Introduction to the Philosophy of the

Human Person

Week 1-2
DOING PHILOSOPHY
Module 1

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

INTRODUCTION:
Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Module on Doing
Philosophy. This module hopes to help introduce to the students the value of doing philosophy in
obtaining a broader perspective on life and the relation between a person and philosophy, the
manner developing an aesthetics of human existence as well as the difference acts of philosophizing
in pursuit of “man as mystery” (Gabriel Marcel)
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and
independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the
learning resource while being an active learner.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the discussion the students will be able to:

1. Distinguish holistic perspectives from a partial point of view
2. Recognize human activities that emanated from deliberate reflection
3. Realize the value of doing Philosophy in obtaining a broad perspective on life

PRE–TEST

DIRECTION: Indicate whether the statement is TRUE or FALSE.

____________1. Philosophy is really all about questions and answers
____________2. Philosophers called as the lover of wisdom
____________3. Philosophy comes from the two Greek words, philos and Sophia
____________4. The Western Philosophical tradition originated in India
____________5. Reflection is an activity that requires a person to examine his or Her thoughts, feeling
and actions and learn from experience
____________6. Plato is the student of Aristotle
____________7. Thales was known as the Father of Western Philosophy
____________8. Anaximander known for his idea the air was the single substance
The source of all things
____________9. The Pluralist Philosophers argued that matter was made of
Single substance
____________10. The four elements are water, air, fire and earth

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 LESSON

NATURE AND DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY

Definition of Philsophy
Wonder is said to be the beginning of Philosophy, in the early human life on this
planet, when man stuck with wonder at the natural phenomenon or when found
multifaceted and conflicting phenomena in life and was filled with discontentment at
the existing order of things, it was the beginning of Philosophy Traditionally Philosophy
defined as love for wisdom, came from the two greek words philos ( love )and sophia (
wisdom ), at first this may seem confusing, and hard to connect with love, but if we dig
deeper into the more original meaning of Greek words philos and sophia, we can have
more specific understanding of this concept. Philosophy can be more appropriately
understood as the “ love of exercising one’s curiosity and intelligence”. Many
Philosophers died for seeking the truth like Socrates who pursued passionately in seeking
the truth and the reason why we call people who engage in philosophy as philosophers
as lovers of wisdom.
Whatever its definition are, philosophy emphasizes four main points :

First, philosophy is a science and like all other branches of science, it's also based
on evidence. This means that philosophy is not based on speculations, opinions, or mere
conjecture.

Second, philosophy is concerned with everything in the world as far as the

human can reach. Nothing is exempted all things are concern of Philosophy

Third, Philosophy explores the ultimate or final cause of a thing

Fourth, Phlosophy does not use a piece of equipment, a laboratory device the
Philosophers use his natural reason, particularly human reasoning

ORIGIN OF PHILSOPHY

The Ancient Greek city of Miletus in the Western Coast is consider as the
birthplace of Philsophy, that can be found in Greece. Thales or other known as Thales of
Miletus is the Father of Western Philosophy in the Western Civilization. He lived between
624 and 546 BCE a contemporary of the Lydian King Croesus and the statesman Solon (
Stumf and Fieser, 2008 ) . He was the first who tried to explain the ultimate stuff that makes
up the different things we perceived, like the clouds, mountains, trees, animals, people
and rivers, he believed that there is underlying stuff or substance in which everything we
perceived is composed. He tried to explain things in nature without relying on mythology.
He asserted that the world originated in water and was sustained by water and the earth
floated on water. Thales approach in explaining everything highlights the difference
between religion and philosophy. Religion rests on faith while Philosophy on reason alone.

Philsophers divided into three groups namely : Pre-Socratic, Pluralist and the Socratic
Philosophers

PRE – SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS

Other than Thales another two Pre-socratic Philosophers are Anaximander and
Anaximenes. Anaximenes was a student of Thales, he believed that the air was the single
substance and the source of all things, he differed with his predecessors like Thales, who
held that water is the source of all things . Anaximander held that everything orignated
from the apeiron ( the infinite, unlimited and indefinite) he postulated eternal motion,
along with apeiron, as the originating cause of the world. This motion caused opposites
such as hot and cold, to be separated from one another as the world came into being.
However, the world is not eternal and will be destroyed back into apeiron, from which
new worlds will be born. Thus all existing things must “pay penalty and retribution to one
another to the dispositon of time ”

THE PLURALISTS PHILOSOPHERS

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 Empedocles, a great statesman and poet born in Sicily asserted that all things are
composed of four elements air, water, fire and earth that undergo cosmic cycle

https://images.app.goo.gl/8BxMnahy4k6nkYV58

Empedocle’s world view of cosmic cycle of eternal change, growth and decay
in which two personified cosmic forces, love and strife, engage in an eternal battle for
supremacy while Anaxagoras claims that the universe is composed of infinitely small
particles called atoms. Nous or the mind is what gives matter form.Theres a portion of
everything in everything.

The concept of Pluralism in philosophy indicates the belief that reality consists of
many different things. In this sense it is opposed to the conept of monoism which views
all reality as one substance or whole. Heraclitus and Paramenides has different views
about this matter for Heraclitus know as “ the Dark One ” change was the basis of the
universe “You can’t step on the same river twice” it will change from moment to moment
. Paramenides contrast this idea and argued that the universe is defined by permanence,
change is only illusion, and reason is the important way to understand the world.

The Socratic Philosophers

Socrates was born in Athens, famous for his claim that he didn’t know anything.
He developed Socratic method in which one asks for a definition or concept and elicit
contradictory responses. Later he was charged of impiety and corruption of the mind of
youth and was sentenced to death which he carried out by drinking hemlock. “Know
thyself “is the cornerstone of the Philosophy of Socrates, it means knowing your weakness
and things that you must follow in order to live a happy life. Socrates most famous
quotation as recorded by Plato, proclaims “the unexamined life is not worth living ”.
Socrates give emphasis on ethics:

⮚ Socrates' ethics assumes that Education is the key to living an ethical life.
⮚ No one desires evil.
⮚ No one does wrong willingly or knowingly.
⮚ All virtue is knowledge.
⮚ Virtue = positive moral behavior

PLATO was born to an aristocratic family; he travelled widely and founded his
Academy in Athens. His famous work, “The Republic,”reflected Plato’S perception of
politics as dirty business that sought mainly to manipulate the unthinking masses. The
perfect man according to Plato, does not exist in this world because what we see in this
world is just an imperfect copy of man’s original self in the realm of ideas his Philosophy
basically suggested that the world of true ideas like justice, beauty, goodness and virtue
had a reality of its own where these concepts were even more real than the physical
world of the senses. Allegory of the Cave is a theory concerning human perception.
Plato claimed that knowledge through the senses is no more than opinion and that in
order to have real knowledge we must gain philosophical reasoning
ARISTOTLE, the Athenian student of Plato, was a naturalist who provided the
philosophical basis of science. He became the adviser of Alexander the Great the son of
Philip. In his later life he founded a famous school The Lyceum that contributed to the
development of Western science and Philosophy.

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

According to Aristotle, if you do something bad you feel unhappy. Such happiness is a
product of an act that is not guided by the reason, but by emotion. In order to be happy,
the Philosopher said, one must act according to reason. He developed the view that
ideas may be important but a proper study of
“MATTER” could lead us to better and more distinct ideas.
● the central theme of realism is that “ reality, knowledge and values exist
● Independently of human mind”.
● Aristotle rejects the idealist’s view that ideas are real.
● he thinks that matter exists even though there is no mind to perceive it,
● Matter is certainly an independent reality.

PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION
When we try to examine all the things that happening around us like the pandemic
brought by COVID – 19 , in the midst of this present crisis it remind us to think of the most
essential things that we need to do in order to survive, it give us the opportunity to see
the greater perspectives in all things and the purpose of our existence and meaning of
our life. Reflection is an activity that requires a perston to examine his or her thougths,
feelings, and action and learn from experience. ( Abella, 2016 ) Philosophers always
search for truth, the essence of all things and the meaning of our existence, that try to
help us to see the bigger picture in evrything that happening to us. This process is calles
Philosophical reflection. According to Gabriel Marcel, philosophica reflection is the act
of giving time to think about the meaning and purpose of our existence. There are two
types of of Reflection, namely : Primary Reflection which is the ability to think logically,
the ability of the mind to construct and evaluate arguments, it is more fragmentalized
and compartmentalized thinking which concern with definitions, essence and technical
A C also
solution to problems, primary reflection T I Vknown
I T Y as “ selfish thinking/ instrumental
thinking, means end kind of thinking. Secondary Reflection According to Gabriel Marcel
this type of reflection enable us to look deeper into our experience and see the bigger
picture of reality, it is more genuine and unselfih thinking that enable us to see the
broader perspectives of life.

DIRECTIONS: Read the following passages from Plato’s Apology (38a): “The unexamined
life is not worth living.” After reading the quotation answer the following questions:

1. What does Plato mean when he says “unexamined life”?

2. How the statement of Plato can help us to understand our existence?

3. After you already know the idea of the Pre-Socratic Philosophers answer the
following questions :

4. How do the Pre- Socratic Philosophers view the cause of all things in the universe?

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 5. Whose view are you inclined to believe and why?

GENERALIZATION

Philosophy develops intellectual abilities important for life as a whole, beyond the
knowledge and skills required for any particular profession…It enhances analytical,
critical, and interpretive capacities that are applicable to any subject matter and in any
human context. Philosophy forms the worldview of people, as it largely determines their
behavior and approaches to decision-making in particular problem. Philosophy plays a
significant role in solving global problems. Its main function is to form a world view, also
have an indirect influence on the development of practical solutions.

POST–TEST

DIRECTION: Read the given statements /questions carefully, and choose the best
answer from the given choices.
1. The type of philosophical reflection which trains the mind to think logically, also it
is the ability of the mind to construct and evaluate arguments.

A. Primary Reflection C. Secondary Reflection

B. Reflection D. All of the above

2. According to Gabriel Marcel this type of reflection enables us to look deeper

into our experiences and see the bigger picture of reality.

A. Primary Reflection C. Secondary Reflection

B. Reflection D. All of the above

3. According to Aristotle, if you do something bad you feel unhappy. Such

happiness is a product of an act that is not guided by reason, but by emotion.
What idea is Arstotle trying to offer us?

A. Enhance our minds, to understand what we encounter every day

B. Happiness can only achieved if we are guided by our reason
C. Emotion is the cause of our unhappiness
D. Reason is the only reality in life

4. Identify which statement describes the difference between holism and

partial thinking.

A. Holism is a perspective that looks at the “big picture” while partial thinking
focuses on the specific aspect of the situation.
B. Holism is a perspective that looks at the specific aspects of the situation while
partial thinking looks at the big picture.
C. Holism requires us to focus on a certain aspect of the problem while partial
thinking requires us to have an open mindset.
D. All of the above

5. One of the Pluralist philosophers who asserted that everything is made of four
elements

A. Anaximander C. Empedocles
B. Anaximenes D. Parmenides

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 6. For him, change was the basis of the universe

A. Heraclitus C. Parmenides
B. Pythagoras D. Socrates

7. One of the triumvirate Greek philosophers who pioneered a method of

argument called dialectic.

A. Plato C. Pythagoras
B. Socrates D. Aristotle

8. What Philosophy can offer us?

A. Know the different philosophers and their philosophies in life?

B. See the differents ideas of the Philosophers about the cuse of everything.
C. Survey the achievements of the different philosophers
D. Enhances our minds, reflect from what we encounter our everyday living , and
value our judgement

9. Who is a Philosopher?

A. Person who always ask unending questions in life

B. A person who love to read Philosophy book
C. A person who love wisdom and seeking for truth
D. All of the above

10. According to Plato, how can we claimed a real knowledge ?

A. using our senses C. reasoning

B. referring to our experience D. judgement

KEY TO CORRECTION

PRE TEST: ANSWER KEY

1. FALSE 6. TRUE
2. TRUE 7. TRUE
3. TRUE 8. FALSE
4. FALSE 9. FALSE
5. TRUE 10. TRUE

POST TEST: ANSWER KEY

1. A
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. C
6. A
7. B
8. D
9. C
10. C

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT. REFERRENCE

Books
Abella, Roberto M.Div., D. Min. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person. C& E Publishing, Inc., Quezon City, 2016.
Binswanger, H. (2014). How We Know. New York: TOF Publication
Cornejo et al. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Mindshapers Publishing, Inc.
Gotthelf, A. and Salmieri, G (2016). A Companion To Ayn Rand. MA: John Willey and Sons
Gracia, Jorge J E Noone: A Companion of Philosophy in the Middle Ages. Oxford
Blackwell.2003. ISBN 9780631216728
Jones, W. T. (1969). The Classical Mind. New York: Hartcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.
Juanito Philip V. Beranrdo.( 2006 ). Introduction to the Philosophy of human person. Pasay City: JFS
Publishing Service

Romeo P.Gonzalvo. (2016 ). Philosophy of the Human Person. Intramuros Manila : Mindshapers Co.,
Inc.

The Presocratic Philosophers. Volume 1: Thales to Zeno. Volume 2: Empedocles. Jonathan Barnes –
1981

Websites
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (May 2020) Gabriel Marcel (1889—1973).
Retrieved from https://www.iep.utm.edu/marcel/
PHILO notes WHITEBOARD (2 years ago). Doing Philosophy: Introduction to
the Philosophy of the Human Person. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=reflection+as+a+tool+in+phil
osophy
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (May 2020) Socrates. Retrieved from
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socrates/
Wikipedia (May2 020 Holism. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holism

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 Introduction to the Philosophy of the
Human Person

Week 3-4 METHODS OF

Module 2 PHILOSOPHY

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

INTRODUCTION:
Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Module on Methods of
Philosophizing. On this module you are expected to learn on how differentiate truth from opinion, the
nature of knowledge and the validity of knowledge.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and
independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of
the learning resource while being an active learner.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the discussion the students will be able to:

4. Differentiate Truth from opinion
5. Distinguish opinion from truth
6. Realize that the method of Philosophy leads to wisdom and truth

PRE–TEST

DIRECTION: Select the letter of the best answer, based on the given questions or statements

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 1. The statement is true if its correspond to the reality

A. Coherence Theory of Truth

B. Correspondence Theory of Truth
C. Pragmatic Theory of Truth
D. Dialectic Theory of Truth

2. A statement is true if its working or useful

A. Coherence Theory of Truth

B. Correspondence Theory of Truth
C. Pragmatic Theory of Truth
D. Dialectic Theory of Truth

3. If I say the sky is blue, and then I look outside and saw it is indeed blue.

A. Coherence Theory of Truth

B. Correspondence Theory of Truth
C. Pragmatic Theory of Truth
D. Dialectic Theory of Truth

4. Truth is nothing but what works for you in real life

A. Coherence Theory of Truth

B. Correspondence Theory of Truth
C. Pragmatic Theory of Truth
D. Dialectic Theory of Truth

5. A belief is true if its coherent with other belief that we regard as true

A. Coherence Theory of Truth

B. Correspondence Theory of Truth
C. Pragmatic Theory of Truth
D. Dialectic Theory of Truth

6. According to this group of Philosophers, we can acquire knowledge using

our reason.
A. Empiricist C. Philosophers
B. Rationalist D. Thinkers

7. Branch of Philosophy that deals with the nature of knowledge, and how
knowledge acquire

A. Logic C. Ontology
B. Epistemology D. Reasoning
8. Why do we need epistemology?

A. To become successful C. To acquire and validate knowledge

B. To become genius D. To solve problem

9. It is an expression of a person’s feeling that cannot be proven

A. Belief C. Opinion
B. Emotion D. Truth

10. Descartes considered reason to be superior to sense perception as source of

true knowledge. In what group does Descartes belong?

A. Empiricist C. Philosophers
B. Rationalist D. Thinkers

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 LESSON
In today’s society, we encounter a lot of information from various sources such as
the media and our interactions with our friends, family, and members of the community.
Most of the information we receive is helpful, but some may mislead us or may even be
utterly false. Every day we are confronted with news, claims and announcements from
our peers, family members, figures of authority, the government, and media. How do we
know if they are telling the truth?
Philosophy as a science is also a systematized body of knowledge but unlike other
sciences which employs observation and experimentation to prove their theories,
philosophy uses reason to arrive at a certain knowledge or truth.
Opinions are statements that go beyond providing facts. They also provide
conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations. Some of statements even
advance a belief about a certain thing or person. Opinions are also the basis for
making arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is a fact. Conclusions
are judgements based on certain facts.
Beliefs are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly
explained by facts. To judge the truthfulness of a belief, we must also consider looking
at it thoroughly if we rely merely on facts. Explanations are statements that assume the
claim to be true and provide reasons why the statement is true.
Truth is a statement that can be proven and test from the different source.
The Socratic Method, also known as method of elenchus, elenctic method, or Socratic
debate, is a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based
on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas
and underlying presuppositions. (Google.com/search) Aristotle said that it was the Pre-
Socratic philosopher Zeno of Elea who invented dialectic, of which the dialogues of
Plato are the examples of the Socratic dialectical method. According to Kant,
however, the ancient Greeks used the word "dialectic" to signify the logic of false
appearance or semblance. Dialectics is a term used to describe a method of
philosophical argument that involves some sort of contradictory process between
opposing sides. As a dialectical method, it is a discourse between two or more people
holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth
through reasoned arguments.
In philosophy, reasoning is the process of thinking about something in a logical
way in order to form a conclusion or judgement. It has 15 been the method
institutionalized by the triumvirate Greek philosophers specially Aristotle. Philosophy is
about answering questions. Reasoning is the method we use in doing philosophy.
Theories of Truth
In understanding theories of truth lets us not forget the two concept related to
Epistemology;empiricism and rationalism. Empiricism states that sense experience is
the only source of knowledge while rationalism states that reason alone is the source
of knowledge. After knowing the difference between truth and opinion, in order to test
the validity of knowledge. Let’s examine the different theories of Truth

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 A theory of truth is supposed to tell us what it is for something to be true or false. A
theory is the belief that a proposition is true to the extent that it agrees with other true
propositions.
The correspondence theory of truth states that the truth or falsity of a statement is
determined only by how it relates to the world and whether it accurately describes
that world. A coherence theory of truth states that the truth of any (true) proposition
consists in its coherence with some specified set of propositions. It simply refers to the
bearers of truth values, whatever they may be. Pragmatic theory of truth claim that a
statement is truth when it is useful or has significant to someone.
Ten Philosophical Subjects
1. Logic – the science of art and correct thinking
2. Ethics – the science of morality of human acts
3. Metaphysics – deals with human reality and seeks to explain the fundamental
concepts of man
4. Epistemology – is the study of the nature and scope of knowledge and justified
belief. It analyzes the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as
truth, belief and justification. It also deals with the means of production of knowledge,
as well as skepticism about different knowledge claims.
5. Theodicy – the philosophical study of God
6. Social philosophy – the study of man in relation to the family, state and church
7. Philosophy of Man – it is the inquiry into man and his dimension as person and as
existent being in the world; his dignity, truth, freedom, justice, love, death, his relation
with others and God.
8. Cosmology – the study of inanimate things such as the universe, from the
philosophical viewpoint.
9. Aesthetics – the study of beautiful
10. Rational Philosophical Psychology – the study of life principle of living things,
specifically

ACTIVITY
DIRECTION : Give atleast ( 3 ) example of truth under Correspondence, Pragmatic and
Coherence

● Correspondence
a. –
b. –
c. -

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 ● Pragmatic
a. –
b. –
c. –
● Coherence
a. –
b. –
c. -

DIRECTION: Use the Venn diagram present the similarity and difference of Empiricism and
Rationalism

GENERALIZATION
Basically all questions are philosophy. So it’s not something very specific. In fact,
every question is a method. :) We just have questions are on higher levels of philosophy
because of their clear significance over other questions.

We think every day. We ask a lot of questions. We also make speculations and think of
possibilities which may be able to further make me transcend over my ignorant self and
give the answers we need.

Philosophy, if you break it down to its lowest stage, is the gaining of information. We
have philosophy on science, philosophy in thinking, philosophy of math and many
philosophies. The thing we observe is that philosophy seeks to ask questions about the
universe or any information we currently do not have answer to.

POST–TEST

DIRECTION: Select the letter of the best answer, based on the given questions or s
statements.

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

1. The statement is true if its correspond to the reality
A. Coherence Theory of Truth
B. Correspondence Theory of Truth
C. Pragmatic Theory of Truth
D. Dialectic Theory of Truth
2. A statement is true if its working or useful
A. Coherence Theory of Truth
B. Correspondence Theory of Truth
C. Pragmatic Theory of Truth
D. Dialectic Theory of Truth
3. If I say the sky is blue, and then I look outside and saw it is indeed blue.
A. Coherence Theory of Truth
B. Correspondence Theory of Truth
C. Pragmatic Theory of Truth
D. Dialectic Theory of Truth
4. He was known for his Allegory of the Cave
A. Rene Descartes
B. Plato
C. Socrates
D. Thucydides
5. A belief is true if its cohere with other belief that we regard true
A. Coherence Theory of Truth
B. Correspondence Theory of Truth
C. Pragmatic Theory of Truth
D. Dialectic Theory of Truth
6. According to this group of Philosophers, we can acquire knowledge using
our reason.
A. Empiricist C. Philosophers
B. Rationalist D. Thinkers
7. Branch of Philosophy that deals with the nature of knowledge, and how
knowledge acquire
A. Logic C. Ontology
B. Epistemology D. Reasoning
8. Why do we need epistemology?
A. To become successful C. To acquire and validate knowledge
B. To become genius D. To solve problem
9. It is an expression of a person’s feeling that cannot be proven
A. Belief C. Opinion
B. Emotion D. Truth
10. Branch of Philosophy that deals with the morality of human action, what we
ought to do?

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 A. Logic C. Reasoning
B. Ethics D. Ontology

KEY TO CORRECTION

PRE TEST: ANSWER KEY

1. B 6. B
2. C 7. B
3. B 8. C
4. B 9. C
5. B 10. B
POST TEST: ANSWER KEY
11. B 16. B
12. C 17. B
13. B 18. B
14. B 19. C
15. B 20. B

REFERRENCE

Books

Abella, Roberto M.Div., D. Min. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human

Person. C& E Publishing, Inc., Quezon City, 2016.
Binswanger, H. (2014). How We Know. New York: TOF Publication
Cornejo et al. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Mindshapers Publishing, Inc.
Gotthelf, A. and Salmieri, G (2016). A Companion To Ayn Rand. MA: John Willey and Sons
Gracia, Jorge J E Noone: A Companion of Philosophy in the Middle Ages. Oxford
Blackwell.2003. ISBN 9780631216728
Jones, W. T. (1969). The Classical Mind. New York: Hartcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.
Juanito Philip V. Beranrdo.( 2006 ). Introduction to the Philosophy of human person. Pasay City: JFS
Publishing Service

Romeo P.Gonzalvo. (2016 ). Philosophy of the Human Person. Intramuros Manila : Mindshapers Co.,
Inc.

The Presocratic Philosophers. Volume 1: Thales to Zeno. Volume 2: Empedocles. Jonathan Barnes –
1981

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 Introduction to the Philosophy of the
Human Person

Week 5-6 HUMAN PERSON AS

Module 3 EMBODIED SPIRIT

INTRODUCTION:
Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Module Human Person
as Embodied Spirit. On this module you are expected to learn, what makes a human person as
embodied spirit, the difference between spirit and soul from Philosophical perspectives and the
difference between Men, Human, and Person. This module would help us to identify our
limitations and possibilities as a Human Person as Embodied spirit while we are dealing with our
experiences in life brought by the various events in our lives.

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided
and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the
contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the discussion the students will be able to:

7. Recognize how the human body imposes limits and possibilities for transcendence
8. Evaluates own limitations and possibilities for their transcendence
9. Distinguish the limitations and possibilities for transcendence

PRE–TEST

DIRECTION: Select the letter of the best answer, based on the given questions or statements.

1. Which of the following is NOT an essential component of the human person?

A. Behavior
B. Mind
C. Spirit
D. Soul
2. According to him, man in his original state was a pure soul
A. Aristotle C. Socrates
B. Plato D. St. Thomas Aquinas
3. John is a tall person with brown hair and brown eyes. What aspect of the human person is
being described in the statement?
A. Cognitive Self
B. Physiological Self
C. Physical Self
D. Psychological Self
4. Due to accident, Ana suffer because she loose her two legs that makes it very hard for her to
go back to the normal way of living. . Which of the following statements is true about the
concept of embodiment?
A. Ana is already incomplete, because of this she no longer consider a human person
B. Ana can still consider a human person, despite losing some part of her body
C. Neither A nor B
D. All of the above
5. He postulate the claim, I think therefore I am
A. Aristotle C. Rene Descartes
B. Gabriel Marcel D. Socrates
6. What make us a human person according to Gabriel Marcel?
A. Cognitive aspect C. Senses
B. Spirit D. Soul
7. A person who committed a heinous offense cannot be considered a human person The
statement is ?
A. True C. Neither A or B
B. False D. All of the above
8. Part of the soul according to Plato that drives our emotion
A. Appetite C. Passion
B. Reason D. Spirit
9. A general term refers to the state of being a person with unique, sacred and ethical status
within him/herself.
A. Human C. Man
B. Personhood D. Spirit
10. This commonly define to represent the human race
A. Human C. Spirit

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 B. Man D. Soul

LESSON

The Human Person as Embodied Spirit

Who am I?, In our everyday life and routine, it is surprising and even foolish to ask this
question. Why? We would cite two possible reasons: First, we seem and assume to know
ourselves certainly and clearly the answer to this question seems so obvious and certain to us.
Second we are so busy and engrossed with so many things that life will go on even if we do not
answer this question seriously or we do not question our ready-made answer.
Limit – Situation and Existential break forces to take this question seriously or to question
our ready – made answer. Limit-situation means a situation where we experience more
intensely, our limitation or finitude, which awakens us. Existential break means breaking the
regular pattern of our life such that we cannot go on anymore as we are used to.
We confront ourselves to ask this question:
Why is this happening to me?
Where have I gone wrong?
What does this mean to me?
Where does this lead me to?
How do we answer the question: WHO AM I?
To understand these questions, let us first analyze the difference meaning of the following
Human, Man, Human Being, Person, Personhood and Human Nature. Those mentioned
concepts has something to do in understanding Human Person as Embodied Spirit ( Abella, 2016
)

Man By definition, it is generally and commonly define to

represent the entire human race.

Human A term used to refer for various classifications and species. For
a living man, human is under the classification of Mamalia

Human Being A term used to separate man from other Human Classifications
like animals

Person Refers to an individual who possess self-awareness, selfdetermination,

rational mind, and the capacity to interact with
other and with himself/herself

Personhood A general term refer to the state of being a person with unique,
sacred and ethical status within him/herself.

Human Nature A general term refers to the deepest and natural behaviour of a
person that distinguish human from animals. A collective traits
that formed and considered the very essence of humanity.
Nobody can be considered man without human nature

Embodied spirit is the living animating core within each of us, the driving force behind all
that we think, say and do. We human are embodied spirits, we consists of and communicate
with our body and soul. When I give for example, a friend a hug, it is I who is giving a hug not
my arms. When my ears listen for instance to a tale my friend tells me, it is I who is listening. In
other words, the body is the external medium of the self. The person needs the body to express
itself.
Human Person as Embodied Spirit

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 As an embodied spirit human beings demonstrate these following qualities (Abella, 2016):
1. “Self- awareness refers to person having a clear perception of oneself, including his or
her thoughts, emotions, identity, and actions (Abella, 2016).” It is the ability of one’s
consciousness to look inward thus discovering the presence of a self. The self is the
subject that thinks, feels and acts. It is your I amness (Wilber, 2006). The self enables a
person to experience an inner world of dreams, thoughts, and imagination, fantasy
(Abella, 2016). Thus, the self represents man’s interiority (loob in Filipino).
2. Self-determination is “the capability of persons to make choices and decisions based
on their own preferences, monitor and regulate their actions, and be goal oriented and
self-directed” (Abella 2016) Thus human beings are free. A person that can direct his/ her
own life.
3. A human person has an inherent value and importance. This is what we call dignity.
That is why no amount of money can equal the value of a human life. This is also the
reason why individual rights are absolute (Rand 15 1964). The American Founding Fathers
called rights as “inalienable” because it cannot be separated from our humanity.

Human Transcendence
St. Thomas Aquinas, a philosopher and one of the greatest theologian in the Catholic
Church in the 13th century, said that “of all creatures, human beings have the unique power to
change themselves and things for the better.” (Ramos, 2016). Because of this pandemic many
people loss their job, some was not able to continued their studies because of financial reason,
we heard a lot of grievances about the hardship their experience because of the pandemic,
the poverty , the possibility of death especially among elders and people who is been exposed
to the virus.However, despite of thesse challenges, there are still Filipino people that continue to
strive to surpass the poverty and even though poverty is structural, we can still do something to
strive on and to change our lives for the better. This power is your ability to surpass your limits. This
is the definition of Transcendence. You are able to transcend your limit through your physical
and mental abilities. (Abella, 2016).

Philosophers Notion of Human Being

A.PLATO’S NOTION OF HUMAN BEING
Man in his original state was pure soul. A soul exists and could exist apart from the body. Soul
consists of three parts:
1. Reason : Intellect and will
2. Passion : Drives and emotions
3. Appetite : sensual part

B. ARISTOTLE’S NOTION OF HUMAN BEING

Man is one substance whose matter is his body and whose form is his soul.
Ex: “If the eyes were an animal, sight would be its soul, for this is the eye’s substance
that corresponds to its principle. The eye is a matter for sight and if this fails is no longer an
eye.

C. ST. AUGUSTINE’S NOTION OF HUMAN BEING

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 Man is neither his soul apart nor his body apart but the whole which is composed or a unity
of body and soul but the soul and body are not matter and form, but body and soul are
two substance, soul ( rational substance ) and body ( material substance )

D. ST.THOMAS AQUINAS’ NOTION OF HUMAN BEING

Man is composed of the unity of body and soul, but soul and body are not two
substances, rather soul and body are matter and form of one substance man. (Influence
by Aristotle)

E. RENE DESCARTES’ NOTION OF HUMAN BEING

Cogito ergo sum – “I think, therefore I am” The essence of I is consciousness, thinking

F. GABRIEL MARCEL NOTION OF HUMAN BEING

The body is the most obvious datum, it is the starting point and basis of whatever assert
and can assert, including philosophical claim, in short Sentigo ergo sum “I sense,
therefore I exist ”

ACTIVITY

DIRECTION: REFLECT UPON!

Explain: I am my body, but I am more than my body

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

DIRECTION: Fill up all the information needed to complete the table.

My Strengths and Weaknesses and Desire in Life

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.
 Abilities I can Talents I always My Fears My Hesitations My desire
do

DIRECTION: Draw yourself by answering this question: What makes you a Human Person? Give
your best shot! I know you can do it!

GENERALIZATION

After learning the different concept related to Human Person as Embodied Spirit, complete the
given statements below:
I realized that _________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
I learned that as a students I can surpass the challenges brought by this pandemic
through____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
I realized the limitation of my existence because ____________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 POST–TEST

DIRECTION: Select the letter of the best answer, based on the given questions or s
statements.
1. John is a tall person with brown hair and brown eyes. What aspect of the human person is
being described in the statement?
A. Cognitive Self
B. Physiological Self
C. Physical Self
D. Psychological Self

2. Which of the following is NOT an essential component of the human person?

A. Behavior
B. Mind
C. Spirit
D. Soul

3. Due to accident, Ana suffer because she loose her two legs that makes it very hard for her to
go back to the normal way of living. . Which of the following statements is true about the
concept of embodiment?
A. Ana is already incomplete, because of this she no longer consider a human person
B. Ana can still consider a human person, despite losing some part of her body
C. Neither A nor B
D. All of the above

4. A person who committed a heinous offense cannot be considered a human person The
statement is ?
A. True C. Neither A or B
B. False D. All of the above

5. According to him, man in his original state was a pure soul

A. Aristotle C. Socrates
B. Plato D. St. Thomas Aquinas

6. This commonly define to represent the human race

A. Human C. Spirit
B. Man D. Soul

7. Part of the soul according to Plato that drives our emotion

A. Appetite C. Passion
B. Reason D. Spirit

8. What make us a human person according to Gabriel Marcel?

A. Cognitive aspect C. Senses
B. Spirit D. Soul

9. He postulate the claim, I think therefore I am

A. Aristotle C. Rene Descartes
B. Gabriel Marcel D. Socrates

10. A general term refers to the state of being a person with unique, sacred and ethical status
within him/herself.
A. Human C. Man
B. Personhood D. Spirit

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 KEY TO CORRECTION

PRE TEST: ANSWER KEY

6. A 6. C
7. B 7. B
8. C 8. C
9. B 9. B
10. C 10. B

POST TEST: ANSWER KEY

21. C 26. B
22. A 27. C
23. B 28. C
24. B 29. C
25. B 30. B

REFERRENCE

Books
Abella, Roberto M.Div., D. Min. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person. C& E Publishing, Inc., Quezon City, 2016.
Jones, W. T. (1969). The Classical Mind. New York: Hartcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.
Juanito Philip V. Beranrdo.( 2006 ). Introduction to the Philosophy of human person. Pasay City: JFS
Publishing Service
Romeo P.Gonzalvo. (2016 ). Philosophy of the Human Person. Intramuros Manila : Mindshapers Co.,
Inc.
Websites
Jhagiani, Rajiv. (2015). The Cognitive Self: The Self-Concept, Retrieved from
https://opentextbc.ca/socialpsychology/chapter/the-cognitive-selfthe-self-concept/ Olson, Eric.
(2002). A Materialist Metaphysics of the Human Person, Retrieved from https://ndpr.nd.edu/news/a-
materialist-metaphysics-of-thehuman-person/ Steph. (2020). The Human Person as an Embodied
Spirit, Retrieved from https://philonotes.com/index.php/2018/12/01/the-human-personas-an-
embodied-spirit/ Singh, Sanjay. (2002). The Concept of Physical self in Pschology, Retrieved from
https://www.all-about-psychology.com/the-concept-of-physical-selfin-psychology.html

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 Introduction to the Philosophy of the
Human Person

Week 7-8 The Human Person in their

Environment
Module 4

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 INTRODUCTION:
Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Module on the
human person in their environment. This module hopes to help the learners with the different
concepts of environmental philosophy and how human deals ethically with the environment.

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the discussion the students will be able to:

10. Notice disorder in an environment
11. Notice things that are not in their proper place and organize them in an aesthetic way
12. Show that care for the environment contributes to health, well-being and sustainable
development
13. Demonstrate the virtues of prudence and frugality towards environments

PRE–TEST

DIRECTION: Write if the statement is TRUE or FALSE.

_____ 1. Anthropocentrism this view believes that humans are the most
important species on the planet and they are free to transform nature and use
its resources.
_____ 2. Sustainable development refers to conserving our natural resources so
that the future generations will still be able to use it.
_____ 3. Ecology believes that ecological problems can be traced to social
problems.
_____ 4. Frugality is the quality of being thrifty. It is the careful supervision of
one’s resources
_____ 5. . Prudence It is the capacity to direct and discipline one’s activities
and the behavior using reason that is cautious and, as much as possible,
keeps away from any risks
_____ 6. Environmental ethics means that any human activities or economic
advances should not unduly disrupt the environment and human communities
located in the area
_____ 7. Environmental Philosophy studies the moral relationship of human
beings with the environment and its non-human contents.
_____ 8. Ecofeminism assumes that female-centered view of nature is the root
cause of ecological problems.
_____ 9.The terms coevolution and coadaptation describe the never- ending
process of mutual adjustment and change between human social systems
and the environment.
_____ 10. Biocentrism argues that not only the human who has significant value
on planet earth but also all the living things

LESSON

The Human Person in the Environment

Change is the only permanent things in the world, have you ever wonder and
observe the changes that is happening right now in our environment?, Do you still able
to experience to swim and play in clean river with the overflowing beautiful scenery?, If
Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.
not, Its time for you to reflect. In our current times today, we always experience flood,
pollution, destructive typhoons every year, and now we are in this pandemic were there
a lot of people acquire illnesses because of COVID- 19. As the elders saying, “what goes
around comes around,” this means in every action, there is always cosequence. Because
many people lack of discipline in maintaining the cleanliness of our sourrounding, aside
from that we are always continue in using our resources but we neglect and forgot our
responsibility on how to use it wisely. Since man create as steward we need to show our
care for the environment and not to destroy it. The earth’s future is our responsibility, so
let’s find out how to take care of it!

Environmental Ethics
A field of inquiry is the attempt to understand the human relationship with the
environment (including natural ecosystem, agricultural ecosystem, urban ecosystem,
and the individuals that populate and constitute those system) and determine the norms
that should govern our interactions with it.

Why is there a need for an environmental virtue ethic?

The environmental virtues are the proper dispositions or character traits for human
beings to have regarding their interactions and relationships with the environment. The
environmentally virtuous person is disposed to respond both emotionally and through
action to the environment and non- human individuals.

The four Approaches to the specification of environmental virtue:

APPROACHES ENVIRONMENTAL VIRTUE

Extensionism – expanding certain Giving care and respect not only to
interpersonal virtues not only to human humans but also to the animals and to
but also non -human entities our environment
Considerations of benefit to agent - Enjoy and appreciate the aesthetics we
providing the opportunity for aesthetic experience through our environment
experience like recreational activities, and consider that the environment plays
clean water and air an important role in the healthy living of
human beings and animals.
Consideration of human excellence Being responsible stewardship of our
refers to character disposition which is environment, community and public
promoting the well-being of the land
ecological community
Study of role models study the character Observe and imitate the good behavior
traits of individuals who are recognized towards our environment being
as environmental role models displayed by the people around us.

Environment Philosophy

The discipline that studies the moral relationship of human beings with the
environment and its non-human contents. Philosophers believe that the human person
has the ability to change the environment to suit his purposes. This means that as human
person, we interact not only with our fellow human beings, but also with other living and
non-living elements in our environment. Humankind is a part of the world, and we
significantly affect our environment in the same way that changes in our environment
affect us (Ramos, 2015 )

Let’s take a look on these three views of philosophical environment.

1. Anthropocentrism – focuses on the significant role of humankind in the world and

considers nature as the means by which humans are able to meet their needs and
survive. This view believes that humans are the most important species on the planet
and they are free to transform nature and use its resources

2. Biocentrism – believes that humans are not the only significant species on the planet,
and that all other organisms have inherent value and should be protected. This view
advocates ethical treatment of animals.

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

3. Ecocentrism – places great value on ecosystems and biological communities. This
view believes that humankind is a part of a greater biological system or community
and that we have a significant role as stewards or guardians of nature. This view
promotes the idea that order and balance in nature brings about stability and
beauty. The influence of humanity on the environment can be best understood if we
consider the individual person as a dynamic source of change within his particular
environment

According to the World Commission on Environment and Development, sustainable

development defines as: “Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” To put it simply,
the idea of sustainable development is any environmental, economic and social
advances can be realized within the carrying capacity of earth’s natural resources.
(Sioco & Vinzons, 2016)

PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABILITY

● Environmental Integrity- means that any human activities or economic

advances should not unduly disrupt the environment and human communities
located in the area. The environment should not be drastically impacted by
human activities (Abella, 2016).

● Economic efficiency- this is to ensure that there is minimum to zero waste in

using our natural resources (Abella, 2016).

● Equity- it refers to conserving our natural resources so that the future

generations will still be able to use it (Abella, 2016).
There are theories that explained how human address environmental problem,

these are the following :

Social Ecology- Murray Bookchin, proponent of Social ecology, believes that ecological
problems can be traced to social problems. Societies that are structured around
hierarchies as well as economic classes use their authority to dominate natural resources
and exploit the environment for profit and selfinterest. (Sioco and Vinzons, 2016)

Ecofeminism- It assumes that male-centered view of nature is the root cause of

ecological problems. To address environmental problems humanity has to remove the
superior vs. inferior in human relations.(Sioco and Vinzons, 2016).
What can we do to lessen the waste that we are the one who make? How can
we take care of ourenvironment? How can we use resources wisely? These quetsions
can be answer by having a deep understanding about the concept prudence and
frugality.

Prudence is the capacity to direct and discipline one’s activities and behavior using
reason. It is the behavior that is cautious and, as much as possible, keeps away from any
risks. Prudence is considered as the first and most vital among the four cardinal virtues,
which include justice, fortitude, and temperance. Prudence can help us become wiser,
more responsible in terms of using our natural resources and, most importantly, become
more appreciative of nature’s essential value.

frugality is the quality of being thrifty. It is the careful supervision of one’s resources.
Frugality, aside from prudence, is another fundamental value that can help us develop
a sense of right and wrong and attain whatever we want in life. Moreover, it is a virtue
that can guide us in making choices in life and receiving the most value out of those
decisions. Commonly, when we talk about frugality, we are talking about the cautious
management of material resources, especially money.

They are both essential and play a significant role on how can we protect and taking
care of our environment and natural resources.

Human Environmental Interactions

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 Human Environment interactions are defined as the interactions between the
human social system and the rest of the ecosystem.

Human Social
System and
Ecosystem
Complex Adaptive
Compose of population Has feedback structures
size, social organization, that promote survival in a
values, and technology constantly changing
environment

Environmental ethics is the attempt to determine how we ought and

ought not to relate to the natural environment.

Values and knowledge strongly influence people’s “view of life” and

consequently define the way people act. The choice of possible actions is then
limited by the available technology

Coevolution and Coadaptation

The terms coevolution and coadaptation describe the never- ending process of
mutual adjustment and change between human social systems and the environment.
People’s actions have consequences on the environment, but also the environment
influences human activities

ACTIVITY

DIRECTION: Observe your home or even the surroundings, take a photo of the
things that you observe that is not organized and not in proper place. After that organize
those things in a more aesthetic way and environment friendly. Make a short explanation
of your output.

Direction: Turn recyclable materials such as paper, cardboard, metal, plastic and
textiles into more useful things. Be like an artist in crafting your work.

You will be graded using this point system:

Criteria Points

Usefulness 40

Use of recyclable materials 30

Creativity / Originality 20

Overall Project Impact 10

Total 100

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 GENERALIZATION

As human person, we interact not only with our fellow human beings, but also with
other living and non- living elements in our environment. Humankind is part of the world,
and we significantly affect our environment in the same way our environment also affects
us. Philosophers believe that the human person has ability to change the environment to
suit his or her purpose in life.

POST–TEST

DIRECTION: Write if the statement is TRUE or FALSE

_____ 1. Anthropocentrism this view believes that humans are the most important
species on the planet and they are free to transform nature and use its resources.
_____ 2. Sustainable development refers to conserving our natural resources so that the
future generations will still be able to use it.
_____ 3. Ecology believes that ecological problems can be traced to social problems.
_____ 4. Frugality is the quality of being thrifty. It is the careful supervision of one’s
resources
_____ 5. . Prudence It is the capacity to direct and discipline one’s activities and the
behavior using reason that is cautious and, as much as possible, keeps away from any
risks
_____ 6. Environmental ethics means that any human activities or economic advances
should not unduly disrupt the environment and human communities located in the area
_____ 7. Environmental Philosophy studies the moral relationship of human beings with
the environment and its non-human contents.
_____ 8. Ecofeminism assumes that male-centered view of nature is the root cause of
ecological problems.
_____ 9.The terms coevolution and coadaptation describe the end process of mutual
adjustment and change between human social systems and the
environment.

_____ 10. Biocentrism argues that only the human who has significant value on planet
KEY TO CORRECTION
earth but also all the living things

PRE TEST: ANSWER KEY

1. TRUE 6. FALSE
2. TRUE 7. TRUE
3. FALSE 8. FALSE
4. TRUE 9. TRUE
5. TRUE 10. TRUE

POST TEST: ANSWER KEY

31. TRUE 33. FALSE
32. TRUE 34. TRUE

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 35. TRUE 38. TRUE
36. FALSE 39. FALSE
37. TRUE 40. FALSE

REFERRENCE

Books

Abella, Roberto M.Div., D. Min. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human

Person. C& E Publishing, Inc., Quezon City, 2016.
Romeo P.Gonzalvo. (2016 ). Philosophy of the Human Person. Intramuros Manila : Mindshapers Co.,
Inc.

Websites

Adam Smith Institute. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Retrieved from

https://www.adamsmith.org/the-theory-of-moral-sentiments
Cambridge Dictionary. Prudence. Retrieved from
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/prudence
Endriga, C. (2017). Human Person in the Environment. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/ChristineEndriga/human-person-in-theenvironment
Merriam-Webster. Frugality. Retrieved from https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/frugality
Merriam-Webster. Prudence. Retrieved from https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/prudence
Photos from:

https://images.app.goo.gl/oF4ujahJ6MBgRuVXA
https://images.app.goo.gl/jLrS2v4ARvVCtHd9A

Introduction to the Philosophy of the

Human Person

Week 9-10 Freedom of the Human

Person
Module 5

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 INTRODUCTION:

Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Module on Freedom
of the Human Person. This module serve as a guide to equip the learners with the different
concepts related to Freedom in a more philosophical way.

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the discussion the students will be able to:

14. Realize that “all actions have consequences.”

15. Evaluate and exercise prudence in choices

16. Realize that: choices have consequence and some things are given up while others
are obtained in making choices.

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

PRE–TEST
 DIRECTION: Write if the statement is TRUE or FALSE

_____ 1. For St. Thomas Aquinas the law of divine is the standard for all human
action.

_____ 2. For Aristotle having a reason, is equated having a free will

_____ 3. The determinist approach proposes that all behavior has a cause and
is thus predictable.

_____ 4. Hard determinism is compatible with free will.

_____ 5. Event – causation is a notion that event can cause other event to
happen.

LESSON
Freedom

Are we really free? Dose it mean when we have freedom we can do everything
that we want ? Freedom in our modern age proved to be an instrument in expressing the
desires and intentions of human.

Freedom and the human person have been at the center of philosophical,
theological, moral and political debates. Modern man considers freedom to be the right
to do whatever he wants, man wants to be totally independent to be free from any laws
or dogmas, from any “ thou shalt ” or “ thou shalt not ” but is this freedom? Does this
contribute to the dignity of man and his ultimate fulfillment? Pope John Paul II stated, “
Freedom consists not in doing what we like, but in having to do what we ought ”

Freedom is a key concept in philosophy. It is defined, negatively, as the absence

of constraint; positively like the state of the one who does what he wants.

Freedom is surprisingly a fairly modern concept, since the Greeks spoke little of it,
considering that man should rather reflect the cosmos rather than obey his own
aspirations. The Moderns, from Kierkegaard, then Heidegger and Sartre, who have made
freedom a key piece of metap To define freedom, it is sufficient to give an adequate
description:

▪ At the biological level, freedom is identified with a healthy body. The patient, on the
contrary, feels prisoner of his own body

▪ At a higher level, freedom is identified with the spontaneity of tendencies. Man is free
when he can fulfill his desires (Epicurus). But some trends are harmful and we are
naturally fighting against them. Spontaneity, therefore, can not consist in allowing
oneself to be in love with one’s passions.

▪ At the level of consciousness, freedom is defined by the possibility of choosing. For

there to be choice, one needs several motives, several possibilities of action. The
choice may be impossible when all the reasons are worth (buridan donkey). In this
case, the action is freedom of indifference.

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 In the fullest sense, freedom is a voluntary realization, justified by the greatest number of
motives. Because our action is then not only the expression of a personal choice, but of
a choice capable of justifying itself rationally in the eyes of all. After Plato and Spinoza,
Kant has given full scope to the rationalism of freedom: action is free when consciousness
is determined “against” sensible desires, according to a rational principle.

Aristotelian Freedom

According to Aristotle, the “democratic” freedom treasured by the exponents of

ancient Greek democracy has two marks, one personal and one political: (i) to live as
one wishes and (ii) to rule and be ruled in turn. Another ideas coming from Aristotle is the
Power of Volition. Volition in this sense is the faculty or power to use or discharge one’s
will. The will of human is an instrument of his/ her free choice, the man is the onw who will
decide through the use of his/ her reason to be good or bad. For Aristotle the happines
of man is in his / her hands alone ,because he / she the one who will decide and do the
action for himself / herself. Reason is the instrument what makes a man become rational,
without intellect there will be no will.

St. Thomas Aquinas

“
The law of divine love is the standard for all human actions”, this law should be the
standard for all human action. Since human is a moral agent , is what makes us superior
from animals. Thorugh our spirituality we human being have conscience that guides in
everything that we do. Everytime ou action is good or bad it is our responsibility. St. Thomas
Aquinas (Summa Theologiae) establishes the existence of God as a first cause. And as
God’s creations, human beings have the unique power to change themselves and things
around them for the better.

Jean Paul Sartre

For Sartre, the human person is the desire to be God: the desire to exist as a being which
has in itself a sufficient ground (en sui causa). The human person builds the road to the
destiny of his/her choosing; he/she is the creator (Strathern, 1998) For Sartre every human
being is free, existence is a freedom. It is the very core of human existence.

Freedom and Determinism

To have more understanding of what freedom all about, Let’s analyze and understand
the different concepts below :

DETERMINISM Ex : In choosing religious belief we may be

The determinist approach proposes that all practically free to choose, but our choices
behavior has a cause and is thus could follow cultural or social factors
predictable. Free will is an illusion, and our beyond our control
behavior is governed by internal or external
forces over which we have no control.
INDETERMINISM
Is the view that the decision making parts I do what I want to do, I don’t follow
of the brain are fundamentally random
Some actions and decisions are
independent of pre- existing causes
COMPATIBILISM Ex : Man can chose to save or not to
Human can make free- willed decisions save the drowning child, he is not morally
even if their decision systems are not responsible, however if he chooses not to
random save the drowning child because of his
personality.
INCOMPATIBILISM Ex: You go to ice cream store, wanting
We can only have free – will if our decision chocolate flavor but you end up choosing
process are random vanilla
HARD DETERMINISM Ex: Assume a man killed his girlfriend
because she left him for another man

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 Is the view that forces outside of our - The action had prior cause
control ( e.g. biology or past experience )
shape our behavior. Hard determinism is
incompatible with free will.
SOFT DETERMINISM Ex: Islam choosing to have fasting or not
Believe human decision are not random, ( determine by internal force)
but this is not rule out free – will
LIBERTARIANISM
-Accept indeterminism and A man volunteer to be part of the Gawad
incompatibilism, believing that human Kalinga to serve the street children
decisions are random, that this
randomness does not rule out free – will
and in fact randomness actually allow
free – will.
AGENT – CAUSATION Ex: Marcos Dictatorship led to the
A notion that a person, animals, or emergence of democracy to our country
environment can cause an event to
happen
EVENT – CAUSATION Ex; the explosion of the bomb caused the
A notion that event can cause other collapse of the bridge
event to happen. The End of Martial law led to the
restoration of democracy to the
Philippines

Freedom Always Comes With Responsibility

With freedom comes responsibility – to accept the consequences of our choices, and
to respect and protect each others' freedom. Not everyone will respect that responsibility
voluntarily. Freedom without mutual responsibility is the law of the jungle. We always need
to evaluate and exercise prudence before acting our choice. When we are exercising our
choice, we must always be cautious and aware of the choices that we make, as well as
the implications of these in the future. The capacity of an individual to make good choices
comes from his/her accumulated experiences and values. Always remember that when we
make choices, we make choices not for ourselves but also for the things that will affect that
choice. In every action there will be consequence, as a human being we need to evaluate
and always consider if our action will benefit us and also the people around us.

ACTIVITY

DIRECTION : “Reflective Essay”

The choices you make in life will make your life - Michael Josephson

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

With FREEDOM comes RESPONSIBILITY, if you want to experience more FREEDM in your
life…..You must take more RESPONSIBILITY for your choice!
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

DIRECTIONS: Read the given actions below and provide the possible consequences of
each action. Write your answer on the space provided.

ACTION CONSEQUENCE
Always spending time in social media
Not complying with the school
requirements
Decide not to pursue college but to search
for work after graduate in Senior High

GENERALIZATION

After learning the different significant concepts related to freedom

Answer the following questions below :

1. What are the things you consider before making a choice?

2. Why do you think, now a days freedom become an issue in our society?

3. Do you think, having an absolute freedom is essential for a person to succeed

in life? Explain your answer.

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 POST–TEST

DIRECTION: Write if the statement is TRUE or FALSE

_____ 1. For St. Thomas Aquinas the law of divine is the standard for all human action.

_____ 2. For Aristotle having a reason, is equated having a free will

_____ 3. The determinist approach proposes that all behavior has a cause and is thus
predictable.

_____ 4. Hard determinism is compatible with free will.

_____ 5. Event – causation is a notion that event can cause other event to happen.

KEY TO CORRECTION

PRE TEST: ANSWER KEY

6. TRUE
7. TRUE
8. TRUE
9. FALSE
10. FALSE

POST TEST: ANSWER KEY

41. TRUE 45. FALSE
42. TRUE
43. TRUE
44. FALSE

REFERRENCE

Books

Caraan, Aleli M. (2016). Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person. Quezon City: Diwa Learning
Systems Inc. Ramos, Christine Carmela R. (2016). Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person.
Quezon City: Rex BookstoreRomeo P.Gonzalvo. (2016 ). Philosophy of the Human Person. Intramuros
Manila : Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Websites

https://www.the-philosophy.com/freedom-in-philosophy
Tim, "Freedom in Philosophy: Quotes, Concepts, Authors, May 27, 2019, " in Philosophy & Philosophers,
May 27, 2019, https://www.the-philosophy.com/freedom-in-philosophy.

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

https://www.coursehero.com/file/45555672/Philosophy-Reportpptx/
Print Publication Date:
Apr 2018
Subject: Philosophy, Social and Political Philosophy, Classical Philosophy
Online Publication Date: Jul 2016 DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199989423.013.7

Photos from:
https://images.app.goo.gl/GPWLj1wn7FUDg9Mk7
https://images.app.goo.gl/8ZxRgmipmLo3uUep6

Introduction to the Philosophy of the

Human Person

Week 11-12
Intersubjectivity
Module 6

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 INTRODUCTION:

Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Module on

Intersubjectivity. In this module, you will learn that human beings are primarily intended to exist
with others and described as relational beings. This will also give you a thorough explanation on
how to treat your “kapwa” as persons. Sharing same situations wherein we can create, relate
and understand shared meanings that will lead us to study the concept of Intersubjectivity.

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
For guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the discussion the students will be able to:

17. Realize that intersubjectivity requires accepting differences and not imposing on others;
18. Explain that authentic dialogue means accepting others even if they are different from
themselves; and
19. Performs activities that demonstrate an appreciation for the talents of persons with disabilities
and those from the underprivileged sectors of society.

PRE–TEST

DIRECTIONS: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. It refers to shared meanings constructed by people in their interactions with each other.

a. Actions b. Communication c. Intersubjectivity d. Relationship

2. A types of relationship that is more genuine according to Gabriel Marcel

a. Friendship b. I – It c. I –thou d. Kinship

3. Which is NOT component of Intersubjectivity?

a. Shared attention b. shared emotion c. shared feeling d. shared intention

4. Which of the following statement is consider wrong?

a. I will promote supportive attitudes toward the persons with disabilities

b. I will consider persons with disabilities as less important human beings
c. I will live in harmony and unity with persons with disabilities while maintaining diversity.
d. I will respect those people belong in underprivileged sectors of society
5. Juan dela cruz, always experienced bullying and discrimination in school. How can the
school address this issued?

a. The school can extend help by providing scholarship to those students who
experienced bullying
b. The school should come up with a seminar that will talk about discrimination
c. The school can provide assistance by means of giving free consultation with the
guidance councilor
d. The school should implement anti-discrimination and anti-bullying policies in the school
that will educate the learners on how they should report incidents of bullying, discrimination,
and other adverse treatments.

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

LESSON
 INTERSUBJECTIVITY

We all live in the world surrounded by different people with different background
and personality. Relating with others and settling our differences is not always an easy
task but it’s a task that we have to embrace since we all desire to live peacefully in a
world that we shared with them no matter how different they are to us. we will be
illuminated by a more important kind of relationship anchored on the concept of
“intersubjectivity” in which “I” and the “others” are seen more as complementary to each
other rather than just simply a means to some selfish ends. Intersubjectivity is a kind of
relationship which considered a subject-to-subject or person-to-person way of
relating.The intersubjective of sharing experience is a concept that has significant power
for understanding relationships, interactions and treatment. Intersubjectivity is the process
that occurs within all relationships at all times.
Intersubjectivity is an interaction between self and other which mutual recognition
of each other as persons is. A unique relationship between distinct subjects. In everyday
social interaction, persons have the ability to agree and cooperate with each other. It is
the condition of a man, a subject among other men, who are also subjects. It refers to
the shared awareness, and understanding among persons. It is made possible by the
awareness of the self and the other (Delgado, 2018). Intersubjectivity is the shared or
mutual understanding among agents. Edmund Husserl first developed the concept of
intersubjectivity as a critique of René Descartes’ problem of other minds where each of
us is distinct individuals and we have to use medium (language) to understand each
other. Husserl argued that the problem of other minds portrayed human interaction as
inappropriately solipsistic. More recently, the concept of intersubjectivity has played a
role in phenomenological accounts of social cognition, embodied and enactive
cognition, debates about whether we can directly perceive others’ mental states,
collective intentionality, and group minds.
According to Scheff ( 2006 ), Intersubjectivity is “ the sharing of subjective states
by two or more individuals”. It refers to shared emotion, shared attention and shared
intention. To understand and equip with this ideas, lets analyze the following :

Three Components of Intersubjectivity

1. Shared emotion ( attunement )
2. Shared attention
3. Shared intention
How can we relate with others?
Intersubjectivity is a philosophical concept that refer to interaction between the
self and the other which is the shared awareness and understanding among persons.
Social-interaction is evident such as ability to agree and cooperate, shared common
knowledge, consensus and shared emotions. The table below shows the level of self-
other interaction and its deeper level. (Salegon 2017).

Jean Paul Sartre Jean Paul Sartre

In his book 1943, Being and Nothingness, explains that when you look at a person,
the act of objectification allows you to capture that person’s freedom to be what he or
she wants to be. That is, you are limiting a person’s possibilities by a look. This is evident
when you stereotype or label a person based on his or her appearance or certain
actions. Sartre argues that a human person has many possibilities, but when you label a
person through a look, you take away that freedom of becoming (Abella, 2016). For
example, when you label a negative characteristics to a person, you take a away the
possibility that person also capable to show good things.
Edmund Husserl

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 He believes that intersubjectivity is more than just shared understanding, but it is the
capability to put oneself in the place where the other is. It is showing sympathy and
empathy towards other people, however empathy is more genuine and deeper in
relating towards other person.

I – It and I – thou Relationships

According to Martin Buber there are two types of relationship ; First is the I – It
relationship, their treatment with the other is concentrated into the status of an object—
an It. The I has no good intention in treating with each other, This kind of relationship
results into what we call alienation. It happens when human relationships are inauthentic,
deceptive and exploitative. It arises when a person ceases to view the other as a distinct
or authentic person and merely considers the other person as a mere objector a means
to satisfy personal interests (Abella, 2016)
Second , is the “I-Thou” relationship, in this kind of human relations that genuine
sharing of one another takes place. There are people who treat other people sincerely
as persons. In Filipino values, “I-Thou” relationship can be seen in the meaning of our
“kapwa.” Virgilo Enriquez (1978) presented that as a translation of kapwa, FilipinoEnglish
dictionaries usually offer the term "both" and "fellow-being" (qtd. in Panganiban 1972, de
Guzman 1968, Calderon 1957).

Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) and Underprivileged Sectors of the Society

According to the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities, the term “persons with disabilities” is used to apply to those persons who have
long-term physical, psychological, intellectual, or sensory impairments which in
interaction with several unreasonable or discriminatory barriers may obstruct their full and
active participation as equal members of the society.This only means that do not take it
as a means of looking at them in a negative way, rather should be viewed as the
products of the interaction between individuals and their surroundings; that these
disabilities reside in the society.The promotion of positive and supportive attitudes toward
the persons with disabilities is very essential to unleash their potential and to become an
active member of society, where they can enjoy freely to show who really they are, their
skills and talents to others. Let’s us not forget that negative attitudes and perceptions
toward persons with disabilities are existing that’s why discrimination is one the prevailing
issue that we had now a days, that’s why elimination of this discrimination is a must, there
are some people who treat them as lesser human beings, some parents think of their
children with disabilities as a burden in life, this contribute to the hardships being
experienced by the people with disabilities. Many people despite of having that kind of
condition able to surpass and continued living a normal life because they have very
supportive and caring environment. Some Filipinos who have successfully risen above
their disabilities and are making waves in their own arenas.
Underprivileged Sectors of the Society
The underprivileged is being described as the group of people that is suffering from
different forms of social deprivation such as denial of the enjoyment of similar level of
comfort and/or fundamental rights as most of the members of a civilized society due to
several economic and social circumstances. This group is less in terms of material
possessions and basic social benefits, like education and health services, in comparison
to most of the people in a certain society. Example of these are : farmers, fisherfolks,
jeepney drivers, vendors , and those marginalize sectors of society. This group of
individuals is facing various dimensions of poverty, such as income poverty, health
deprivation, human rights violations, gender inequity, and many more.

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 ACTIVITY

DIRECTION : Present your own example of I- It and I- THOU relationship encounters in your
life experience by means of telling your experiences

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______

GENERALIZATION

DIRECTION: Reflect upon and answer the following questions:

1. How will you going to shoe genuine relationship with the people below:

a. Persons with disabilities

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 b. People living in slum area

c. Inmates

DIRECTION: In this activity, identify a front liner whom you consider embodying the
concept of “a person for others.” Write a profile of your chosen individual, highlighting his
or her unconditional love for others.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

POST–TEST

DIRECTION: Read the given statements /questions carefully, and Choose the best answer
from the given choices .

1. A types of relationship that is more genuine according to Gabriel Marcel

a. Friendship b. I – It c. I –thou d. Kinship

2. Which of the following statement is consider wrong?

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 a. I will promote supportive attitudes toward the persons with disabilities
b. I will consider persons with disabilities as less important human beings
c. I will live in harmony and unity with persons with disabilities while maintaining
diversity.
d. I will respect those people belong in underprivileged sectors of society

3. It refers to shared meanings constructed by people in their interactions with each

other.
a. Actions b. Communication c. Intersubjectivity d. Relationship

4. Juan dela cruz, always experienced bullying and discrimination in school. How can
the school address this issued?

a. The school can extend help by providing scholarship to those students who
experienced bullying
b. The school should come up with a seminar that will talk about discrimination
c. The school can provide assistance by means of giving free consultation with the
guidance councilor
d. The school should implement anti-discrimination and anti-bullying policies in the
school that will educate the learners on how they should report incidents of bullying,
discrimination, and other adverse treatments.

5. Which is NOT component of Intersubjectivity?

a. Shared attention b. shared emotion c. shared feeling d. shared intention

KEY TO CORRECTION
PRE TEST: ANSWER KEY
6. C
7. C
8. C
9. B
10. D
POST TEST: ANSWER KEY
46. C
47. B
48. C
49. D
50. C

REFERRENCE

Books

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

Abella, Roberto M.Div., D. Min. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person. C& E Publishing, Inc., Quezon City, 2016.
Delos Santos, D. L. (2017). Community engagement, solidarity, and citizenship. Manila: Rex Book
Store, Inc. Enriquez, Virgilio G. (1977) Filipino psychology in the third world. Quezon City: Philippine
Psychology Research House, University of the Philippines.
Romeo P.Gonzalvo. (2016 ). Philosophy of the Human Person. Intramuros Manila : Mindshapers Co.,
Inc.
Sioco, M.P. & Vinzons, I. (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of the human person. First Edition.
Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc.

Websites
Underprivileged. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/underprivileged United Nations. (2006, December 6).
United nations convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. Retrieved from
https://tinyurl.com/ya4v8bww
United Nations. (2007). Department of economic and social affairs: disability [faqs]. Retrieved from
https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/faqs.htm

Photo from:

https://images.app.goo.gl/N3z8aRxvbgTpPTDB7
https://images.app.goo.gl/u572GBkxzUHfYxWy9

Introduction to the Philosophy of the

Human Person

Week 13-14
Human Person in Society
Module 7

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 INTRODUCTION:
Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Module on Human
Person in the society. This module help you to understand the role of human person in his or her
society, and the changes and development in society from earliest time up to the present.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the discussion the students will be able to:

20. Recognize how individuals form societies and how individuals are transformed by
societies;
21. Compare different forms of societies and individualities (e.g., Agrarian, industrial, and
virtual); and
22. Explain how human relations are transformed by social systems.

PRE–TEST

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 DIRECTION: Indicate whether the statement is TRUE or FALSE

1. Juan Dela Cruz, grandfather is well known to their town during ancient time,
because he own a vast of land. Which among types of society Juan
grandfather referring to?

a. Agricultural b. Feudal c. Horticulture d. Industrial

2. Philippines is known for, what types of society?

a. Agricultural b. Feudal c. Horticulture d. Industrial

3. It is characterized by the use of specialized machinery for the mass production

of goods and services.

a. Horticulture b. Hunting and Gathering c. Industrial d. Post Industrial

4. In this type of society people are nomadic in order for them to survive.

a. Horticulture b. Hunting and Gathering c. Industrial d. Post Industrial

5. Type of society also known as virtual society

a. Horticulture b. Hunting and Gathering c. Industrial d. Post Industrial

LESSON

THE HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY

What is society?
Living in a society is a requirement for a human being. In society he develops his
potential in mutual exchange and service of others. The problem of man cannot be
solved scientifically without a clear statement of the relationship between man and
society, as seen in the primary collectivity—the family, the play or instruction group, the
production team and other types of formal or informal collectivity.

The roles and responsibilities of the human person in the society have drastically
changed from time to time. Developments and unending desires had led to a significant
change based on the new demands of the society. Human play a significant role to his
/ her society which he / she belong.

Society is a word that deals with a set of organized groups of people occupying
a specific territory with common or shared attitudes, religion, culture, beliefs, and norms.

Man is political animal, according to Aristotle. A human person by nature exists to

relate and to socialize with others as the time man gets older, he / she develop more
companionship such as extended group outside his family. Man also learn to develop
authority and leadership with his/ her extending group. This is the start of the development
of societies, people way of living and development of community or society as a whole.

Types of Society

Hunting and gathering

Hunter-gatherer culture developed among the early hominins of Africa, with

evidence of their activities dating as far back as 2 million years ago. Among their
distinguishing characteristics, the hunter-gatherers actively killed animals for food instead
of scavenging meat left behind by other predators and devised ways of setting aside
vegetation for consumption at a later date. People at that time were called nomadic
because they spent most of their time transferring from one place to another to search

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

for available foods and temporary shelter. The decision does not solely come from one
person but mainly arrived at through the majority’s decision or conse
(https://images.app.goo.gl/mbtaA7j9DhxrHHxEA )

Pastoral Society

This type of society is generally known for its domestication of animals for food
security. A pastoral society is a nomadic group of people who travel with a herd of
domesticated animals, which they rely on for food. The word 'pastoral' comes from the

Latin root word pastor, which means 'shepherd.' Someone living in a pastoral society is
called a pastoralist. The barter system was commonly used at that time to trade foods
and surplus resources from other communities.

(https://images.app.goo.gl/wCJdbKvheDWfeGCVA)

Horticulture Society

A horticultural society is one in which people subsist through the cultivation of

plants for food consumption without the use of mechanized tools or the use of animals to
pull plows. Pastoral Community stays longer in their respective communities, the
horticulture people are also known as semi-nomadic, for they stay longer as long as the
resources were available but once depleted, they will transfer to another place. In
horticultural society they also practiced the reservation of food and barter system.

(https://images.app.goo.gl/cuTGcjtUaPU2JfQX8)

Agrarian or Agricultural Society

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 The agricultural society is typically characterized by the involvement of technology as
a tool to aid in farming. This type of society is generally known for the evolution of pastoral
and horticulture communities.

(https://images.app.goo.gl/WHcZ6Dwmx5Gi4tEH7)

Feudal Society

In this form of society, feudalism deals with the importance of owning a particular land.
In fact, this was started in Western Europe, especially during the Medieval Period, where
rival kingdoms were engaged in war because of the available resources. Land symbolizes
power, authority, and territory. The more land a Kingdom owns, the more power they
have over the people. The feudal society is typically composed of lords, vassals, and
peasants. The lords were highly dependent on their loyal vassals to provide them with
available resources; the vassals were dependent on their peasants to provide them food;
and the peasants were highly dependent on the lords and vassals for protection. This
kind of system brought too much consciousness among people on how to be mindful of
their class or hierarchy.

(https://images.app.goo.gl/cdvjb225hDDiVsdb)

Industrial Society

These advances in science and technology in the late 18th century resulted in the
well-known Industrial Revolution, which gave birth to the new ways of faster production
and industrial methods. The innovation to the land, water, and air transportations resulted

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

in more closed trades and commerce. The rise of the industrial society symbolizes the
unending needs and desires of humans for innovation.

(https://images.app.goo.gl/WoQ4tUfucrRDNew88)

Post Industrial Society

The Post-Industrial Society is also known as the Virtual Society. If Industrial Society was
the main reason for the significant departure of agricultural life, the post-industrial served
as the ultimate threat of lessening the human workforce's value in exchanged for highly
advanced technology. The post-industrial society brought these incredible technological
advances that human minds cannot even process how these became possible.

(https://images.app.goo.gl/g6WVfHkD9o2f7ENNA)

ACTIVITY

A. DIRECTIONS: Reflect Upon!

1. Which form of society, do you think people can live more peacefully? And why?

2. With the different changes in society, What do you see in the future considering
that people want, needs is ever changing?

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 3. Why do society and person cannot exist without each other?

B. DIRECTION : Draw a symbol or anything that will summarize the characteristics of the
different forms/ types of society. Be creative in presenting your ideas!

You will be graded based on the following:

Creativity – 40 points Cleanliness – 15 points
Relevance – 30 points Timeliness – 15 points

GENERALIZATION

DIRECTION: Complete the statement below

I learned that human and society is/are ___________________________________________

Society can affects human by ____________________________________________________

Man has significant role in society because _______________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

POST–TEST

DIRECTION: Read the given statements /questions carefully, and choose the best answer
from the given choices.

1. Juan Dela Cruz, grandfather is well known to their town during ancient time,
because he own a vast of land. Which among types of society Juan grandfather
referring to?

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 b. Agricultural b. Feudal c. Horticulture d. Industrial
2. Philippines is known for, what types of society?
b. Agricultural b. Feudal c. Horticulture d. Industrial
3. It is characterized by the use of specialized machinery for the mass production of
goods and services.
b. Horticulture b. Hunting and Gathering c. Industrial d. Post Industrial
4. In this type of society people are nomadic in order for them to survive.
b. Horticulture b. Hunting and Gathering c. Industrial d. Post Industrial
5. Type of society also known as virtual society
a. Horticulture b. Hunting and Gathering c. Industrial d. Post Industrial

KEY TO CORRECTION

PRE TEST: ANSWER KEY POST TEST: ANSWER KEY

1. B 1. B
2. B 2. B
3. C 3. C
4. B 4. B
5. D 5. D

REFERRENCE

Books
Abella, Roberto M.Div., D. Min. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person. C& E Publishing, Inc., Quezon City, 2016.
Abella D. et al. (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of human person. Quezon City: C.E Publishing,
Incorporated. Babor, Eddie (2007). The human Persons: Not Real, but Existing. Quezon City: C.E
Publishing, Incorporated. Kendall, D. (2005). The sociology in our times. United States of America:
Thomson Learning, Inc.
Romeo P.Gonzalvo. (2016 ). Philosophy of the Human Person. Intramuros Manila : Mindshapers Co.,
Inc.

Websites
Bolico, R. (2016). Etapas do capitalism [Photography]. Retrived from: https://regininha-
atividadesescolares.blogspot.com/2016/04/etapasdo-capitalismo.html Britannica. (n.d.) Slavery in the
Americas [Photograph]. Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/topic/slavery-sociology/Slavery-
in-theAmericas Cowley, R. et.al. (n.d.) History of eating in the United states [Photograph]. Retrieved
from: https://historyofeating.umwblogs.org/hunter-andgatherer-society/ Editor. (2018). 6 Types of forms
of societies Retrieved from http://www.baic.org/6-types-and-characteristics-of-societies-
throughhistory/

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 Introduction to the Philosophy of the
Human Person

Week 15-16 Human Person as Oriented

toward Impending Death
Module 8

INTRODUCTION:
Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Module on Human
Person as oriented towards impending death. This module help you to understand the
Philosophical aspect of death, to equip with the different ideas / views of Philosophers toward
death and how the uncertainty of death can contribute to meaning of person’s life.
Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.
 This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process
the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the discussion the students will be able to:

23. Recognize the meaning of his/her own life
24. Enumerate the objectives he/ she really wants to achieve and to define the projects he/she
really wants to do in his/her life
25. Explain the meaning of life
26. Reflect from the meaning of his/her own life

PRE–TEST

DIRECTION: Indicate whether the statement is TRUE or FALSE

__________1. Death is impeding means it can be happen anytime

__________2. For Christian view, for the wage of sin is death, but death is a gift

__________3. Cardiopulmonary approach states that a person is dead, when the heart
and lung ceased to function

__________4. Socrates says we should not fear death

__________5. For Epicurus, death is not bad for us, and cannot harm us because the
dead person can no longer have painful experiences about death
__________6. A brain dead person, can also be in a state of vegetative state
__________7. In ancient India muffication is being practiced because they believe to the
immortality of the person
__________8. Socrates identify the five existential features of death
__________9. Death is indefinite, meaning it will not happen anymore
__________10. Death is non - relational

LESSON

THE MEANING OF DEATH

The Nature of Human Death
Death is part of human life. Therefore, we can understand why most human efforts
comprehend who the human being is the result in the question of the meaning of death.
Our common belief is that we are going to die someday and we are going to leave this
earth. You probably experienced to lose someone that is important to your life, you
probaby eperienced the danger brought by COVID- 19,this event give everyone shock
,depression, afraid to be impected with virus, losing job, and many negative thinking that
comes to our mind because of this pandemic, it even trigger us to think, that there will a
time that we might die,however despite of that this event alos help us to value our life.
Death become an eye opener to face the reality the inevitably of our death.

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 Death can be viewed from different perspectives. First it can be considered
historical that is based from the culture, literature and even tradition of the people. In
every society they have different perspective toward human death. Like for example in
Ancient Egypt they believe to the immortality of the human person, mummification is
being practiced during ancient time because they believe to the concept of
reincarnation, when someone die he / she will be reincarnate and the soul will go back
to his/ he physical body that’s why they preserved the body of a person when someone
die. For Christian point of view, death is the wages for sin, but the gift of God, since man
inherit the sin of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. Where Adam and Eve not only
sinned, but also transmitted sin to their descendants.
Second is Philosophical perspective, where many Philosophers present their ideas toward
human death.
Philosopher Notion’s about death
Death’s implication for Socrates
After the jury verdict at his trial. Socrates was asked by his frien if he was preparing
for his trial he replied “ Do you not think that I have been preparing for it all my life,”
My life in this world must come to an end; I must die. What does it mean for the
Philosopher? There are two questions :
1. What is death: A metaphysical question, irresolvable like all questions.
2. What if, anything does it imply for how I should my life?mFor Socrates, we should not
fear death, because it is not bad for us. Death is either a dreamless sleep or a passage
to another life.
For Epicurus, he says “ there is no time at which death could harm me, since as I
go out of existence at the moment of my death, I do not overlap in time with my own
death; thus death cannot be bad for me ‘’ ( Bradley et al., 2012 ) Death I nothing
because when death arrive I no longer experience it.
Pope John Paul II Notion of Death
Pope John Paul said this: “ Jesus had clear vision of God, and the certainty of his
union with the Father dominated his mind ( on the cross ), but in the sphere bordering the
senses…Jesus human soul was reduced to a wasteland ”
What should be our attitude toward death?
It should be the same as the Lord’s, for the Christian death is not darkness, an absurdity
or a plunge into a nonsensical unknown. The Christians knows that death is painful and
sorrowful. It is not a pleasant experience still; Christian should not worry about physical
death.
Two Approach in Understanding Death
1. Cardio-Pulmonary Approach
This approach consider death as an irreversible cessation of heart and
lungs, meaning a person is deemed dead when his / her heart and lung stop to
function. However there is a situation that, even though the heart and lung is no
longer functioning but through the help of life – support apparatus can make his
he heart and lung to function even though his / her brain no longer functioning.
2. Whole – brain Approach
This approach states that a person is dead when his/her entire brain has
irreversibly ceased to function, include the higher brain which is responsible for our
consciousness and lower brain the one who control respiration and reticulating
activating system. However there are some instances wherein a patient exhibits
breathing and hearbeat even though he / she already dead. This is called “ brain
dead patient ” the patient it is in the so – called “ persistent vegetative state ”.

The Possibility of Death

If death will no longer happen to you? Will you still value your life, your goals
and priorities?, will you still care about your actions and behavior? Will you still be

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 kind towards other people? If you are not going to die someday? Would you still
pray ?
Martin Heidegger notion of Dasein ( human existence ) as being towards death
can remind us and equip us with the understanding that it is important to know the
immortality of person. Because if we do not have death or end point in life, in this
case, there will a possibility can we can no longer value our life, we would not live
a whole life because our existence is infinite.This make help us to accept the reality
that we are fragile, we have limitations and we should make our life menaingful
and make the best out of it.
Death as human possibility has five existential chracteristics : certain, indefinite,
one’s ownmost, non- relational and not to be out- stripped ( Mabacquiao 2016 )
Death is certain because it will surely happen to us, it is indefinite because death
it is still unknown when will it occur, death is one’s ownmost meaning death signify
it is my own, I alone will die my death, and death is non – relational meaning it
cannot be shared by anyone, and last death is not to be out-stripped refers to the
inevitably of death. For Heidegger “ death is something that stands before us –
something happen ”.

ACTIVITY

DIRECTIONS: Reflect upon from the following statements:

1. Explain your insight: How do you understand “ Life is a gift ”

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

2. How the possibility of death can influence your outlook in your life?
_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 GENERALIZATION

DIRECTION: Discuss briefly the following

1. The Possibility of Human Death

2. Dasein as being – towards death

POST–TEST

DIRECTION: Briefly discuss the following

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 1. Explain briefly the Five Existential characteristics of death

2. Which among the idea of Philosophers you inclined to believe and

why?

KEY TO CORRECTION

PRE TEST: ANSWER KEY

1. TRUE 6. TRUE
2. TRUE 7. FALSE
3. TRUE 8. FALSE
4. TRUE 9. TRUE
5. TRUE 10. TRUE

POST TEST: ANSWER KEY

1. The Five Existential characteristics of death as possibility
a. It is certain, because it will surely happen
b. It is indefinite because though it is certain, it would happen but it still unknown
c. It is one’s own most because signify death is my own
d. It is non –relational because death cannot be shared by anyone

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.

 e. It is not to be out stripped, it refers to the inevitably of death, it cannot taken
away from a person.

REFERRENCE

Books
Caraan, A. M. ( 2016 ), Diwa Senior high school series : An Introduction to the Philosophy
of the human Person. Quezon City: Diwa Learning Systems Inc.
Mabacquiao, N. B. ( 2016 ) Making life worth living : An Introduction to the Philosophy of
the human Person. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House
Romeo P.Gonzalvo. (2016 ). Philosophy of the Human Person. Intramuros Manila :
Mindshapers Co., I

Websites
Bradley, B et al. (2012 ). Introduction : philosophy of death. The Oxford handbook of
Philosophy of death
https://www.britannica.com/science/death/The-meaning-of-death
https://philosophynow.org/issues/27/Death_Faith_and_Existentialism

Prepared by: Manuel D. Elaba Jr. LPT.