DECCAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY
Darussalam, Nampally-Hyderabad
(AFFILIATED TO OSMANIA UNIVERSITY)

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

POWER ELECTRONICS LABORATORY MANUAL

B.E Vth SEMESTER CBCS

Prepared by
Syed Mujtaba Mahdi Mudassir
Associate Professor
&
Shaik Khader Vali
Lab Supervisor
POWER ELECTRONICS LABORATORY MANUAL DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

INDEX

S.No Experiment Page No. Signature Remarks

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GUIDELINES FOR LABORATORY NOTEBOOK

The laboratory notebook is a record of all work pertaining to the experiment.

This record should be sufficiently complete so that you or anyone else of similar technical
background can duplicate the experiment and data by simply following your laboratory
notebook. Record everything directly into the notebook during the experiment. Do not
use scratch paper for recording data. Do not trust your memory to fill in the details at a
later time.
Organization in your notebook is important. Descriptive headings should be used to
separate and identify the various parts of the experiment. Record data in chronological
order. A neat, organized and complete record of an experiment is just as important as the
experimental work.
1. Heading:
The experiment identification (number) should be at the top of each page.
2. Objective:
A brief but complete statement of what you intend to find out or verify in the experiment
should be at the beginning of each experiment
3. Diagram:
A circuit diagram should be drawn and labeled so that the actual experiment circuitry
could be easily duplicated at any time in the future. Be especially careful to record all
circuit changes made during the experiment.
4. Equipment List:
List those items of equipment which have a direct effect on the accuracy of the data. It
may be necessary later to locate specific items of equipment for rechecks if discrepancies
develop in the results.
5. Procedure:
In general, lengthy explanations of procedures are unnecessary. Be brief. Short
commentaries along side the corresponding data may be used. Keep in mind the fact that
the experiment must be reproducible from the information given in your notebook.
6. Data:
Think carefully about what data is required and prepare suitable data tables.
Record instrument readings directly.Do not use calculated results in place of direct
data; however, calculated results may be recorded in the same table with the direct
data.

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7. Calculations:
Not always necessary but equations and sample calculations are often given to illustrate
the treatment of the experimental data in obtaining the results.
8. Graphs:
Graphs are used to present large amounts of data in a concise visual form. Data to be
presented in graphical form should be plotted in the laboratory so that any
questionable data points can be checked while the experiment is still set up. The grid
lines in the notebook can be used for most graphs. If special graph paper is required,
affix the graph permanently into the notebook. Give all graphs a short descriptive
title. Label and scale the axes. Use units of measure. Label each curve if more than
one on a graph sheet.
9. Results:
The results should be presented in a form which makes the interpretation easy. Large
amounts of numerical results are generally presented in graphical form. Tables are
generally used for small amounts of results. Theoretical and experimental results should
be on the same graph or arrange in the same table in a way for easy correlation of these
results.
10. Conclusion:
This is your interpretation of the results of the experiment as an engineer. Be brief and
specific. Give reasons for important discrepancies.

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1. TO STUDY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR,

BJT, MOSFET AND IGBT
AIM: To study the following experiments.

EXPT-(1): Plotting/displaying the output characteristics of N-MOSFET, N-IGBT and N-

BJT on oscilloscope.

EXPT-(2): Plotting/displaying the transfer of Trans-conductance characteristics of

N-MOSFET, N-IGBT and N-BJT on oscilloscope.

EXPT-(3): Zener diode –its mode of operation, zener diode as diode voltage regulator

EXPT-(4): UJT-mode of operation, tracing of UJT static emitter characteristics, curves

of oscilloscope, study of variations of peak point and valley point.

EXPT-(5A): Displaying V-I characteristics of SCR, TRIAC, DIAC.

EXPT-(6): Measurement of Latching and holding current of SCR.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

1) 0-30v DC Meter-2no ‘s
2) 0-10 ma DC Meter -1no’s
3) 0-200 ma DC meter-1no’s
4) Dual beam oscilloscope
5) Patch chords
6) FT 1427 Experiment board.

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1. EXPERIMENT-I:
A. POINT TO POINT PLOTTING.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & CHARACTERISTICS

PROCEDURE

Connect 4 pin connector of power supply unit and switch ON the kit.
1. Connect the MOSFET terminals into the appropriate DUT sockets.
2. Connect 0-24vDC power supply in the gate circuit as shown between red socket to
“S/E” socket, let us call this as Vgs power supply, connect 0-10mA current meter and
also connect 0-200 mA meter.
3. Connect second 0-24vDC power supply between S/E and osc gnd sockets as shown in
the figure; let us call this as VDS power supply.
4. Connect the 0-30vDC voltmeter between “DC” and “S/E” sockets with polarities as
shown.
5. Set both the power supply to zero volts and switch on the experiment kit.
6. Now increase and set Vgs power supply voltage @ 3.0V slowly increase Vds power
supply voltage and note down the point at which the drain current Id starts to flow.
Increase Vds in steps of 1v and note the values of Id at every step. Plot the Vds-ld
characteristics.

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7. Increase setting of Vgs in step of 0.2v & plot Vds-Id characteristics for every setting
step of Vgs
8. Repeat the above by using BJT and IGBT.
B. DISPLAYING ON OSCILLOSCOPE
PROCEDURE
Connect 8 pin connector and 4 pin connector of power supply unit and switch ON the kit.

1.Connect the MOSFET in DUT sockets

2.Connect Vgs power supply note that Vds power supply and current meters are not
necessary.
3.Connect the oscilloscope in X-Y mode with its ground HOR and VERT terminals as
shown.
4.Set Vgs to zero switch on the experimental board.
5.Increase Vgs to slightly beyond 3v.the output characteristics will be seen in third
quadrant X gain 5v/div & gain 5v/div.
6.Increase the Vgs in steps of 0.5 volts and get a family of output characteristics.
7.Repeat the above by using BJT and IGBT as DUT.
8.Note the great increase in the drive current and voltage required in the case of BJT.
RESULT:
2. EXPERIMENT- II
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & CHARACTERISTICS

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A. POINT TO POINT PLOTTING

PROCEDURE
Connect 4 pin connector of power supply unit and switch ON the kit.
1. Connect the N-MOSFET in place of DUT
2.Connect VDS power supply 0-24V between DC and OSC GND. Connect 0-200mA
ammeter
3.Connect VGS supply 0-24V as shown in figure.
4.Connect 0-10mA meter as shown in figure.
5.Set VDS at 15v
6.Set VGS to zero the ID will be zero
7.Start slowly increase VGS and note the voltage at which ID start flowing this is threshold
voltage plot these point.
8.Increase VGS in Steps 0.5v note ID at every step and plot these point, this is transfer
characteristics slope and these curve gives trans conductance
9.Repeat the experiment using BJT and IGBT.

B. DISPLAYING ON OSCILLOSCOPE
PROCEDURE
Connect 8 pin connector and 4 pin connector of power supply unit and switch ON the kit.

1. Connect the N-MOSFET in place of DUT

2. Connect VDS power supply and set zero voltage
3. Note that VGS power supply and current meters are not necessary
4. Connect oscilloscope ground HOR and VERT terminals as shown with osc in
X-Y mode
5. Set VDS to 15v and switch ON, the transfer characteristics will appear on the screen,
set x-gain to 5v/div and y-gain to 2v/div.
6. Repeat the above using BJT and IGBT in place of DUT.
RESULT:

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3. EXPERIMENT- III
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE
Connect 8 pin connector of power supply unit and switch ON the kit.
1. Connect the AC input of 36 V AC from the AC input socket on the circuits board
2. Connect one channel of the oscilloscope between + DC and second channel by
oscilloscope between Z and – DC.
3. Switch ON the supply and observe the wave forms. The wave form across Z and
DC shall be clipped at 20V and remains steady at the value that + DC And - DC
shall remain sinusoidal.
WAVEFORM

RESULT:

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4. EXPERIMENT-IV
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE
Connect 8 pin connector and 4 pin connector of power supply unit and switch ON the kit.
1. Connect the AC input of 36V AC input socket on the circuit board
2. Connect Dc voltage VBB to + 20 V from DC power supply on the circuit board .
The oscilloscope in X- Y mode and connect as shown in figure.
3. Switch ON the supply. The UJT static emitter characteristics are as shown in the
below figure. Its shape on the screen can be adjusted suitably by manipulating the
oscilloscope X and Y gain controls. Usually X- gain is 0.1 V/div, Y- gain is
5v/div.
4. Observe a family of these curves by variation of VBB study variations in peak
point and valley point voltage with VBB.

WAVEFORM

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RESULT:

5. EXPERIMENT –V ( A, B, C)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE
Connect 8 pin connector of power supply unit and switch ON the kit.
1. Connect the AC input of 36v AC from the AC input sockets on the circuit board.
2. Put oscilloscope in X-Y mode X- gain @ 0.1v.
3. Connect oscilloscope terminals as shown in figure.
4. Connect SCR to EXP. 5 as shown in figure.
5. Switch on both the unit and oscilloscope. A long horizontal line should appear on
the scope.
6. Slowly turn the potentiometer clockwise the RHS half of the line shall slowly
start getting tilted upward and tip shall suddenly turn to the left showing
triggering of the SCR, displaying the VI characteristics. The family of them can
be obtained then at various positions of the pot.
7. Repeat the above procedure for TRIAC and DIAC.

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WAVEFORMS

6. EXPERIMENT -VI
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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PROCEDURE

Connect 4 pin connector of power supply unit and switch ON the kit

1. Connect the DC input of 29V DC from the DC input sockets on the circuit board
2. Connect 0-25mA meter at anode current and 0-30v voltmeter across anode and
cathode
3. Keep both 10k pots in minimum position and put gate switch to ON position
4. Switch on the experiment kit. The SCR will be OFF showing full voltage across
anode and cathode voltage (VAK) and anode current will be zero
5. Slowly turn the gate pot clockwise till the SCR just turns ON. i.e. anode current will
be about 25mA and anode to cathode voltage around 1v the gate pot position should
be kept undisturbed
6. Put the gate switch to OFF and turn the anode 10k pot fully clockwise. The SCR will
turn OFF.
7. Put gate switch to ON then the SCR will turn ON. But with a very low anode current.
8. Gradually increase the anode current in small steps say 1 mA by turning the
anode10K pot slowly anticlockwise. After each step, OFF the gate switch. If the SCR
turns off, put gate switch to ON position again and take next step to increase anode
current.
9. At one step the SCR shall remain ON. Even when the gate switch is opened the
current at this step is latching current IL, Note the value.
10. Increase the anode current by the gate pot and now keep the gate switch permanently
OFF.
11. Slowly reduce the anode current by turning the anode pot clockwise. At anode point
the SCR will turn OFF. Current at this point is holding current IH the IH shall be lower
than 1L.

RESULT:

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2. GATE FIRING CIRCUITS FOR BJT, MOSFET &

IGBT
INTRODUCTION

The power devices such as BJT, MOSFET & IGBTs can be switched from off state
to on state by applying base or gate pulses. The instant of turning on the devices can be
controlled by line synchronization method. In addition, gate triggering is an efficient and
reliable method. In this module 0-12V AC output, a diode bridge, 100Ω/10W load, a
BJT, A MOSFET & IGBT are provided. The line synchronized triggering pulse is
provided with the unit. For easy circuits connection terminals are brought out on to the
front panel.

SPECIFICATION OF TRIGGERING CIRCUIT

S NO. DEVICES/PARAMETERS RATINGS

1. BJT: (Marked C,B,E)
VRRM 60 V
ITRMS 5 Amps

2. MOSFET: (Marked D, G, S)
VRRM 600 V
ITRMS 6 Amps

3. IGBT: (Marked C,B,E)

VRRM 600 V
ITRMS 6 Amps
4. Loading resistor 100E/10W wire wound
5. Transformer Input : 0-230V
Output: 0-12 V/1Amp
6. Rectifier 4 nos. in4007 diodes are connected in
form of bridge.
7. Gate triggering circuit Isolated gate pulse
8. Testing points 4 internal ckt points

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1. EXPERIMENT-I

BJT, MOSFET & IGBT- TRIGGERING CIRCUITS

AIM: To study phase control of BJT, MOSFET & IGBT.

APPARATUS: BJT, MOSFET, IGBT triggering unit, CRO, connecting wires, multimeter or
voltmeter etc.

THEORY: Silicon power devices are widely used as controlled rectifiers, to obtain variable DC
voltage from fixed AC source. Silicon power devices conduct like a diode only when sufficient
gate current/voltage at specified base/gate to emitter/source voltage. BJT is current controlled
device whereas MOSFET & IGBTs are voltage-controlled devices. The common gate signal is
generated for all the devices. The full wave rectifier is obtained by diode rectifier. The load
voltage is controlled by triggering the power devices in synchronizing with ac mains at 50 Hz.
This is similar to SCR triggering. The simplest method of turning ON a power device is phase
control circuit.

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuits diagram for BJT-triggering.
Connect DC voltmeter or multimeter across load.
2. Connect triggering pulses from B/G terminal to base B & E/S terminal to emitter E
OF BJT.
3. Gradually vary potentiometer and note down firing angle α and corresponding load
voltage using multimeter or by DC voltmeter.
4. Observe load voltage waveform in CRO.
5. Trace a graph of load voltage.
6. Do the experiments for MOSFET & IGBT separately.
7. While doing experiments for MOSFET & IGBT connect triggering pulses to
respective gate/base and source/emitter terminal of the devices.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
A. BJT FULL WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

CRO

100E/10W
X
12 V
C
AC POWER

1 5
D2 D6

4 8
B
0V
D4 D5

Y
E

B. MOSFET FULL WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

CRO

100E/10W
X
12 V
D
AC POWER

1 5
D2 D6

4 8
G
0V
D4 D5

Y
S

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C. IGBT FULL WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

CRO

100E/10W
X
12 V
C
AC POWER

1 5
D2 D6

3
4 8
B 1
0V

2
D4 D5

Y
E

OBSERVATION

FOR BJT (FWR)

S.No Firing Angle in Load Voltage

Degrees(ά)
Theoretical Practical in Volts

[ Vm/Π] (1+cosά)

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FOR MOSFET(FWR)

S.No Firing Angle in Load Voltage

Degrees(ά)
Theoretical Practical in Volts

[ Vm/Π] (1+cosά)

FOR IGBT(FWR)

S.No Firing Angle in Load Voltage

Degrees(ά)
Theoretical Practical in Volts

[ Vm/Π] (1+cosά)

RESULT: BJT, MOSFET & IGBT triggering circuits are studied.

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2. EXPERIMENT-II

GATE FIRING CIRCUITS FOR SCR

INTRODUCTION: An SCR can be switched from off state to on state in several ways.
The instant of turning on can be controlled by the gate firing method. Gate triggering is,
however, the common method of turning on the SCR’s, because this method lends itself
accurately for turning on the SCR at the desired instant of time. In addition, gate
triggering is an efficient and reliable method. The important gate triggering circuits used
to turn on SCR’s are

1. Resistance triggering (amplitude control)

2. RC triggering (phase control)
3. UJT triggering (phase control)

Using Gate firing circuits for SCR module we can construct and study above three
experiments. In this module separate circuits are provided for R-triggering. RC triggering
and UJT triggering. A converter grade SCR, a load resistance, 0-12 V AC output & a
diode bridge are also provided. For easy circuit connections terminal are brought out on
to the front panel.

SPECIFICATIONS

Sl NO. DEVICES/PARAMETERS RATINGS

1. Thyristor: (Marked C, B,E)
VRRM 600 V
ITRMS 5 Amps.
ITAV (180° Conduction) 4 Amps.
1 Amps.
2. Loading resistor 100E/10W wire wound
3. Transformer Input: 0-230V
Output: 0-12 V/1Amp
4. Rectifier 4 nos. in4007 diodes are connected to
form of bridge.
5. R- triggering circuit
6. R- C triggering circuit
7. UJT triggering circuit

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3. FRONT PANEL DETAILS

1. Transformer: An AC of 0-12 Amp/50 Hz is provided for input Ac supply on the

panel. On/off switch is also provided.

2. Diode Bridge: Four Nos. of 2A diode are connected in the form of bridge. Input AC

and output DC terminals are brought out on the front panel.

3. R- Triggering circuits: A Variable 10k pot for firing angle variations along with
required components are provided on the front panel to construct and study SCR R
Triggering circuit.
4. RC – Triggering circuit: The terminals of the necessary components (resistance and
capacitor) are brought out to the front panel to construct and study SRC RC triggering
circuit. A potentiometer is provided for varying resistance R and hence firing angle.
5. UJT -- Triggering circuit: SCR turn on UJT triggering circuit terminals are provided
on the front panel with the terminals of necessary components are brought out to front
panel. A potentiometer is provided for control of firing angle in UJT triggering circuit.
3. EXPERIMENT-III

AMPLITUDUE CONTROL OF SCR or SCR R-TRIGGERING

AIM: To study amplitude control of SCR with R- Triggering.

APPARATUS: SCR, R – Triggering unit, CRO, Multimeter & Connecting wires.

THEORY: Silicon controlled rectifiers are widely used as controlled rectifiers, to obtain
Variable DC Voltage from fixed AC source. SCR conducts like a diode only when its
anode is positive w.r.t cathode and on application of sufficient gate current at specified
gate current at specified gate to cathode voltage. The gate current to SCR can be obtained
from several circuits.

AMPLITUDE CONTROL: This is the simplest method of turning ON an SCR in phase

control circuit. With reference to fig.1.1 a resistance of suitable value is connected
between anode and gate through a diode. Whenever anode voltage is positive, there will

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be a current flowing from gate to cathode circuit through this resistance. Hence SCR
turns ON. But the gate current remains as long as the anode to cathode voltage is positive.
But the trigger angle can be controlled only from 0 to Π/2 of the applied voltage Vgk can
be adjusted with R but its phase positive is same as that of the AC supply voltage .Hence
if SCR does not turn on at Π/2 it can not be made on after Π/2 since the magnitude of the
voltage will decrease after this instant. At lower firing angles SCR may not turn-on due to
insufficient gate current IG and anode cathode voltage VAK to keep SCR under on
conditions. At higher firing angles SCR may not turn on due to insufficient VAK.

Load voltage is given by

Vdc (av) = {Vm/2} (1+cos a)

Where Vm is maximum amplitude of AC voltage

is firing angle.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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WAVEFORM

PROCEDURE
1. The Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram for R- triggering.
Connect multimeter across the load.
2. Observe load voltage waveform in CRO
3. Gradually vary potentiometer and note down firing angle a corresponding DC
load voltage using multimeter.
4. Trace a graph of load voltage.
5. Plot graph of load voltage.
TABLULAR READING
SL. No Firing Angle In Load Voltage
degrees (A) Theoretical Practical In volts
{Vm /2Π} (1+ cosA) Volts
1

Result: Amplitude control of SCR with R- triggering is studied.

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4. EXPERIMENT-IV
PHASE CONTROL OF SCR (RC TRIGGERING)

AIM: To study the phase control of SCR by RC triggering method.

APPARTUS:SCR- RC triggering unit, connecting wires, CRO, Multimeter etc.

THEORY: In case of resistance triggering, the delay angle of the SCR can be varied of
from 0 to Π/2 radians or 90° only. In rectifiers, Vdc(ac)= (Vm/2 Π)(1+cosα) for half
wave rectifier. Hence for a delay angle of 90°, i.e. cos90° =0, the output voltage will be
Vm/2Π for half wave rectifier for resistance loads. Hence resistance triggering is not
employed in practice as the output voltage cannot be varied-over a wide range (i.e. 0 to
Vm/Π). Rc triggering is used to vary firing angle over 0 to Π radians.

PHASE CONTROL:RC triggering is employed so as to vary the triggering angle of

SCR over the complete range 0 to Π radians 0 to 180°. A RC triggering circuit is shown
in fig. 2. RC triggering is very cheap and reliable for low voltage phase controlled
circuits. RC circuits helps to adjust the position of Vc or gate to cathode voltage as the
voltage across the capacitor lags the current through it by 90° , by varying R, the phase
angle leads w.r.t applied voltage can be adjusted. Hence the triggering angle α can be
varied over a wide range from 0 to 180°. During positive half cycle of input, SCR does
not conduct. During positive half cycle, SCR triggers at an angle half cycle of input, SCR
does not conduct. During positive half cycle, SCR triggers at an angle α. By varying R,
we can vary the triggering angle α.

Load voltage is given by

Vdc(ac) = [ Vm/2Π] (1+ cosα)

Where Vm is maximum amplitude of AC voltage.

α is firing angle.

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Circuit Diagram:

Wave Form:

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PROCEDURE

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram, connect multimeter
across load.
2. Observer load voltage waveform on CRO.
3. Gradually vary potentiometer, note down firing angle and corresponding load
voltage using multimeter or voltmeter.
4. Trance a graph of load voltage.
5. Plot a graph of load voltage.

Table: SCR RC triggering circuits for HWR.

Sl. Firing Angle In degrees Load Voltage

No Theoretical Practical
{Vm /2Π} (1+ cosa) In volts
In Volts
1

RESULT: Phase control of SCR with RC triggering is studied.

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5. EXPERIMENT-V

SYNCHRONIZED UJT TRIGGERING FOR HWR AND FWR CIRCUITS

AIM: To construct a line synchronized UJT triggering circuit to trigger an SCR with load
and to find load voltage for various firing angles.

APPATATUS: UJT triggering circuit module, CRO connecting wires, multimeter etc,

THEORY: UJT works very satisfactorily as relaxation oscillator. Output pulses of

variable time period are possible by suitable increase the emitter to base I voltage from
very low voltage level to peak voltage level, either by employing a constant current
source or by charging a capacitor by a resistor. The Rc network can be easily employed
to obtain output pulses, since the time period is fixed by RC circuit though the capacitor
voltage Vc is exponential. In phase-controlled rectifier circuit, trigger pulses to SCR must
be synchronized or phase locked with the AC supply frequency. This help constant DC
output voltage across the load for a specified triggering angle. On the other hand, if
synchronization or phase locking is not achieved, then even for a minute variation in AC
supply frequency, triggering angle of SCR varies from instant to instant, resulting in
variation in DC output voltage across the load. To overcome this problem, the supply
voltage VR to UJT circuit is derived from the AC main using a step down transformer,
rectifier and Zener diode as shown in the circuit diagram. With reference to the working
circuit diagram the rectifier circuit convents AC supply available at transformer
secondary into full wave DC voltage (VDC in fig). DC voltage is clipped to the required
DC voltage using a zener diode. The series resistance Rs limits the current through the
zener diode. The clipped voltage (Vz) is applied to the RC charging network and also to
the UJT circuit. Depending on the resistance R and capacitor C trigger pulse can be
obtained across isolation pulse transformer connected to base 1. These pulse are used to
trigger SCRs using a pulse transformer and then by connecting across gate and cathode of
the SCR employed in controlled rectifier circuits. Using UJT triggering circuit a full
wave controlled rectifier, for load voltage of [Vm/ Π] (1+cos a) as well as a half wave
controlled rectifier for load voltage of [Vm/2Π] (1+cos a) can be constructed.

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HALF –WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

WAVEFORMS

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PROCEDURE

1. Circuit connections are made for half wave-controlled rectifier.

2. Vary the firing angle using potentiometer and note down the load voltage using
multimeter.
3. Observe the load voltage wave form on the CRO.
4. Trace the graphs of voltage across SCR for any one firing angle.
5. Plot a graph of firing angle against load voltage.
Table 1 Synchronized UJT triggering circuits for HWR.
Sl. Firing Angle In Load Voltage
No degrees Theoretical Practical
{V/m /2Π} (1+ cosa) In volts
In Volts
1

FULL WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

WAVEFORM

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PROCEDURE

1. Circuit connections are made for half wave-controlled rectifier.

2. Vary the firing angle using potentiometer and note down the load voltage using
multimeter.
3. Observe the load voltage wave form on the CRO.
4. Trace the graphs of voltage across load any one firing angle.
5. Plot a graph of firing angle against load voltage.
Table 2 Synchronized UJT triggering circuits for FWR.
SL. Firing Angle In Load Voltage
No degrees Theoretical Practical
{V/m /2Π} (1+ cosa) In volts
In Volts
1

NOTE: At lower firing angle SCR may not turn on due to the fact that UJT takes some
time (charging time) to generate first firing pulse. At higher firing angles SCR may not
turn on due to the fact VAK is insufficient to turn –on SCR.

RESULT: UJT Triggering circuit is constructed and found the load voltage for various
firing angles.

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3. BRIDGE RECTIFIER: HALF & FULL CONTROL

AIM: To study the operations of the half and full controlled bridge rectifier at different
load and also to know the action o f free wheeling diode.

THEORY: The basic function of phase – controlled rectifier is to convert an AC I/P

voltage to controllable DC O/P voltage called rectifier of converter. To obtain controlled
O/P voltage, phase control thyristor is used instead to diode the O/P volt lf thyristor
rectifier is varied by controlling the delay of fixing angle of thyristor. A phase control
THYRISTOR IS TURNED on by applying a short pulse to its. In case of inductive load,
it is turned off by firing another thyristor of the rectifier during the negative half cycle of
input voltage. The phase converter is cording to the supply as single phase and three
phase and depending on the quadrant operation it is divided into (1) Semi-Conductor
(2) Full converter (3) Dual converter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. Multimeter 2. DC power supply (0-30v) 3. CRO
4. Thyristor set.
PROCEDURE

A. HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE Special firing requirement of reactive loads,

Auxillary SCR triggering circuit using extended pulse technique.

1.In the set up of fig (1) connect the short link shown at G1A & G2A.observe waveform
across G2A.K1B &G2A, K2B, as the firing angle is changed by the potentiometer
switch ‘OFF
2.Refer fig (3) connect externally by link as G1-G1b, K1-K1B, G2-G2B, K2-K2B.
3.Refer to the load bank connect resistive load 500Ω across the terminals marked for load
connection in fig (3),
4.Switch ON. Observe waveform across the load at various firing angle obtained by
turning the potentiometer in fig (1) switch “OFF”
5.Connect L, in place or RL and repeat set (4) switch “OFF”
6.Connect C in place of load and repeat step (5) switch “OFF”

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B. HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE: Action of free-wheeling diode.

1. In the set up of fig (1) connect the short link shown at G1A & G2A.observe
waveform across G1B &G2B, K2B, as the firing angle is changed by the
potentiometer switch ‘OFF
2. Refer fig (3) connect externally by link as G1A-G1b, K1B, G2-G2B, K2-K2B.
3. Also connect the free-wheeling diode CR3 in the fig (3) by link.
4. Refer to the load bank connect resistive load 500Ω across the terminals marked for
load connection in fig (3),
5. Switch ON. Observe waveform across the load at various firing angle obtained by
turning the potentiometer in fig (1) switch “OFF”
6. Connect L, in place or RL and repeat set (5) switch “OFF”
7. Connect C in place of load and repeat step (5) switch “OFF”

C. FULL CONTROLLED SCR BRIDGE:

1. In the setup of fig (1) connect the short link shown at G1A, & G2A.observe
waveform across G1B &G2B, K2B, as the firing angle is changed by the
potentiometer switch ‘OFF
2. Refer fig (2) & (4) connect as following G1b-G1c, K1B, K1C G2B, G2C,2-K2B K2C
This connect the firing signal to SCR in the full wave bridge of fig (2).
3. Connect a short between black &blue sockets in fig (2)
4. Refer to the load bank. Connect resistive load 500Ω across the terminals marked for
load connect in fig (3)
5. Switch ON. Observe waveform across the load at various firing angle obtained by
turning the potentiometer in fig (1) switch “OFF”
6. Connect L in place or RL and repeat set (5) switch “OFF”
7. Connect C in place of load and repeat step (5) switch “OFF”
8. Connect the free-wheeling diode across the load and repeat steps 4to7.
9. Remove the short between the black and blue sockets and connect 0-50v,2A DC
Supply between those terminals with positive to block and negative to blue sockets.
Connect the inductive load diode CR3, observe waveform across the load at various
firing angle by setting the DC voltage now connected, at various values between 0

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&50 volts a for each of the firing angle. Carefully study the operation of the rectifier
in the inverter mode and the process of regenerative feedback.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The point on the circuit plate, designed by the same letter are internally connected.

2.It is absolutely necessary that this oscilloscope should be unearthed i.e. either its y-ve
must be floating or it is connected to oscilloscope body then this body must be unearthed,
which means that oscilloscope must be kept on the insulating platform and supplied
through two PI power connection.

OBSERVATION
HALF CONTROLLED
S.No Firing Angle, a Max Voltage Vm Half controlled Output Voltage Vo
Vo=Vm/π(1+cosa)

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FULL CONTROLLED

S.No Firing Angle, a Max Voltage Full controlled Output voltage vo

Vm Vo=Vm/2π(1+cosa)

RESULT: Hence we have studied operation of the half and full controlled bridge
rectified on different load and also to know the action of force wheeling diode.

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4.IGBT BASED PWM INVERTERS

AIM: To construct an Inverter and to study its performance

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Procedure:

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5. FORCED COMMUTATED INVERTER

A SERIES INVERTER

AIM: To study the operation of a single SCR series inverter under various from of load
(a) Study of SCR triggering circuit of class ‘A’ SCR series inverter .(b) To study the
effect of the triggering frequency on the output voltage. (c) to study the variation of
output voltage with load resistive & reactive.

THEORY: The function of inverter is to change a DC input voltage to a symmetric AC

output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency. In the series inverter the
commutating elements (inductor & Capacitor) are permanently connected in series with
the load impedance.

APPARATUS: 1) Thyristor set for the study of series inverter (2) oscilloscope
(3) 0-30v power supply (4) Digital Multimeter.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

SERIES INVERTER

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connect DC 30v supply to the unit & switch ON.

2. Turn output frequency potentiometer fully anti clock wise. i.e minimum frequency
and connect potentiometers top end and negative terminal of the DC supply to one
channel of oscilloscope.
3. Connect the other channel of oscilloscope between G and negative terminal of the DC
supply.
4. Vary the frequency potentiometer and note down the waveform i.e change in out
pulse.

B. PARALLEL INVERTER

AIM: To study the operation of parallel inverter.

THEORY: DC to AC converter is known as inverter. the function of an inverter is to

change a DC input voltage to symmetric AC output voltage of desired magnitude and
frequency. The output voltage could be fixed (or) variable at a fixed or variable
frequency. Variable output voltage can be obtained by varying the input DC voltage &
voltage & maintaining the gain of the inverter constant. If the DC input voltage is fixed
and it is not controllable, a variable output voltage can be obtained by varying the gain of
the inverter, which normally compiled by PWM controller within the inverters.

APPARATUS: (1) thyristor kit (2) CRO (3) Multimeter (4) Regulated power supply.

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PARALLEL INVERTER

PROCEDURE:

1.Adjust the supply to 18v with help of multimeter.

2.Connect the 18v supply terminal across +DC and –DC
3.Before connecting the main circuit, measure the voltage across zener diode,
R4,C1,R11,C3 and observe the waveforms.
4.Switch ON the thyristor and connect the CRO output terminal across the load.
5.Observe the waveform ON graph sheet.

RESULT: The operation of parallel inverter is observed.

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6. SINGLE PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

AIM: To Study the operation of AC Voltage controller of both the phase control type and
the digital tap changing type.

The following experiments can be performed.

1) Study of single phase Ac phase controllers with resistive load

2) Study of single phase Ac phase controllers with. R- L load
3) Study of triggering circuits for digital tap changer.

APPARATUS: Auto transformer of single phase variac of 2 Amp capacity.

1) Patch chords (3) Multi meter & Double beam oscilloscope

THEORY:AC voltage controllers converts fixed Ac Supply to variable Ac Supply with

thyristor, Variable AC Supply and maximum voltage can be obtained from fixed Ac
source by triggering (turning on) thyristor i.e. by applying gate current to the thyristor at
any desired instant, when the thyristor is applied with positive voltage to anode, unlike
diode thyristor can block the forward voltage when gate current is not supplied.

i) With R- Load: In a single-phase Ac Voltage controller with SCR feeding power to

resistive load alternately SCR conducts during positive half and negative half cycles.

During + Ve half cycle, SCR 1 starts conducting and source voltage applied to load from
α to π at π onwards SCR 1 subjected to reverse biased it is therefore turned off. During
– ve half cycle SCR is triggered at π+α SCR 2 conducts from π+α to 2 π soon after SCR
2 subjected to biased it is therefore turned off.

ii)With R- L Load: In a single-phase Ac voltage controller with SCR’s feeding power to

RL load alternating SCR conducts during +ve and –ve half cycles half cycles.

During +ve half cycle SCR 1 Starts conducting and source voltage applied to load from
α to π, load is not zero therefore SCR 1 conducts beyond π+µβ (beta). At β load Current
reduces to zero therefore SCR 1 is turned off. During negative ve half cycle SCR2 is

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triggered at π+ α, SCR 2 conducts from π+ α to 2β soon after SCR 2 is subjected to

reverse bias at 2β and it is therefore turned off.

Triggering circuits for digital tap changer: Here AC input voltage varies between

80-240 V, the load will get regulated voltage in the range of 200-230 V AC.

This is achieved by feeding the incoming AC input voltage to the Auto transformer taps
through the SCR blocks and feeding the load from the Central tap on the
autotransformer directly. Depending on the value of the incoming AC voltage the
appropriate SCR block gets the trigger signal and starts conducting to connect the
voltage to the corresponding autotransformer tap. Depending on this tap position, by
autotransformer action the input voltage is outside the 80-240 V range, no SCR Block
is triggered and thus the load voltage is cut off.

The following conditions are available

Input AC Voltage Operation
180- 240 V High output
146- 180V Buck
100—145V Normal
80-100V Boost
Below OV low cutoff.

PROCEDURE

EXPERIMENT: 1

Resistive load

Connect the variac input at Ac input and switch ON the kit.

1) The Connections are made as shown in the circuits of single phase Ac Voltage
controller with R load.
2) The gate cathode terminals of the thyristor are connected to the respective points on
the firing module.

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3) Check all the connections and confirm connections made are correct before switching
on the equipment.
4) Switch on firing unit.
5) The output wave form are seen on a CRO
6) By varying firing angle from 0-180 observe the output waveforms.

EXPERIMENT: 2

Resistive load

Connect the variac input at AC input and switch ON the kit.

1) The Connections are made as shown in the circuit of single phase Ac Voltage
controller with RL load.
2) The gate cathode terminals of the thyristor are connected to the respective points on
the firing module.
3) Check all the connections and confirm connections made are correct before switching
on the equipment.
4) Connect power chord to the mains and switch on the kit
5) The output wave forms are seen on a CRO
6) Observe the waveform by varying the firing angle from 0- 1800

EXPERIMENT 3:

1) Set the AC input at OV AC position and put the units ON ‘low cut out” LED will
glow
2) Slowly increase the input Ac voltage by using variac and observe the changes in the
firing of the various LED with respect to input voltage. They are as follows.

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Appropriate Ac Input LED Change

180-240 V High output

145-180V Buck

100—145V Normal

80-100V Boost

Below 80V low cutoff.

Observation Table and typical Experimental Calculations

For R Load.

Y=3.8 Div. Volts /Div. =5

Vm = 3.8x5=19

Firing angle in radians =α x π/180) where α=firing angle in degrees

V1=1 πx (π- α) V2 = (1/2 π) xsin2 α V0=(Vm/√2) x√(V1+V2)

S.no No of X Firing angle in Firing angle in V1 V1 Load voltage

Div. Degree (α) radians (α) in volts using
CRO, V0
1 2.8x5 150 2.616 0.166 0.0145 11.95

V1= 1/π x (π- α) = 1/3.14(3.14-2.616) =0.166

V2= (1/2 π) x Sin2 α = 1/6.28 (Sin6.28) = 0.0145

V0=Vo=Vm/√2) x √(V1+V2) =19/1.414(0.166+0.0145) =11.95

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7. SINGLE PHASE STEP DOWN CYCLO

CONVERTER WITH ‘R’ AND ‘RL’ LOAD
INTRODUCTION: Cyclo converters are basically frequency conversion devices and
transform higher frequencies to lower frequencies. The alternating voltage at supply
frequency is converted directly to lower frequency with out any d.c. intermediate stage.
The advent of thyristors and sophisticated transistorized control circuitry have made them
very popular for industrial applications.

THEORY: The cyclo converter consists number of a phase-controlled rectifier circuits

connected to an a.c. supply system which provides the voltage necessary for delayed
phase communication. The individual circuits are controlled so that a low frequency
output voltage waveform is fabricated from segments of input voltages. The power
circuits of a simple single phase cyclo converter is shown in Fig. (1) SCR1 and SCR2
comprise the positive going converter and SCR3 and SCR4 comprise the negative going
converter. Thus, if SCR1 and SCR2 is activated for one cycle of input voltage and SCR3
and SCR4 for next cycle. a f/2 frequency reduction can be realized as shown in fig. (2)
waveforms. In similar fashion it is possible to obtain an output which is f/3,f/4 of the
input frequency . This method of operation results in simpler coding circuits those are
necessary with more complex schemes involving modulation of triggering angles. With
large frequency ratios the advantages of more complex schemes is that, less filtering is
required for given harmonic distortion in the output waveforms.

The logic necessary to produce the correct pulse sequence to each SCR gate for each
operation frequency is explained as follows.

All the gate signal trains are exactly synchronized to the input signal and also that each
gate signal should appear at approximately the zero crossing of the input signal. The
natural starting point for the logic is the output of zero voltage switch. A block diagram is
shown in Fig, (1). The necessary waveform of the gate signals for f/2 frequency reduction
is also shown in fig (2). All the gate signals are repeated after four input half cycles (i.e.

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after 4 pulse from the zero voltage switch). The logic for frequency should be driven by a
synchronous divide by four converters using zero voltage switch as the clock signal.

The logic for the frequency is

SCR1=Y.Z, SCR2=Y.Z. SCR3= Y.Z. SCR4=Y.Z. where.

Z= least significant digit for the counter.

Y= The next significant digit.

Figure 2 gives more details

The gate signal waveform necessary for f/3 frequency reduction are shown in fig.(3) in a
similar manner to the f/2 case, these signals are repetitive after six pulse from the zero
voltage switch.

Thus if X, Y and Z are output of the divide by six counter.

SCR1= X Y+X Y

SCR2=X Y Z

SCR3= X Z

SCR4= X Y Z

Where X = the most significant digit.

For f/4 case the required gate signals are shown in fig (4). This case is analogous to the
first two cases. A divide by eight counter is required here.

SCR1= X Y

SCR2= X Z

SCR3= X Z

SCR4= X Z

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These logics are programmed in an EPROM which will act like a programmed logic
control

Circuit Diagram & System Block Diagram

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3. PROCEDURE

1. For testing f/2

A. Select switch in f/2 mode

B. Check 100Hz, ÷ 4 counter output at Q1 and Q2 and firing pulse at D1,D2, D3, D4.

C.Select the switch in off mode and connect.

G1 → G1 K1 → K2

G2 → G2 K2 → K2

G3 → G3 K3 → K3

G4 → G4 K4 → K4

D Connect oscilloscope across LOAD.

E. Monitor the waveforms as shown in figure2.

2. For testing f/3

A. Select switch in f/3 mode.

B. Check 100Hz ÷6 counter output at Q1, Q2 and Q3 and firing pulses at D1.D2.D3.D4

C. Select the switch in off mode and connect

G1 → G1 K1 → K2

G2 → G2 K2 → K2

G3 → G3 K3 → K3

G4 → G4 K4 → K4

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D, Connect oscilloscope across LOAD

E. Monitor the waveforms as shown in figure3.

3. For testing f/4:

A. Select switch in f/4 model

B.Check 100Hz. ÷8 counter output at Q1,Q2 and Q3 and firing pulses at D1,D2, D3, D4

C, Selection the switch in off mode and connect

G1 → G1 K1 → K2

G2 → G2 K2 → K2

G3 → G3 K3 → K3

G4 → G4 K4 → K4

D. Connect oscilloscope across LOAD

E. Monitor the waveforms as shown in figure.4

RESULT: Hence Cyclo converter is studied with different loads.

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8. SINGLE PHASE INVERTER WITH PWM

CONTROL USING PSPICE

AIM: Simulation of single phase inverter with PWM control using PSPICE
APPARATUS: DESIGN LAB EVAL-8 or ORCAD 9.2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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PROGRAM
VS 1 0 DC 200V
VR 17 0 PULSE(50V 0V 0 833.33US 833.33us 1NS 1666.67US)
Rr 17 0 2MEG
VC1 15 0 PULSE(0 -30V 0 1NS 1NS 8333.33US 16666.67US)
RC1 15 0 2MEG
VC3 16 0 PULSE(0 -30V 833.33US 1NS 1NS 833.33US 16666.67US)
RC3 16 0 2MEG
R 4 6 2.5
VX 3 4 DC 0V
VY 1 2 DC 0V
D1 3 2 DMOD
D2 0 6 DMOD
D3 6 2 DMOD
D4 0 3 DMOD
.MODEL DMOD D[IS=2.2E-15 BV=1800V TT=0]
Q1 2 7 3 QMOD
Q2 2 6 9 QMOD
Q3 2 11 6 QMOD
Q4 3 13 0 QMOD
.MODEL QMOD NPN[IS=6.374F BF=416.4 CJC=3.638P CJE=4.493P]
RG1 8 7 100
RG2 10 9 100
RG3 12 11 100
RG4 14 13 100
XPW1 17 15 8 3 PWM
XPW2 17 15 10 0 PWM
XPW3 17 16 12 6 PWM
XPW4 17 16 14 0 PWM
.SUBCKT PWM 1 2 3 4
R1 1 5 1K

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R2 2 5 1K
RIN 5 0 KMEG
RF 5 3 100K
R0 6 3 75
C0 3 4 10PF
E1 6 4 0 5 2E+5
.ENDS PWM
.TRAN 10US 16.6MS 0 10US
.PROBE
.FOUR 60HZ V(3,6)
.END
OUTPUT: V(3,6) V(17)
RESULT : Hence single phase inverter with PWM control simulated using PSPICE.

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9. SIMULATION OF CONVERTERS USING PSPICE

A. FULL CONVERTER
AIM: Simulation of Full Converter using PSPICE
APPARATUS: DESIGN LAB EVAL-8
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROGRAM
VS 10 0 SIN[0 169.7V 60HZ]
VGI 6 0 PULSE[0V 10V 2777.8US 1NS 1NS 100US 16666.7US]
VG2 7 0 PULSE[0V 10V 2777.8US 1NS 1NS 100US 16666.7US]
VG3 8 0 PULSE[0V 10V 11111.1US 1NS 1NS 100US 16666.7US]
VG4 9 0 PULSE[0V 10V 11111.1US 1NS 1NS 100US 16666.7US]
R 2 4 10
L 4 5 20MH
C 2 11 793UF
RX 11 3 0.1
VX 5 3 DC 10V
VY 10 1 DC 0V
XT1 1 2 6 2 SCR
XT2 0 2 8 2 SCR
XT3 3 0 7 0 SCR
XT4 3 1 9 1 SCR
.SUBCKT SCR 1 2 3 2
S1 1 5 6 2 SMOD
RG 3 5 50
VX 4 2 DC 0V
VY 5 7 DC 0V
DT 7 2 DMOD
RT 6 2 1
CT 6 2 10UF
F1 2 6 POLY[2] VX VY 0 50 11
.MODEL SMOD VSWITCH[RON=0.0125 ROFF=10E+5 VON=0.5V VOFF=0V]
.MODEL DMOD D[IS=2.2E-15 BV=1800V TT=0]
.ENDS SCR
.TRAN 10US 50MS 16.7MS
.PROBE
.FOUR 120HZ I(VX)
.END
RESULT: Hence the single phase full converter is simulated.

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B. THREE PHASE BRIDGE RECTIFIER USING PSPICE

AIM: SIMULATION OF THREE PHASE BRIDGE RECTIFIER USING P SPICE

APPARATUS: DESIGN LAB EVAL-8

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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PROGRAM
VAN 8 0 SIN(0V 169.9V 60HZ)
VBN 2 0 SIN(0V 169.9V 60HZ 0 0 120DEG)
VCN 3 0 SIN(0V 169.9V 60HZ 0 0 120DEG)
R 4 6 2.5
L 6 7 1.5MH
VX 7 5 DC 10V
VY 8 1 DC 0V
D1 1 4 DMOD
D3 2 4 DMOD
D5 3 4 DMOD
D2 5 3 DMOD
D4 5 1 DMOD
D6 5 2 DMOD
.MODEL DMOD D(IS=2.22E-15 BV=1800V)
.TRAN 10US 50MS 16.6677MS 10US
.PROBE
.END
OUTPUT; I (VX), V (4,7)
RESULT: Hence the single phase full converter using PSPICE is simulated.

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10. BOOST AND BUCK CHOPPERS

INTRODUCTION:

Step up chopper is called boost chopper or boost regulator & step down chopper
is called buck chopper or buck regulator.

Chopper is the combination of a chopper power circuit and a firing circuit.

Chopper Power module consists of a power MOSFET, an inductor and a diode. In
addition, protections are provided by the fast fuses for device protections .The devices are
mounted on heat sinks and protected by fast fuses. A well designed snubber circuit is
provided for dv/dt protection. All the terminals of the power module are brought out to
front panel through BTI-15 terminals for connection purposes.

Chopper firing unit generates firing pulses to trigger IGBT power circuit firing
circuit duty cycle can be controlled from 29% to 80% .It can be used either on variable
frequency constant duty cycle chopper circuit or for variable duty cycle constant
frequency chopper circuits.

DC input must be give externally through regulated DC supply while conducting

experiment. External load must be connected while doing experiment. This unit can be
used with resistance, resistance and inductance loads.

SPECIFICATIONS:

Sl.No Devices / Parameters Rating

MOSFECT : IRF450
VRRM 600 V
1
ITRMS I6 AMPS
ITAV 20 AMPS
Diode: (Marked A.C)
VRRM 1200 V
2
ITRMS I6 AMPS
ITAV 10 AMPS
3 Inductor 25mH
Max.Allowable Average
4 2 A DC
current at any duty cycle
Max. allowable dc supply
5 60 V DC
voltage
6 Duty cycle: 20% to 80%
7 Operating Frequency: Variable

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POWER ELECTRONICS LABORATORY MANUAL DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DC –DC CHOPPER

The Chopper is used to convert a DC voltage of fixed amplitude to the DC of

variable pulse width. The output voltage is controlled by controlling the duty cycle of the
chopper. these choppers find application in variable voltage supplies, battery chargers,
electric traction etc.

APPARATUS

Name of the Quantity

Specifications
equipment
1. Input (source):
DC Power supply Output:0-30 V/2 A DC -1 no.
2. Control Module: Chopper Module
-1 no.
Rheostat-100 Ohms/2 A or
3. Output (load):
any suitable -1 no.
4. Measuring Oscilloscope -1 no.
Instruments: D.C. Voltmeter (0-100V) -1 no.
5. Connecting wires: For connections

AIM: To construct a chopper circuit and study its time ratio (TRC) control.

APPARATUS: Chopper module, rheostat 100ohms/2A, CRO, Connecting wires,

Multimeter etc,

THEORY: Chopper converts fixed DC voltage to variable DC voltage through the use of
semiconductor devices. The DC to DC converters have gained popularity in modern
industry. Some practical applications of DC to DC converter include armature voltage
control of DC motors converting one DC voltage level to another level, and controlling
DC power for wide variety of industrial process, the time ratio control (TRC) is a form of
control for DC to DC conversion.

Time ratio controller (TRC) or chopper is basically a semiconductor switch as

shown in fig. MOSFET is connected between the source and the load. The switch is
closed and opened periodically such that the load is connected to, and disconnected from,
the supply alternatively, thus the average voltage impressed on the load is controlled by
controlling the ratio of ON state interval to one cycle duration.

The most important factor that governs the performance of the chopper is the duty
ratio. The duty ratio can be controlled by changing the ON period duration by keeping
frequency constant. Changing the frequency of the chopper introduces different
harmonics at different frequencies. At some frequency of operation the harmonic content
are larger than the tolerable limits. Therefore fixed frequency choppers with a variable on

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period technique are generally used. Two types of choppers can be constructed using a
MOSFET. One is step-up chopper and other one is step-down chopper.

MOSFET Step – down (Buck) Chopper: A chopper is high speed on/off

semiconductor switch. It connects source to load and disconnects the load from source at
a fast speed. A step-down chopper using MOSFET is shown in fig.1. During Ton
chopper is ON and load voltage is equal to source voltage Vs during the interval Toff,
chopper is off, load current flows through freewheeling diode FD and load voltage is zero
during Toff in this manner chopper load voltage is produced load voltage is produced at
the load terminals.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MOSFET STEP-UP (BOOST) CHOPPER: A Step-up chopper using MOSFET is

shown in fig.2.The chopper is connected in parallel with the load. When the chopper CH
is on, inductor L stores energy due to closed circuit path. When the chopper CH is off, as
the inductor current cannot die down instantaneously,this current forced to flow through
the diode and load for a time Toff. As current tends to decrease, polarity of the emf
induced in L is reversed. As a result voltage across the load is given by Vo = Vs + L
(di/dt), exceeds the source voltage Vs In this manner, the circuit as a step-up chopper and
the energy stored in L is released to the load.

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1. Circuit connections are made for the step down chopper circuit diagram.
2. The gate & source terminals of the MOSFET are connected to the respective
firing terminals.
3. Check all the connections and confirm connections made are correct before
switching on the equipment.
4. Switch on the DC power supply & adjust DC voltage to 24/30v, switch on
chopper unit.
5. Keeping frequency constant vary duty cycle of the chopper firing circuit in steps
and note down corresponding load voltage for each step.

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6. The output wave forms are seen on a CRO.

7. Trace the load voltage waveforms

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS

1. Circuit connections are made for the step down chopper circuit diagram by
connecting rheostats as load.
2. The gate & source terminals of the MOSFET are connected to the respective
firing terminals.
3. Check all the connections and confirm connections made are correct before
switching ON the equipment.

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4. Switch on the DC power supply adjust DC voltage to 24/30V, switch on chopper

unit.
5. Keeping frequency constant vary duty cycle of the chopper firing circuit in steps
and note down corresponding load voltage for each step.
6. The output wave forms are seen on a CRO.
7. Trace the load voltage waveforms.

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS

Frequency = Hz

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Viva Question

1. Define phase controlled converter?

2. Define delay angle?
3. Mention the parameter of converter?
4. Define(1)semi (2)Dual (3)full converter
5. Explain the working half controlled converter with(a) R (b) RC (c) RL+free
wheeling diode?
6. Explain the working of full controlled converter with (a) R (b) RC (c) Rl =free
wheeling diode?
7. What is the non circulating and circulating current mode?
8. What is function of free wheeling diode?
9. Draw the wave form for the converter with RL load?
10. Define the extinction angle ?
11. Define the conduction angle?
12. Draw the wave form for half wave converter with RL load?
13. Draw the wave form for semi converter with RL load?
14. Define the following 1)FF 2)R.F 3)n 4) I/P 5)TUF?
15. What is inverter?
16. What is the voltage control technique of inverter?
17. What is the main difference between CSI and VSI?
18. What are applications of inverter?
19. Draw the circuit diagram of resonant converter?
20. What is the parallel inverter?
21. What is series inverter?
22. What is PWM technique?
23. Draw the block Diagram of UPS system?
24. What is zero voltage or zero current switching?
25. What are commutating components?
26. What are the performance parameters of inverter?
27. What is PWM inverter?
28. Define the following 1.HF 2.THD. 3.DF. 4 LOH.

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