PROBLEM 6.

10
KNOWN: Form of the velocity and temperature profiles for flow over a surface.
FIND: Expressions for the friction and convection coefficients.
SCHEMATIC:

ANALYSIS: The shear stress at the wall is

∂ u  2
τs = µ =µ  A + 2By − 3Cy  y=0 = Aµ .
∂ y  y=0

Hence, the friction coefficient has the form,

τs 2Aµ
Cf = =
2 /2
ρ u∞ 2
ρ u∞
2Aν
Cf =
2
. <
u∞
The convection coefficient is
 2
− k f (∂ T/∂ y )y=0 − k f  E + 2Fy − 3Gy  y=0
h= =
Ts − T∞ D − T∞
−k f E
h= . <
D − T∞
COMMENTS: It is a simple matter to obtain the important surface parameters from
knowledge of the corresponding boundary layer profiles. However, it is rarely a simple matter
to determine the form of the profile.
 PROBLEM 6.11
KNOWN: Surface temperatures of a steel wall and temperature of water flowing over the
wall.
FIND: (a) Convection coefficient, (b) Temperature gradient in wall and in water at wall
surface.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional heat transfer in x, (3)

Constant properties.
PROPERTIES: Table A-1, Steel Type AISI 1010 (70°C = 343K), ks = 61.7 W/m⋅K; Table
A-6, Water (32.5°C = 305K), kf = 0.62 W/m⋅K.
ANALYSIS: (a) Applying an energy balance to the control surface at x = 0, it follows that
q′′x,cond − q′′x,conv = 0

and using the appropriate rate equations,

Ts,2 − Ts,1
ks
L
(
= h Ts,1 − T∞ . )
Hence,
k Ts,2 − Ts,1 61.7 W/m ⋅ K 60 C
h= s = = 705 W/m 2 ⋅ K. <
L Ts,1 − T∞ 0.35m 15 C
(b) The gradient in the wall at the surface is
Ts,2 − Ts,1 60 C
(dT/dx )s = − =− = −171.4 C/m.
L 0.35m
In the water at x = 0, the definition of h gives

(dT/dx )f,x=0 = −
h
kf
(
Ts,1 − T∞ )

(dT/dx )f,x=0 = −
705 W/m 2 ⋅ K
0.62 W/m ⋅ K
( )
15 C = −17, 056 C/m. <
COMMENTS: Note the relative magnitudes of the gradients. Why is there such a large
difference?
 PROBLEM 6.12
KNOWN: Boundary layer temperature distribution.
FIND: Surface heat flux.
SCHEMATIC:

PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (Ts = 300K): k = 0.0263 W/m⋅K.

ANALYSIS: Applying Fourier’s law at y = 0, the heat flux is
∂ T  u   u y
q′′s = − k = − k ( T∞ − Ts )  Pr ∞  exp  − Pr ∞ 
∂ y y=0  ν   ν  y=0
u
q′′s = − k ( T∞ − Ts ) Pr ∞
ν
q′′s = −0.0263 W/m ⋅ K (100K ) 0.7 × 5000 1/m.

q′′s = −9205 W/m 2 . <

COMMENTS: (1) Negative flux implies convection heat transfer to the surface.
(2) Note use of k at Ts to evaluate q′′s from Fourier’s law.
 PROBLEM 6.13
KNOWN: Air flow over a flat plate of length L = 1 m under conditions for which transition from
laminar to turbulent flow occurs at xc = 0.5m based upon the critical Reynolds number, Re x,c = 5× 105.
Forms for the local convection coefficients in the laminar and turbulent regions.
FIND: (a) Velocity of the air flow using thermophysical properties evaluated at 350 K, (b) An expression
for the average coefficient h lan ( x ) , as a function of distance from the leading edge, x, for the laminar
region, 0 ≤ x ≤ xc, (c) An expression for the average coefficient h turb ( x ) , as a function of distance
from the leading edge, x, for the turbulent region, xc ≤ x ≤ L, and (d) Compute and plot the local and
average convection coefficients, hx and h x , respectively, as a function of x for 0 ≤ x ≤ L.

SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Forms for the local coefficients in the laminar and turbulent regions, hlam =
Clamx-0.5 and htirb = Cturbx-0.2 where Clam = 8.845 W/m3/2⋅K, Cturb = 49.75 W/m2⋅K0.8, and x has units (m).
PROPERTIES: Table A.4, Air (T = 350 K): k = 0.030 W/m⋅K, ν = 20.92 × 10-6 m2/s, Pr = 0.700.
ANALYSIS: (a) Using air properties evaluated at 350 K with xc = 0.5 m,
u x
Re x,c = ∞ c = 5 × 105 u ∞ = 5 × 105 ν x c = 5 × 105 × 20.92 × 10 −6 m 2 s 0.5 m = 20.9 m s <
ν
(b) From Eq. 6.5, the average coefficient in the laminar region, 0 ≤ x ≤ xc, is
1 x 1 1
hlam ( x ) = ∫ h lam ( x ) dx = Clam ∫ x −0.5dx = Clam x 0.5 = 2Clam x −0.5 = 2h lam ( x )
x
x 0 x o x
(1) <
(c) The average coefficient in the turbulent region, xc ≤ x ≤ L, is
 xc x 
1  xc  x 0.5 x 0.8
∫ h lam ( x ) dx + ∫x c h turb ( x ) dx  = Clam 0.5 + C turb 0.8 

x
h turb ( x ) =
x  0
 0 x c 

h turb ( x ) =
1
x 

2Clam x c0.5 + 1.25C turb x 0.8 − x c0.8 
 ( ) (2) <
(d) The local and average coefficients, Eqs. (1) and (2) are plotted below as a function of x for the range
0 ≤ x ≤ L.
150
Convection coefficient (W/m^2.K)

100

50

0
0 0.5 1

Distance from leading edge, x (m)

Local - laminar, x <= xc

Local - turbulent, x => xc
Average - laminar, x <= xc
Average - turbulent, x => xc
 PROBLEM 6.14
KNOWN: Air speed and temperature in a wind tunnel.
8
FIND: (a) Minimum plate length to achieve a Reynolds number of 10 , (b) Distance from
leading edge at which transition would occur.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Isothermal conditions, Ts = T∞.

-6 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (25°C = 298K): ν = 15.71 × 10 m /s.
ANALYSIS: (a) The Reynolds number is
ρ u∞x u∞x
Re x = = .
µ ν
8
To achieve a Reynolds number of 1 × 10 , the minimum plate length is then

Lmin = =
8
(
−6 2
Re x ν 1×10 15.71× 10 m / s )
u∞ 50 m/s

Lmin = 31.4 m. <

5
(b) For a transition Reynolds number of 5 × 10

xc =
Re x,c ν
=
(
5 × 105 15.71× 10-6 m 2 / s )
u∞ 50 m/s

x c = 0.157 m. <
COMMENTS: Note that
x c Re x,c
=
L ReL
This expression may be used to quickly establish the location of transition from knowledge of
Re x,c and Re L .
 PROBLEM 6.15
KNOWN: Transition Reynolds number. Velocity and temperature of atmospheric air, water,
engine oil and mercury flow over a flat plate.
FIND: Distance from leading edge at which transition occurs for each fluid.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: Transition Reynolds number is Re x,c = 5 × 105.

PROPERTIES: For the fluids at T = 300K;

2
Fluid Table v(m /s)
-6
Air (1 atm) A-4 15.89 × 10
-6
Water A-6 0.858 × 10
-6
Engine Oil A-5 550 × 10
-6
Mercury A-5 0.113 × 10
ANALYSIS: The point of transition is

ν 5 × 105
x c = Re x,c = ν.
u ∞ 1 m/s
Substituting appropriate viscosities, find

Fluid xc(m) <

Air 7.95
Water 0.43
Oil 275
Mercury 0.06
COMMENTS: Due to the effect which viscous forces have on attenuating the instabilities
which bring about transition, the distance required to achieve transition increases with
increasing ν .
 PROBLEM 6.16
KNOWN: Two-dimensional flow conditions for which v = 0 and T = T(y).
FIND: (a) Verify that u = u(y), (b) Derive the x-momentum equation, (c) Derive the energy equation.
SCHEMATIC:

Pressure & shear forces Energy fluxes

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Incompressible fluid with constant properties, (3)
Negligible body forces, (4) v = 0, (5) T = T(y) or ∂T/∂x = 0, (6) Thermal energy generation occurs
only by viscous dissipation.
ANALYSIS: (a) From the mass continuity equation, it follows from the prescribed conditions that
∂u/∂x = 0. Hence u = u(y).

(b) From Newton’s second law of motion, ΣFx = (Rate of increase of fluid momentum)x,

  ∂ x     ∂ y   ∂ x { }
 p −  p + ∂ p dx  dy ⋅ 1 +  −τ + τ + ∂ τ dy  dx ⋅ 1 = ( ρ u ) u + ∂ ( ρ u ) u dx dy ⋅ 1 − ( ρ u ) u dy ⋅ 1
[ ]
Hence, with τ = µ (∂ u/∂ y ) , it follows that

∂ p ∂ τ ∂ ∂ p ∂ 2u
− + = ( ρ u ) u  = 0 =µ . <
∂ x ∂ y ∂ x ∂ x ∂ y2
(c) From the conservation of energy requirement and the prescribed conditions, it follows that
E in − E out = 0, or

 pu + ρ u e + u 2 / 2  dy ⋅1 +  −k ∂ T + τ u + ∂ (τ u ) dy  dx ⋅1
 (  )
 ∂ y ∂ y



{
− pu +
∂
∂ x
( pu ) dx + ρ u (e + u / 2) + ∂∂ x  ρ u (e + u / 2) dx} dy ⋅1 − τ u − k ∂∂ Ty + ∂∂ y −k ∂∂ Ty  dy dx ⋅1 = 0
2 2

∂ (τ u ) ∂
or,
∂ y
−
∂ x
∂
∂ x (
∂  ∂ T
( pu ) −  ρ u e + u 2 / 2  + k  = 0
∂ y ∂ y )
∂ u ∂ τ ∂ p ∂ 2T
τ +u −u +k = 0.
∂ y ∂ y ∂ x ∂ y2
Noting that the second and third terms cancel from the momentum equation,
2  ∂ 2T 
∂ u 
µ  + k   = 0. <
∂ y   ∂ y 2 
 PROBLEM 6.17
KNOWN: Oil properties, journal and bearing temperatures, and journal speed for a lightly
loaded journal bearing.
FIND: Maximum oil temperature.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Incompressible fluid with constant

properties, (3) Clearance is much less than journal radius and flow is Couette.
ANALYSIS: The temperature distribution corresponds to the result obtained in the text
Example on Couette flow,

µ 2 y y 
2
T(y) = T0 + U  −   .
2k  L  L  

The position of maximum temperature is obtained from

dT µ 2  1 2y 
=0= U  − 
dy 2k  L L2 
or, y = L/2.

The temperature is a maximum at this point since d 2T/dy 2 < 0. Hence,

µ 2 1 1  µ U2
Tmax = T ( L/2 ) = T0 + U  −  = T0 +
2k 2 4 8k
2
10-2kg/s ⋅ m (10m/s )
Tmax = 40 C +
8 × 0.15 W/m ⋅ K

Tmax = 40.83 C. <

COMMENTS: Note that Tmax increases with increasing µ and U, decreases with increasing
k, and is independent of L.
 PROBLEM 6.18
KNOWN: Diameter, clearance, rotational speed and fluid properties of a lightly loaded journal
bearing. Temperature of bearing.
FIND: (a) Temperature distribution in the fluid, (b) Rate of heat transfer from bearing and operating
power.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Incompressible fluid with constant properties, (3)
Couette flow.
3 -5 2 -3
PROPERTIES: Oil (Given): ρ = 800 kg/m , ν = 10 m /s, k = 0.13 W/m⋅K; µ = ρν = 8 × 10
kg/s⋅m.
ANALYSIS: (a) For Couette flow, the velocity distribution is linear, u(y) = U(y/L), and the energy
equation and general form of the temperature distribution are
2 2 2
d 2T  du  U µ U C
k = −µ   = −µ   T = −   y 2 + 1 y + C2 .
dy 2  dy  L 2k  L  k
2
Considering the boundary conditions dT/dy)y=L = 0 and T(0) = T0, find C2 = T0 and C1 = µU /L.
Hence,

( )
T = T0 + µ U 2 / k ( y/L ) − 1/ 2 ( y/L )  .
 
2
 
<
(b) Applying Fourier’s law at y = 0, the rate of heat transfer per unit length to the bearing is
8 × 10−3 kg/s ⋅ m (14.14 m/s )
2
q ′ = − k (π D )
dT 
dy  y=0
= − (π D )
µ U2
L
(
= − π × 75 × 10 − m
3
) 0.25 × 10 −3 m
= −1507.5 W/m

where the velocity is determined as

U = ( D/2 )ω = 0.0375m × 3600 rev/min ( 2π rad/rev ) / ( 60 s/min ) = 14.14 m/s.
The journal power requirement is
P′ = F(′ y=L )U = τ s( y=L ) ⋅ π D ⋅ U

( )
P′ = 452.5kg/s 2 ⋅ m π × 75 ×10-3m 14.14m/s = 1507.5kg ⋅ m/s3 = 1507.5W/m <
where the shear stress at y = L is
U  14.14 m/s 
τ s( y=L ) = µ (∂ u/∂ y )y=L = µ = 8 ×10−3 kg/s ⋅ m  2
 = 452.5 kg/s ⋅ m.
L -3
 0.25 × 10 m 
COMMENTS: Note that q′ = P′, which is consistent with the energy conservation requirement.
 PROBLEM 6.19
KNOWN: Conditions associated with the Couette flow of air or water.
FIND: (a) Force and power requirements per unit surface area, (b) Viscous dissipation, (c) Maximum
fluid temperature.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Fully-developed Couette flow, (2) Incompressible fluid with constant
properties.
-7 2 -3
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (300K): µ = 184.6 × 10 N⋅s/m , k = 26.3 × 10 W/m⋅K; Table A-6,
-6 2
Water (300K): µ = 855 × 10 N⋅s/m , k = 0.613 W/m⋅K.
ANALYSIS: (a) The force per unit area is associated with the shear stress. Hence, with the linear
velocity profile for Couette flow, τ = µ ( du/dy ) = µ ( U/L ) .
200 m/s
Air: τ air = 184.6 ×10−7 N ⋅ s/m 2 × = 0.738 N/m 2 <
0.005 m
200 m/s
Water: τ water = 855 × 10−6 N ⋅ s/m 2 × = 34.2 N/m 2 .
0.005 m
With the required power given by P/A = τ ⋅ U,
Air: ( P/A )air =(0.738 N/m2 ) 200 m/s = 147.6 W/m2 <
Water: ( P/A )water = (34.2 N/m 2 ) 200 m/s = 6840 W/m 2 .
2 2
(b) The viscous dissipation is µΦ = µ (du/dy ) = µ ( U/L ) . Hence,
2
N ⋅ s  200 m/s 
Air: ( µΦ )air = 184.6 ×10−7 2
4
 0.005 m  = 2.95 ×10 W/m
3 <
m  
2
− N ⋅ s  200 m/s 
Water: ( µΦ )water = 855 ×10 6
2
6 3
 0.005 m  = 1.37 × 10 W/m .
m  
(c) From the solution to Part 4 of the text Example, the location of the maximum temperature
corresponds to ymax = L/2. Hence, Tmax = T0 + µ U 2 / 8k and
2
184.6 × 10 -7 N ⋅ s/m 2
( 200 m/s )
Air: (Tmax )air = 27 C+ = 30.5 C <
8 × 0.0263 W/m ⋅ K
2
855 × 10-6 N ⋅ s/m 2 ( 200 m/s )
Water: (Tmax )water = 27 C + = 34.0 C.
8 × 0.613 W/m ⋅ K
COMMENTS: (1) The viscous dissipation associated with the entire fluid layer, µΦ ( LA ) , must
equal the power, P. (2) Although µΦ
1 6water >> 1µΦ6air , k water >> k air . Hence,
Tmax,water ≈ Tmax,air .