Introduction
PART-7
Introduction
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
Example
2H2(g) + O2(g) ⎯⎯→ 2H2O(g)
1st interpretation 2 mole 1 mol 2 moles
2nd interpretation 2 NA molecules NA molecules 2NA molecules
3rd interpretation 2 molecules 1 molecules 2 molecules
4th interpretation 4g 32g 36g
5th interpretation 2L 1L 2L
Stoichiometry
For reaction aA + bB ⎯→ cC + dD
𝐧𝐀 (𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝ሻ 𝐧𝐁 (𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝ሻ 𝐧𝐂 (𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐝ሻ 𝐧𝐃 (𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐝ሻ
= = =
𝐚 𝐛 𝐜 𝐝
Limiting reagent
Example
aA + bB ⎯→ cC + dD
Initial mole nA nB
𝐧𝐀 𝐧𝐁
Stoichiometry Amount
𝐚 𝐛
𝐧𝐀 𝐧
If < 𝐁
𝐚 𝐛
A is limiting reagent.
𝐧𝐀 𝐧𝐁
If =
𝐚 𝐛
The reaction goes to completion & no reactant is left at the end.
𝐧𝐀 𝐧
If > 𝐁
𝐚 𝐛
B is limiting reagent.
EXAMPLE For a reaction :
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g); identify dihydrogen (H2) as a limiting
reagent in the following reaction mixtures.
(A) 56 g of N2 + 10 g of H2
(B) 35 g of N2 + 8 g of H2
(C) 28 g of N2 + 6 g of H2
(A) 14 g of N2 + 4 g of H2
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 Ans : (A)
EXAMPLE CaCO3 + 2HCl ⎯→ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
0.2 mole CaCO3 is reacted with 0.5 moles HCl. Find limiting reagent and
mass of CO2 produced ?
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Ans : CaCO3, 8.8gm
EXAMPLE 2NH3 ⎯→ N2 + 3H2
Find moles of H2 produced from 4 moles of NH3.
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 Ans : 6
EXAMPLE NH2COONH4 → 2NH3 + CO2
If 6 moles of NH3 is produced, then find moles of NH2COONH4 initially
taken.
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 Ans : 3
EXAMPLE How many gm of HCl is needed for complete reaction with 21.75 gm
MnO2 ? (Molar mass of Mn = 55 and Cl = 35.5)
4HCl(aq.) + MnO2 (s) → MnCl2 (aq.) + H2O (l ) + Cl2 (g)
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 Ans : 36.5
EXAMPLE What is the total volume in litres produced at 1 atm and 600°C
temperature by complete decomposition of 16 gm ammonium nitrate?
[NH4NO3 into N2, O2 and H2O(g)]
(Consider all gaseous products behave ideally)
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Ans : 50.17
EXAMPLE 280 gm of polythene (C2H4)n is burnt in excess of O2. Find mass of CO2
produced.
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 Ans : 880 gm
EXAMPLE 3 moles N2(g) is allowed to react with 6 moles of H2(g) to form NH3(g) in
a close container. Find excess reagent and moles of excess reagent?
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Ans : N2, 1 mol
EXAMPLE 28 gm Lithium is mixed with 48 gm O2 to reacts according to the
following reaction 4Li + O2 → 2Li2O.
Find mass of Li2O formed . ( Li = 7 )
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Ans : 60 gm
EXAMPLE 1.0 gm of Mg is burnt with 0.56 gm of O2 in a closed vessel. Which
rectant is left in excess and how much?
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Ans : 0.16gm Mg
EXAMPLE For a reaction :
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g); identify dihydrogen (H2) as a limiting
reagent in the following reaction mixtures.
(A) 56 g of N2 + 10 g of H2
(B) 35 g of N2 + 8 g of H2
(C) 28 g of N2 + 6 g of H2
(A) 14 g of N2 + 4 g of H2
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 Ans : (A)
EXAMPLE For the following reaction the mass of water produced from 445 g of
C57H110O6 is:
2C57H110O6(s) + 163 O2 (g) → 114CO2 (g) + 110 H2O (l)
(A) 490 g
(B) 445 g
(C) 495 g
(A) 890 g
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 Ans : (C)
EXAMPLE A sample of a hydrate of barium chloride weighing 61 g was heated until all
the water of hydration is removed. The dried sample weighed 52 g. The
formula of the hydrated is : (atomic mass, Ba = 137 amu, Cl = 35.5 amu)
(A) BaCl2.4H2O
(B) BaCl2.3H2O
(C) BaCl2.H2O
(A) BaCl2.2H2O
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 Ans : (D)
EXAMPLE The minimum amount of O2(g) consumed per gram of reactant is for the
reaction : (Given atomic mass : Fe = 56, O = 16, Mg = 24, P = 31, C = 12, H
= 1)
(A) 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s)
(B) P4(s) + 5O2(g) → P4O10(s)
(C) C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g)+4H2O(I)
(D) 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
Ans : (A)
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
EXAMPLE Calculate the mass of phosphoric acid (in gm) required to obtain 53.4 g
pyrophosphoric acid.
2H3PO4 → H4P2O7 + H2O
Ans : 58.80
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
EXAMPLE What weight of AgCl will be precipitated when a solution containing
4.77 g of NaCl is added to a solution of 5.77 g of AgNO3. (Ag = 108)
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Ans : 4.879 gm
