Name: Mark Miguel T.

Aquino Date: 2/17/22

Group No.: _________________________ Score: ______________

EXERCISE NO. 1

ALKANES

I. PROCEDURE

1. Observe the physical properties of the alkane

Physical State: ______________

Color: _____________

Odor: _______________

Add 1 mL of water to 1 mL of the alkane in a test tube. Shake and let stand for a few minutes

Solubility in water: ____________

Density compared to water: _____________

2. Place 2 mL of the alkane in each of two test tube. Add 3 drops of bromine (CAUTION!) to

each tube. Cover and shake the tubes well. Place one tube inside your locker and expose the

other tube to direct sunlight for 10-15 minutes. Record your observation for each tube.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Write the equation for the reaction between bromine and the alkane:

What kind of reaction is this?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Place 5 drops of the alkane in a test tube and add 2 drops of a dilute potassium

permanganate solution. Shake the tube well and record your observations
_____________________________________________________________________________

4. Ignite a few drops of the alkane in an evaporating dish. Observe the character of the flame.

Result: _______________________________________________________________________

Write the equation for the complete combustion of the alkane

_____________________________________________________________________________

II. QUESTIONS

1. Write the equation involved in the progressive bromination of methane

2. What is meant by photoactivation?

the activation or control of a chemical, chemical reaction, or organism by light, as the activation of
chlorophyll by sunlight during photosynthesis.

3. Name 5 different alkanes and give the occurrence of each.

Methane is produced by the breakdown or decay of organic material and can be introduced into the
atmosphere by either natural processes

Ethane is the second larger compound present in natural gas. Similar to methane, it can be extracted
from natural gas reserves or oil wells

Butanes are naturally occurring alkane hydrocarbons that are produced primarily in association with
natural gas processing

Propane is found as a constituent of natural gas.

Pentane is a natural product found in Allium rotundum and Allium ampeloprasum with data available
4. Illustrate with equation the preparation of alkanes by:

a.) Wurtz synthesis

b.) Grignard synthesis

Group No.: _________________________ Score: ______________

EXERCISE NO. 1

ALKENES

I. PROCEDURE

1. Observe the physical properties of the alkene

Physical State: ______________

Color: _____________

Odor: _______________

Add 1 mL of water to 1 mL of the alkene in a test tube. Shake and let stand for a few minutes

Solubility in water: ____________

Density compared to water: _____________

2. Place 2 mL of the alkene in a test tube. Add 3 drops of bromine (CAUTION!) to the tube and

shake well. Record your observation

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Write the equation for the reaction between bromine and the alkene:

3. Baeyer’s Test for Unsaturation. Place 5 drops of the alkene in a test tube and add 2 drops of

dilute potassium permanganate solution. Shake the tube well and record your observation.

_____________________________________________________________________________

Equation:

4. Ignite a few drops of the alkane in an evaporating dish. Observe the character of the flame.
Result: _______________________________________________________________________

Write the equation for the complete combustion of the alkene

_____________________________________________________________________________

II. QUESTIONS

1. What is the basis of the Baeyer’s Test for unsaturation?

The Baeyer test for unsaturation is for determining the presence of carbon-carbon double bonded
compounds, called alkenes or carbon-carbon trible bonded compounds, called alkyne bonds. An alkene
is replaced with a diol (a compound with 2 hydroxy groups).

2. What simple chemical test may be used to differentiate an alkene from an alkane?

Describe the test.

You can use bromine water, which is an orange solution, to distinguish between alkanes and alkenes.
There is no change when bromine water is mixed with an alkane, but it turns colourless when mixed
with an alkene.

3. Name 5 alkene and give the occurrence of each.

Propene is a product of combustion from forest fires, cigarette smoke, and motor vehicle and aircraft
exhaust

Hexene is commonly manufactured by two general routes: (i) full-range processes via the
oligomerization of ethylene and (ii) on-purpose technology

Heptene is a natural product found in Attalea speciosa with data available.

Octene is a natural product found in Hypericum androsaemum, Taxus canadensis, and Attalea speciosa
with data available

Nonene is also a naturally occurring compound found in raw beef and rapeseed oil and as a volatile
organic compound emitted from molds.

4. Give 2 methods of preparing alkenes. Write the equation involved.

From alkyl halides: Alkenes are obtained by heating alkyl halides with alcoholic potash. Alcoholic potash
is obtained by dissolving potassium hydroxide in alcohol. In this reaction, dehydrohalogenation takes
place i.e. a single molecule of halogen acid is removed. The rate of reaction depends upon the alkyl
group and the nature of the halogen group attached.
From vicinal halides: Vicinal dihalides can be defined as the dihalides in which two adjacent carbon
atoms are attached to two halogens. When such dihalides react with zinc metal, they lose halogen
molecules which result in the formation of alkenes. Such a reaction of preparation of alkenes from
Vicinal dihalides is known as dehalogenation.
Name: Mark Miguel T. Aquino Date:2/17/22

Group No.: _________________________ Score: ______________

EXERCISE NO. 1

ALKYNE

I. PROCEDURE

1. Observe the physical properties of the alkene

Physical State: ______________

Color: _____________

Odor: _______________

Solubility in water: ____________

2. Flammability

Ignite a test tube of acetylene, under a hood, if possible. In order to keep the gas

burning smoothly, pour a stream of water into the test tube while the gas burns. Note the

character of the flame. Record your observation

_____________________________________________________________________________

Equation:

3. Reaction with Bromine

To a second test tube of acetylene, add two drops of Bromine (CAUTION!). Cover and

shake vigorously for a minute. Note the result:

___________________________________________________________________________

Equation:

Compare the reaction of acetylene with bromine with that of the reaction of alkane and alkene

with bromine in the previous experiment:

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Baeyer’s Test for Unsaturation

To a third test tube of acetylene, add 1 mL of a dilute solution of KMnO4.

Observe the result:

5. Formation of Acetylides

CAUTION: Copper and silver acetylides are EXTREMELY explosive when dry

a. Reaction with Ammoniacal Cuprous chloride

Add 2 mL of ammoniacal cuprous chloride solution to a fourth test tube of acetylene

Result: ______________________________________

b. Reaction with Ammoniacal silver nitrate

Add 2 mL of ammoniacal silver nitrate solution to a fifth test tube of acetylene

Result: ______________________________________

Equation:

I. QUESTIONS

1. Give the use of acetylene

an important industrial raw material, acetylene is used to produce solvents and alkenes, which, in turn,
serve as monomers in plastic production. It is also utilized in brazing, cutting, flame scarfing, and
metallurgical heating and hardening, and in the glass industry.

2. What are the only types of alkynes which can form acetylides?

Terminal alkynes are weak acids: RC≡CH + R″M ⇌ R″H + RC≡CM. To generate acetylides from acetylene
and alkynes relies on the use of organometallic or inorganic superbases in solvents which are less acidic
than the terminal alkyne. In early studies liquid ammonia was employed, but ethereal solvents are more
common.

3. What is the use of acetylide formation?

The alkylation of acetylide ions is important in organic synthesis because it is a reaction in which a new
carbon-carbon bond is formed; hence, it can be used when an organic chemist is trying to build a
complicated molecule from much simpler starting materials.

4. What volume of acetylene measured at standard conditions could be obtained from 10g of

calcium carbide?

1L VOLUME

5. Give two methods of preparing alkynes. Write the equation involved

Dehydrohalogenation. The loss of a hydrogen atom and a halogen atom from adjacent alkane carbon
atoms leads to the formation of an alkene. The loss of additional hydrogen and halogen atoms from the
double‐bonded carbon atoms leads to alkyne formation. The halogen atoms may be located on the
same carbon (a geminal dihalide) or on adjacent carbons (a vicinal dihalide).

Dehalogenation. Vicinal tetrahaloalkanes can be dehalogenated with zinc metal in an organometallic