2022-12-01

AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS – ATA35 Lê xuân Trường – Aircraft Systems AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS – ATA35 Lê xuân Trường – Aircraft Systems

CÁC HỆ THỐNG TRÊN MÁY BAY

(Aircraft Systems)
OXYGEN - ATA35 OXYGEN - ATA35
Instructor: Dr. Le Xuan Truong
Instructor: Dr. Le Xuan Truong
Tài liệu tham khảo: (References)
1. Aircraft Systems – Ian Moir & Allan Seabridge, Tài liệu tham khảo: (References)
John Wiley & Sons Publisher, 2008 7. VACBI – Tài liệu training của Airbus (VACBI Airbus training)
2. EASA – Training Document 8. Tài liệu Video training của Boeing – (Video training of Boeing)
3. Giáo trình “Các hệ thống máy bay” Tg: Lã Hải Dũng, Học viện
Phòng không – Không quân, 2001
4. [Link]
(search keyword “aircraft systems lectures”
5. Aircraft Hydraulic Systems, IAP – USA
6. Wikipedia Website

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AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS – ATA35 Lê xuân Trường – Aircraft Systems AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS – ATA35 Lê xuân Trường – Aircraft Systems

OXYGEN - ATA35 OXYGEN - ATA35

OXYGEN AND THE ATMOSPHERE Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture of gases:
(commonly called air):
78% N2 , 21% O2, 1% other various gases
in smaller quantities: CO2, O3, water vapor

As altitude increases ~ 50 miles (80km):

total quantity of all the atmospheric gases
reduces rapidly but
- relative proportions of N2 & O2: unchanged
- CO2: stable
- water vapor & O3 vary

Role: CO2 (atmosphere) is utilized by plants

The percentage of the various gases during photosynthesis; helps control breathing in
that comprise the atmosphere man & animals
H2O: absorb far more energy from the sun than
do the other gases; important to form weather
EASA p15.2

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AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS – ATA35 Lê xuân Trường – Aircraft Systems AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS – ATA35 Lê xuân Trường – Aircraft Systems

HUMAN RESPIRATION (Breath) AND CIRCULATION

OXYGEN - ATA35 O2: essential for most living processes, without it humans & animals die very rapidly
Resultant sluggish condition of mind & body produced by insufficient O2 is called hypoxia.

OXYGEN AND THE ATMOSPHERE O3: interaction of O2 & sunray on ozone layer Hypoxia during aircraft operations:
(near the top of the stratosphere) - Decrease in O2 pressure in the lungs at high altitudes
- Still 21% O2 but absorbed rate into the blood depends on
O3: important to living organisms because ozone the O2 pressure
filters out most of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet - Greater pressure pushes O2 from the lung alveoli into the
(UV) radiation bloodstream
- At sea level, O2 pressure in lungs ~ 3 psi
O3: also produced by electrical discharges, such Hand in someone with - > 7 000 feet (2.1km) above sea level: Ok
as lightning strikes. low O2 saturations - 10,000 feet (3km): 90% O2 cause hypoxia: headache &
fatigue
O3: faint odor, somewhat like that of weak Cl2 - 15 000 feet (4.6km): 81% O2 typically results in sleepiness,
Ozone layer headache, blue lips and fingernails, and increased pulse
and respiration. Vision & judgment become impaired &
safe operation of an aircraft becomes compromised
- 22,000 feet (6.7km): 68% O2
- 25 000 feet (7.6km): 50% : unconsciousness after 5 min
EASA p15.2 [Link] EASA p15.2

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AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS – ATA35 Lê xuân Trường – Aircraft Systems AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS – ATA35 Lê xuân Trường – Aircraft Systems

HUMAN RESPIRATION (Breath) AND CIRCULATION HUMAN RESPIRATION (Breath) AND CIRCULATION

When oxygen reaches 24% or higher: hair, clothings … may be burnt naturally The negative effects of reduced atmospheric pressure at flight altitudes, forcing
less oxygen into the blood, can be overcome by 2 ways:
+ increase the pressure of the oxygen
+ increase the quantity of oxygen in the air mixture

Large transport-category and high performance passenger aircraft

pressurize the air in the cabin. This serves to push more of the normal
21% oxygen found in the air into the blood for saturation: the percentage
of oxygen available for breathing remains the same; only the
pressure is increased.

By increasing the quantity of oxygen available in the lungs, less pressure is

required to saturate the blood. This is the basic function of an aircraft
oxygen system. Increasing the level of oxygen above the 21% found in the
atmosphere can reduce pressure encountered as altitude increases.

EASA p15.3 EASA p15.3

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AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS – ATA35 Lê xuân Trường – Aircraft Systems AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS – ATA35 Lê xuân Trường – Aircraft Systems

SOURCES OF OXYGEN “Aviator’s breathing O2” SOURCES OF OXYGEN

+ Oxygen gas: colorless, odorless, and tasteless at normal

atmospheric temperatures and pressures. + Caution to prevent unwanted combustion: keep pure O2
+ Transforms into a liquid at –183°C (boiling point) away from fuel, oil & grease
+ Aviator’s breathing O2 is tested for the presence of water.
+ O2 combines readily with most elements & numerous + This is done to avoid the possibility of it freezing
compounds; & oxidation produces heat. in the small passage ways of valves and regulators
Chemical or Solid Oxygen
Storage

+ Production of gaseous O2 (commercial, aircraft): liquefying air Picture: A sodium chlorate solid oxygen candle is at the
+ By controlling t0 and p: N2 (in air) can boil off to leave pure O2 core of a chemical oxygen generator
+ Other way: - electrolysis of water (H2O)
Sodium chlorate [ NaClO3] has a unique characteristic.
- using membrane filter to filter out N2
When ignited, it produces O2 as it burns [decomposes
+ Pure (or nearly pure) gaseous O2 is stored & transported in
above 300°C to release O2 & leave sodium chloride NaCl
high-pressure cylinders (typically painted green)
+ Source O2 for passenger in emergency: chemical to release O2

EASA p15.3 EASA p15.3

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AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS – ATA35 Lê xuân Trường – Aircraft Systems AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS – ATA35 Lê xuân Trường – Aircraft Systems

SOURCES OF OXYGEN
SOURCES OF OXYGEN

Chemical or Solid Oxygen

Onboard Oxygen Generating Systems (OBOGS)
This can be filtered & delivered through a hose to a mask that
can be worn & breathed directly by the user. Solid oxygen The molecular sieve [filter] method of separating
candles, are formed chunks of NaClO3 wrapped inside O2 from the other gases in air has application in
insulated stainless steel housings to control the heat produced flight, or ground: relatively light weight & relieve
when activated. the aviator of a need for ground support for O2
supply.
The chemical O2 supply is often ignited by a spring-loaded On military aircraft: use bleed air from turbine
firing pin that when pulled, releases a hammer that smashes engines
a cap creating a spark to light the candle. Electric ignition via
Onboard oxygen generating
a current-induced hot wire also exists.
system uses molecular sieve
technology
Once lit, a sodium chlorate oxygen generator cannot be
extinguished. It produces a steady flow of breathable oxygen
until it burns out, typically generating 10–20 min of O2

EASA p15.3 EASA p15.3

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AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS – ATA35 Lê xuân Trường – Aircraft Systems

SOURCES OF OXYGEN

Liquid Oxygen
Liquid oxygen (LOX) is a pale blue, transparent liquid.
Oxygen can be made liquid by lowering the temperature
to below –183°C or by placing gaseous oxygen under
pressure.

A combination of these is accomplished with a

Dewar bottle.

A small quantity of LOX can be converted to

an enormous amount of gaseous oxygen,
resulting in the use of very little storage space
compared to that needed for high-pressure
gaseous oxygen cylinders

Expensive, difficult to store: mostly in

military A spherical liquid oxygen onboard
container used by the military.
EASA p15.3

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AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS – ATA35 Lê xuân Trường – Aircraft Systems AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS – ATA35 Lê xuân Trường – Aircraft Systems

SOURCES OF OXYGEN
Continuous-Flow Systems
SOURCES OF OXYGEN Simplest form, a continuous-flow O2 system allows O2 to exit the storage tank through
a valve and passes it through a regulator/reducer attached to the top of the tank. The
Oxygen Storage Cylinders flow of high-pressure O2 passes through a section of the regulator that reduces the
pressure of the O2, which is then fed into a hose attached to a mask worn by the user
Gaseous oxygen is stored and transported in
high-pressure cylinders. Traditionally, these have
been heavy steel tanks rated for 1800 -1850 psi
[124-127.5 bar] of pressure and capable of
maintaining pressure up to 2,400 psi [165.5 bar]

This test stand is used for hydrostatic

testing of oxygen cylinders. EASA p15.6 EASA p15.3

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