OLFU-VAL MEDTECH 2024
BIOCHEMISTRY FOR MEDICAL LABORATOR SCIENCE| CHEM 123
TOPIC 1: CELLS | 1st SEMESTER |Trans 1: LE 1
TOPICS HISTORICAL NOTES
1. Cells • Robert Hooke was the first to use the term cell,
• Historical notes he preferred to the small empty chambers in
• Cell Theory the structures of cork as cells
• Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cell • Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann
• Molecular Composition of the Cell conclude that all animals and plants tissues
• Eukaryotic Cells were composed of cells
• Plasma Membrane • Rudolf Virchow proposed the theory of
• Nucleus biogenesis where all cells only arose from pre-
• Cytoplasm
existing cells
• Mitochondria
• Biogenesis is the production of new living
• Lysosome
organisms
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi Apparatus CELL THEORY
• Peroxisome • A cell is the basic structures and functional units
• Cytoskeleton of living organism
2. Important notes in Prokaryotic Cells • The activity of an organism depends on the
3. Cell Membrane Transport
collective activities of its cells
4. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
• According to the principles of complementary,
5. Cell Life Cycle
6. Mitosis the activities of cells are dictated by their
structures (anatomy), which determines
functions (physiology)
CELL
• Fundamental unit of life EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC
DNA is found in the DNA is not enclosed
• Humans and animals are made up
nucleus, where DNA within the membrane
• Biochemistry explores molecular mechanism of
become genetic matured
normal cellular processes as well as disease
It contains membrane- Lack membrane-enclosed
• All higher living organisms including humans are bound organelles which organelles
made up of cells include the endoplasmic
• There are two major classes: reticulum and Golgi
o Prokaryotes which found in the plants Apparatus
o Eukaryotes which will be found in the Cell division involves Usually divide by binary
humans and animals mitosis. Since it’s sexual fission since it is asexual
reproduction reproduction which
reproduction separate
the cell into two parts
which called cytoskeleton
MOLECULAR COMPOSITION OF CELL
• Water account for about 70-75% of the weight
of the cell
• Organic compound accounts for 25-30% of the
cell weight
• They are nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides
(which is carbohydrate) and Lipids
• Inorganic compounds account for the rest of NUCLEUS
the cells weight • Largest bound on the compartment
o Electrolytes • Control the cell activities
o Potassium • Histone are made up of chromatin while
o Magnesium chromatin is also made of chromosomes
o Salt • It is enclosed within a double membrane called
nuclear envelope which can control the passage
EUKARYOTIC CELL
directly to the nucleus; also contain the
• Have a membrane bound nucleus and number
nucleolus
of other membranes bound subcellular
• Nucleolus consist of RNA and proteins which
(internal) organelles, each of which has a
function in ribosomal unit assembly
specific function
• Nucleoplasm it surrounds the chromatin and
PLASMA MEMBRANE the nucleoli
• Serves as physical barriers • It contains the DNA that serves as the genetic
• Which is also a cell boundary (parameter) materials for directing protein synthesize
• It also builds a receptor or markers to • DNA for genetic material is use for protein
communicate synthesize
• It is built up of cholesterol
• Phospholipid’s bilayer containing cholesterol
and proteins and some carbohydrates; forms a
selectively permeable boundary of the cell
• Acts as a physical barrier to enclose cell
contents; regulates material movement into
and out of the cell; function in cell
communication
Other need to remember:
• Fluid and dynamic
• Made up of lipids which is most common is the
phospholipids that is amphipathic and there are
two classification of this
o The hydrophobic which is water fearing CYTOPLASM
and • Inferior part
o The hydrophilic which means water • Its not part of any organelles
loving • This can be seen between the plasma
• Carbohydrate are mostly Glycolipids (sugar membrane and the nucleus where the others
bounded to lipids) and Glycoproteins (sugar cellular elements are embedded
bounded to proteins. • Organelles are membrane bounded structures
which carry out specific metabolic activities of
the cell
• Cytosol provides the support for organelles and
serves as the viscous fluid medium
• It is serves as the responsible for various cellular
processes
• Ribosomes is used for protein synthesize
MITOCHONDRIA digestion, give negative enzymes and known as
• It is known as the power house of the cell acidic.
• It produces the production of the ATP which if it • The fluid inside lysosome is much more acidic at
is utilize it produced as citric acid cycle about pH 4.8 than the normal pH of about 7.0-
• It replicates for binary fission 7.3
• It creates more much energy • Digest microbes or materials by the cell
• It is a double membrane bound organelles
containing a circular strand of DNA which
encode also the mRNA, rRNA
• The outer membrane is highly permeable to
small molecules, due to the presence of a pore-
forming proteins called porin
• The inter membrane contain many proteins
that participate in oxidative phosphorylation
which it is bound with matrix and responsible
on how one molecule bonding.
• The inner membrane has multiple folds
projecting inwards, called cristae
• It is responsible for the production of energy in
the form of ATP
• The mitochondria have own DNA and own
Ribosomes for the synthesize its proteins, but
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
not all.
• The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is an
extensive interconnected membrane network
that varies in shape; ribosomes are attached on
the cytoplasmic surface; Ribosome are involved
in the protein synthesize. It modifies, transport
and stores proteins produce by attached
ribosome
• The Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is an
extensive interconnected membrane network
lacking ribosome.
o calcium storage in muscles
o Also serves as detoxification for toxic
substances
LYSOSOME o Port of lipids like steroids
• Scavengers of the cell
• It digests enzymes to foreign materials
• Digestive organelles are a process of
phagocytosis which travel after to the vesicles
and then to lysosome then after it will eliminate
or digestion.
• It undergoes to respiratory digestion which has
acid hydrolase (Acidic) that found in the
lysosome that contribute in pH
• Spherical shaped membrane bound organelles
formed from the Golgi apparatus; it contains
digestive enzymes which is intracellular
GOLGI APPARATUS
• Packaging house of the cell
• It’s a series of several elongated, flattened
saclike membranous structures.
• It also modifies, package and sort materials that
arrive from the endoplasmic reticulum in
transport vesicle
• The Vesicles are the one who transport cellular
material. Matured vesicle is called secretory
vesicle
CYTOSKELETON
Other information: • Seafolding
• Organized network of proteins filaments
• from ER to being fuse to Golgi body then dump
• Maintain the integral structures support and
the proteins from ER and be package and
organization of cells (for reproduction and
transported from to (1) utilize by cell or (2)
positioning of organelles)
excreted; if excreted it wen to matured vesicle
• Microfilaments maintain the cells shape (the
for excretion then plasma membrane for fuse
then it will dumb the content to outside of the cell movement, smallest components in action
cell filaments that maintain the cell shape
• 3 Defined • Intermediate filaments it gives mechanical
o CIS - respiratory entry of materials to support to structures like nucleus and plasma
transport vesicle to endoplasmic membrane (it is a stranded pro-actin fiber for
reticulum to enter cell structures and can anchor organelles and
neighbor cell
o MEDIAL – package the protein
o TRANS – exit; bud/detached the • Microtubules provides structural support (its
secretory vesicle for cell decision, also a large component in
• The Ribosome are classified in to two which is cytoskeleton that responsible for all movement
small and large for the use as rRNA and also movement for chromosomes. It also
known at hallow tubulin which compose of
centrioles which is special part)
PEROXISOMES IMPORTANT NOTE IN PROKARYOTIC CELL
• Form a product called hydrogen peroxide (after • Prokaryotic are eubacteria and archaebacteria
oxidation) H2O and O2 are the most abundant organisms on earth
• It detoxifies the specific substances either inner • A prokaryotic cell doesn’t not contain a
or outer cell membrane bound nucleus
• Serves as oxidase and catalase • Each of the prokaryotic cell are surrounded by
• Smaller, spherical membrane bound organelles plasma membrane
formed the endoplasmic reticulum • The cell has no subcellular organelles, only
• It detoxifies specific harmful substances either infoldings of the plasma membrane called
produced by the cell or taken into the cell mesosomes
• The DNA is condensed within the cytosol to
form the nucleoid
• Some prokaryotic have tail like flagella
CELL MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
1. The passive transport chain is a diffusion on
movement of a substance from an area of its
high concentration to an area of its lower
concentration.
• Simple diffusion is a type of diffusion of
dissolve solutes through the plasma membrane
• Facilitated diffusion is the type of diffusion that
requires a protein carrier
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water point across a
selective permeable membrane
• the Passive transport process has no net energy
CELL LIFE CYCLE
used during the transport
• in interphase (70-80%), it is the longer phase of
2. the Active transport process is a transport that
the cell cycle where the cell is active and
requires energy to proceed, this is a type of
preparing for cell division. The DNA molecules is
membrane transport uses energy which is ATP
duplicated exactly in a process called DNA
(adenosine triphosphate) provided by the cell
Replication which occurs toward the end of the
• exocytosis refers to the bulk movement of
interphase
substances out of the cell by fusion of secretory
• there are three stages in interphase (1) G1
vesicle with the plasma membrane
means gap which is the longest phase, (2) is the
• endocytosis refers to the bulk movement of
S phase or known also as synthetic phase and
substances into the cells by vesicle forming at
this is the most important, (3) Is the G2 phase.
the plasma membrane
• The Cell Division are cells that arise the division
ACTIVE TRANSPORT of the other cells. Mitosis are consist of 4 stages
which result to two daughter nuclei and each
are identical to mother nucleus.
o Prophase (longest phase) where each
chromosome consists of two
chromatids joined at the centromere
o Metaphase are chromosomes align at
the center of the cell
o Anaphase (Shortest phase) chromatids
are separate at the centromere and
migrate to opposite poles
o Telophase where two new nuclei
assume their normal structure and cell
division completed, producing two new
daughter cells.
• Nuclear division are called karyokinesis which is
connected to cytokinesis
