DESIGN OF MASONRY RETAINING WALL

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1. INPUTS
1.1 Material Properties
Unit weight of concrete Concrete 24 Kn/m3 stable 3.5.1-1
Unit weight of back fill Back fill 19 Kn/m3 stable 3.5.1-1
Unit weight of masonary masonary 27.2 Kn/m3
Concrete compressive strength (C25) 20 Mpa S5.4.2.1
Tensile strength of steel SC [Link] Stable C5.4.2.1-1
for dia <20 mm grade 300 300 Mpa S5.4.3
for dia >= 20mm grade 420 420 Mpa
Ec=.043g1.5c sqrt(fc') 22609.98717 MPa
Es = 200000 MPa
Active earth pressure coeffiecent (Ka) 0.28 Obtained fom geotechnical investigation
Allowable bearing capacity = 500 kpa

1.2 Reinforcemrnt Steel Cover Requirement

stem cover 0.06 m Stable 5.12.3-1
Back wall cover 0.06 m Stable 5.12.3-1
Footing top cover 0.05 m Stable 5.12.3-1
Footing bottom cover 0.075 m Stable 5.12.3-1
2. RETAINING WALL SECTION

V10

T
?

V7
h3

V7'

V3

V9
h2
H

V2

V8

V1

V4
V5

B1 B3 B2
D

V6

[Link] Proportioning
[Link] Sections
Insert parameters S1(H/V) S2(H/V) S3(H/V) H (m) T1 (m) Footing depth. (m)
0.125 0.292 0.458 6.000 0.600 0.300

Do not change b1 b2 b3 B
values here 0.400 0.400 4.267 5.067
except for b1,T& h2 h3 h4
b2 5.700 2.750 4.000 36.87

3.0 Summary of Load

3.1 Unfactored Loads
3.1.1 Unfactored vertical Loads and Moments
Vertical Loads Items Vn (KN) Moment arm My (KN-M)
V1 55.23 0.88 48.33
V2 93.02 1.41 131.40
V3 30.00 1.27 38.02
V4 64.36 2.11 136.03
V5 54.25 3.77 204.25
V6 36.48 2.53 92.42
V7 20.95 2.55 53.49
V7 ' 70.65 3.99 281.92
V8 37.89 4.22 159.75
V9 43.32 4.87 210.82
V10 80.16 3.36 269.65
PLS 64.98 10.77 699.62

3.1.2 Unfactored Horizontal Loads and Moment

Horizontal Loads Items Hn (KN) Moment arm My (KN-M)
EH1 86.42 2.85 246.31
EH2 17.96 6.54 117.40
ELS 18.19 2.85 51.85

3.2 Design Loads

The load factor and combinations are summarized as follows
LOAD STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
DC 1.25 0.9 1.25 0.9 1.00
EV 1.35 1 1.35 1 1.00
EH 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.00
LL 1.75 1.75 0 0 1.00
BR 1.75 1.75 0 0 1.00
LS 1.75 1.75 0 0 1.00
WS 0 0 1.4 1.4 0.30
WL 0 0 0 0 1.00
CR+SH+TU 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.00
 3.2.1 Factored vertical Loads
Factored Vertical Loads
Vertical Loads Items STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
V1 69.04 49.71 69.04 49.71 55.23
V2 116.28 83.72 116.28 83.72 93.02
V3 37.50 27.00 37.50 27.00 30.00
V4 80.45 57.92 80.45 57.92 64.36
V5 67.81 48.82 67.81 48.82 54.25
V6 45.60 32.83 45.60 32.83 36.48
V7 28.29 20.95 28.29 20.95 20.95
V7' 95.37 70.65 95.37 70.65 70.65
V8 51.15 37.89 51.15 37.89 37.89
V9 58.48 43.32 58.48 43.32 43.32
V10 108.22 80.16 108.22 80.16 80.16
PLS 113.72 113.72 0.00 0.00 64.98
Vu 871.90 666.69 758.19 552.98 651.29

3.2.1 Factored Horizontal Loads

Factored Horizontal Loads
Horizontal Loads Items STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
EH1 129.64 129.64 129.64 129.64 86.42
EH2 26.93 26.93 26.93 26.93 17.96
ELS 31.84 31.84 0.00 0.00 18.19
HuL 188.41 188.41 156.57 156.57 122.57

4.2.1 Factored Moment due to Vertical Loads

Factored Moment (My)
Moment due to STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
V1 60.41 43.50 60.41 43.50 48.33
V2 164.25 118.26 164.25 118.26 131.40
V3 47.52 34.22 47.52 34.22 38.02
V4 170.03 122.42 170.03 122.42 136.03
V5 255.31 183.82 255.31 183.82 204.25
V6 115.52 83.17 115.52 83.17 92.42
V7 72.21 53.49 72.21 53.49 53.49
V7' 380.60 281.92 380.60 281.92 281.92
V8 215.67 159.75 215.67 159.75 159.75
V9 284.61 210.82 284.61 210.82 210.82
V10 364.02 269.65 364.02 269.65 269.65
PLS 1224.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
My 3354.49 1561.03 2130.16 1561.03 1626.07

4.2.1 Factored Moment due to Horizontal Loads

Factored Moment (My)
Moment due to STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
EH1 369.46 369.46 369.46 369.46 246.31
EH2 176.11 176.11 176.11 176.11 117.40
ELS 90.74 90.74 0.00 0.00 51.85
My 636.31 636.31 545.57 545.57 415.56

5.0 Stability and saftey Criteria

Three design criteria should be satisfied:Eccentricity,Sliding and Bearing [Link] last column of each table represents
the design margin which is expressed as
Design margin (%)=provided - applied *100
provided

5.1 Eccentricity
In the LRFD method, the eccentricity design criterion is ensured by keeping the resultant force within the
middle half of the base width. In other words,eccentricity shouldn't excced the maximum eccentricity
emax (=B/4) in soil [Link] results are summarized as follows: B= 5.07
exmax=B/4 1.27
ex =B/2- My(total)/V
Design margin (%)=(emax-e)/emax*100

ex Design margin condition

STRENGTH I -0.58 146.12 OK !!
STRENGTH Ia 1.15 9.50 OK !!
STRENGTH III 0.44 65.00 OK !!
STRENGTH IIIa 0.70 44.98 OK !!
SERVICE I 0.67 46.73 OK !!

5.1 Sliding
The results of sliding criterion are summarized as follows Fs= 0.80
Design margin (%)=(FsFr-HL)/(Fs*Fr)*100 db= 30.00
Fr=Vu*tandb Fs*Fr HL Design margin (%) Condition
STRENGTH I 503.39 402.71 188.41 53.22 OK !!
STRENGTH Ia 384.92 307.93 188.41 38.81 OK !!
STRENGTH III 437.74 350.19 156.57 55.29 OK !!
STRENGTH IIIa 319.26 255.41 156.57 38.70 OK !!
SERVICE I 376.02 300.82 122.57 59.25 OK !!

5.1 Bearing Capacity

Fb= 0.55 qmax= V/B*(1+6ex/B)
RI= (1-Hn/Vn)3 B= 5.07
qult= 1500.00
Design Margin (%)= (Fb*RI*qult-qmax)/(Fb*RI*qult)*100 408.21
Vu ex qmax Hn Vn RI Design margin (%) Condition
STRENGTH I 871.90 -0.58 53.04 122.57 586.31 0.49 87.01 OK
STRENGTH Ia 666.69 1.15 310.21 122.57 586.31 0.49 24.01 OK
STRENGTH III 758.19 0.44 228.21 122.57 586.31 0.49 44.10 OK
STRENGTH IIIa 552.98 0.70 199.22 86.42 586.31 0.62 61.04 OK
SERVICE I 651.29 0.67 231.25 122.57 586.31 0.49 43.35 OK
8.0 Analysis and Structural Design of Masonry Retaining Wall footing
8.1 Analysis and Structural Design of abutment footing (Flexural Reinforcement)
8.1.2 Calculation of Stress at for edges
= V/B*(1+-6ex/B)
B= 5.07
Limit state V ex Stress at four edges
1 2 max min
STRENGTH I 871.902 -0.584 53.036 291.136 291.14 53.04
STRENGTH Ia 666.693 1.146 310.206 -47.038 310.21 -47.04
STRENGTH III 758.187 0.443 228.209 71.075 228.21 71.07
STRENGTH IIIa 552.978 0.697 199.222 19.059 199.22 19.06
SERVICE I 651.292 0.675 231.251 25.838 231.25 25.84

8.1.3 Design moment calculation

Critical Section,C= Toe 0.40
Stress at critical section= ( max-smin)/B*C+smin
Mc=
Limit state
Stress at critical section avg Moment
Toe Toe Toe
STRENGTH I 272.34 281.74 23.79
STRENGTH Ia 282.00 296.10 25.57
STRENGTH III 215.80 222.01 18.59
STRENGTH IIIa 185.00 192.11 16.32
SERVICE I 215.03 223.14 18.93
DESIGN MOMENT = 25.57

8.1.4 Check minimum reinforcement requirements (Toe)

*** The tensile reinforcemet provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of 1.2 times S5.[Link]
the cracking strength or 1.33 times the factored moment from the applicable strength load combinations.
The cracking strength is calculated by Mcr=fr*Ig/yt b= 1000 mm
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc') fc' = 20 N/mm2
Ig=1*b*h^3/12 D= 300 mm
fr= 2.82 Mpa
Ig= 0.002250 m4
yt= 0.15 m
Mcr= 42.26 Knm
1.2*Mcr= 50.71 Knm
1.33 times the factored controlling Footing moment is:
Mufmax= 25.57 Knm
1.33*Mufmax= 34.01 Knm
1.33 times the controlling factored moment governs
the minimum reinforcement requirments.
Use design moment of: 34.01 Knm/m
Mu [ KNm/m ] Ø b [ mm ] fy [ N/mm2 ] fc' [ N/mm2 ] D [ mm ] cover [ mm ] d [ mm ]
34.01 0.90 1000 300 20 300 75 219
diameter of bar 12 mm
Required d= sqrt(Mu*10^6/(0.2244*fc'*b)
87.05 mm OK !!

Assume a = 10.39 mm
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) 589 mm2
a= As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 10.40 mm 0.002689899
OK !!

max=0.75* b = 0.75*(0.85b1fc'/fy*(599.843/(599.843+fy)))
0.021248146
prov.=As/bd 0.00269
min=0.03fc' /fy= 0.002000
Ok!

Asmin minbd= 438.000000

Required As = 589 mm2/m
Spacing, s = 192 mm
Use diameter 12 mm bars c/c 190 mm
2
As provided = 595 mm

8.1.5 Check for maximum reinforcement (Toe)

rmax =0.75*rb 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy) b1= 0.85 S.[Link].1
rprovided = As/bd fc' = 20 N/mm2 S5.7.2.2
rmax = 0.024083333 fy = 300 N/mm2 S5.[Link]
rprovided = 0.0027 << rmax
OK !!

7.2.3 Check crack control (Toe)

*** The control of cracking by distribution of reinforcement must be checked.
Thickness of clear cover used to compute dc should not be greater than 50mm
Concrete area with centroid the same as transverse bar and bounded by the cross section and line parallel to neutral axis.
Ac=2*dc*bar spacing
fsa=Z/(dc*Ac)^(1/3)<=0.6fy
n=Es/Ec
Z [ Kn/mm ] dc [mm] Ac [mm2] fsa [Kn/mm2] fsa [Mpa] n Use n=
23 81 30780 0.16961983 169.62 8.85 8.00
service backwall total load moment:
MubwservI= 18.93 Knm/m
** To solve for the actural stress in the reinforcement, the transformed moment of inertia and the distance from the neuteral
axis to the centroid of the reinforcement must be computed:
k=sqrt((r*n)^2+2*r*n))-r*n
It=1/3*(1mm/mm)*(k*d)^3+n*As*(d-k*d)^2
y=d-k*d
fs=n**(MubwservI*1mm/mm*y)/It
d [mm] As [mm2/mm] r k k*d [mm] As [mm2/mm] y [mm]
219 0.60 0.002718033 0.187925323 41.15564564 0.595249134 178
Once k*d is known, the transformed moment of inertia can be computed:
d= 219 mm
It= 173,851.54 mm4/mm
Now the actual stress in the reinforcement can be computed:
fs= 154.94 Mpa
Ok

8.1.8 Check Fatigue

By inspection,fatigue is not checked for footings [5.5.3]
8.2 Design for shear:
8.2.1 Design Shear calculation
Critical Section= Toe 0.18
Stress at critical section= ( max-smin)/B*C+smin
Mc=
Limit state Stress at critical section avg SHEAR
Toe Toe Toe
STRENGTH I 282.63 286.88 28.05
STRENGTH I 297.44 303.82 30.63
STRENGTH III 222.60 225.40 21.78
STRENGTH IIIa 192.79 196.00 19.32
SERVICE I 223.91 227.58 22.40
DESIGN SHEAR = 30.63

8.2.2 Checking of Shear Resistance (Toe)

The nominal shear resistance is the lesser of:Vn1=Vc+Vs or Vn2=0.25*fc'*bv*dv
where: Vc=0.083*b*sqrt(fc')*bv*dv Vs=Av*fy*dv*(cos(t)+cot(a))*sin(a)/s
dv=max(d-a/2,0.9*d,0.72*h)
The factored longitudinal shear force at the critical section of the footing is:
Vufwmax= 30.63 Kn/m
Before the nominal shear resistance can be calculated all the variables used in the above equations need to be calculated.
b= bv [mm] h [mm] dv [mm]
2 1 300 216 S5.[Link] S5.8.2.9
Now, Vn1 and Vn2 can be calculated:
For fc' [Mpa] Vn1 [Kn/m] Vn2 [Kn/m] Use Vn [Kn/m]
20 160.35 1080 160.35
The factored shear resistance is then:
fv= 0.9
Vr= 144.32 Kn/m
Ok

7.2.5 Shirinkage and shear reinforcement (Toe)

For members less than 1.2m millimeters thick, the area of reinforcement in each direction shall not be spaced greater than
300mm and satisfy the lesser of As>=0.75Ag/fy or SumAb=0.0015Ag
Ag=mm2/mm fy=Mpa 0.75Ag/fy [mm2/mm] 0.0015Ag [mm2/mm] As [mm2/mm]
300 300 0.75 0.45 0.75
The above steel must be distributed equally on both faces of the backwall
using dia= 12 mm
at a spacing s= 300 mm
As=2*bararea/S 0.753982237 mm2/mm
Ok