
0.245 mmol/g, but when NaOH concentrations are Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 1998, 56(1): 29−33.
5.00 mol/L and 6.25 mol/L, it is more. Large number of [3] WANG Xuejun, LOU Tao. Photo degradation of dissolved organic
OH − adsorbed on surface of Cu2O particles will arouse matter and its impact on the biologic processes [J]. Photographic
strong repulsion among them. The repulsion will become Science and Photochemistry, 2004, 22(4): 29−305.
stronger while more OH − ions are adsorbed. So, in this [4] NIAN Junnan, HU Chechia, TENG Hissheng. Electrodeposited
work, different shapes of Cu2O crystal particles would be ptype Cu2O for H2 evolution from photoelectrolysis of water under
due to the following effects: visible light illumination [J]. International Journal of Hydrogen
1) When the concentration level of NaOH is low, Energy, 2008, 33(12): 2897−2903.
there are less OH − ions adsorbed on surface of Cu2O [5] KAKUTA S, TOSHIYUKI A. Photocatalytic activity of Cu2O
J. Cent. South Univ. (2012) 19: 2125−2129 2129
nanoparticles prepared through novel synthesis method of precursor [14] CHEN Qingde, SHEN Xinghai, GAO Hongcheng. Formation of
reduction in the presence of thiosulfate [J]. Solid State Sciences, solid and hollow cuprous oxide nanocubes in waterinoil
2009, 11(8): 1465−1469. microemulsions controlled by the yield of hydrated electrons [J].
[6] WEI Xiaohao, ZHU Haitao, KONG Tiantian, WANG Liqiu. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2007, 312(2): 272−278.
Synthesis and thermal conductivity of Cu2O nanofluids [J]. [15] YANG Shiguo, CHEN Qingde, SHEN Xinghai. The effect of
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2009, 52(19/20): ethylene glycol on the morphology of Cu2O nanoparticles
4371−4374. synthesized in W/O microemulsion by γirradiation [J]. Spectroscopy
[7] HU Minyi, WANG Chongguo, ZHOU Kanggen, XU Rui. and Spectral Analysis, 2007, 27(11): 2155−2159.
Preparation of spherical ultrafine copper powder [J]. Functional [16] ZHAO Huatao, WANG Dong, ZHANG Lanyue, BAI Zhiping, WU
Material, 2007, 38(10): 1577−1579. (in Chinese) Youting. A simple method for the preparation of Cu2O with different
[8] ZHOU Kanggen, WANG Yuejun, CAO Yan, JIANG Zhigang. A morphologies in high reaction concentration [J]. Chinese Journal of
novel process for the production of copper powder used on electronic Inorganic Chemistry, 2009, 25(1): 142−146. (in Chinese)
paste: China, ZL 200910043043.7 [P]. 2009−08−26. (in Chinese) [17] SUN Fang, GUO Yupeng, TIAN Yumei, ZHANG Jidong, LV
[9] ZHANG Xu, XIE Yi, XU Fen, LIU Xiaohui, XU Di. Shape Xiaotang, LI Minggang, ZHENG Yunhui, WANG Zichen. The
controlled synthesis of submicrosized cuprous oxide octahedral [J]. effect of additives on the Cu2O crystal morphology in acetate bath by
Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 2003, 6(11): 1390−1392. electrodeposition [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2008, 310(2):
[10] DONG Yajie, LI Yadong, WANG Cheng, CUI Aili, DENG 318−323.
Zhaoxiang. Preparation of cuprous oxide particles of different [18] WU Zhengcui, SHAO Mingwang, ZHANG Wu, NI Youbao.
crystallinity [J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2001, Largescale synthesis of uniform Cu2O stellar crystals via
243(1): 85−89. microwaveassisted route [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2004,
[11] ZHANG Xiaojun, WANG Guangfeng, WU Haibian, ZHANG 260(3/4): 490−493.
Xiaoqing, LI Po, WU Huaqiang. Synthesis and photocatalytic [19] LIANG Zhenhua, ZHU Yingjie. Synthesis of uniformly sized Cu2O
characterization of porous cuprous oxide octahedral [J]. Materials crystals with starlike and flowerlike morphologies [J]. Materials
Letters, 2008, 62(28): 4363−4365. Letters, 2005, 59(19/20): 2423−2425.
[12] ZHANG Xiaojuan, CUI Zuolin. Onepot growth of Cu2O concave [20] SUGIMOTO T. Monodispersed particles [M]. Amsterdam: Elsevier
octahedron microcrystal in alkaline solution [J]. Materials Science Science B.V., 2001: 86−140.
and Engineering B, 2009, 162(2): 82−86. [21] RAWLINGS J B, MILLER S M, WITKOWSKI W R. Model
[13] LUO Fang, WU Di, GAO Lei, LIAN Suoyuan, WANG Enbo, identification and control solution crystallization processes: A review
KANG Zhenhui, LAN Yang, XU Lin. Shapecontrolled synthesis of [J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 1993, 32(7):
Cu2O nanocrystals assisted by Triton X100 [J]. Journal of Crystal 1275−1296.
Growth, 2005, 285(4): 534−540. (Edited by HE Yunbin)