SBEA1913 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE

PROJECT 2: CONSTRUCTION SITE

DEVELOPER: BANDAR NUSAJAYA DEVELOPMENT SDN

BHD

LECTURER:
Dr. Mohammad Ezzad Abu Bakar
Ar. Mahsuri Mohamad

SESSION:
2021/2022-3 (Short Semester)
GROUP 3
NAME MATRIC NO.
TAN YING WEI B20BE0037
NUR FARIENA BINTI ATTHAN B20BE0028
TAN WEI YONG A21BE0333
GOH YA THING A21BE0080
LIM TENG HONG A21BE0130
KERK YONG HUI A21BE0103
TAN YING WEI B20BE0037
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x
LIST OF SYMBOLS xi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Brief
1.2 Project Introduction
1.1.2 Terraced House

CHAPTER 2 SUPERSTURCTURE
2.1 Introduction to Superstructure
2.2 Types

CHAPTER 3 18

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
3.1 Introduction of Case-In-Situ Concrete

CHAPTER 4 BEAM
4.1 Introduction to Beam
4.2 UBBL for Beams
4.3 Specific Types of Beam Used
4.4 Roof Beam
4.5 Method of Construction
4.5.1 First Step of Beam Construction
4.5.2 Second Step of Beam Construction
4.5.3 Third Step of Beam Construction
4.5.4 Fourth Step of Beam Construction
CHAPTER 5 COLUMN
5.1 Introduction
5.2 UBBL for Column
5.3 Types of Column
5.3.1 Square or Rectangular Column
5.3.2 Circular Column
5.3.3 L and T shaped Column
5.3.4 Tied Column
5.3.5 Spiral Column
5.4 Specific Type Used
5.4.1 Reinforced Concrete Column
5.5 Method of Construction
5.5.1 First Step of Column Construction
5.5.2 Second Step of Column Construction
5.5.3 Third Step of Column Construction
5.5.4 Fourth Step of Column Construction

CHAPTER 6 FLOOR SLAB

6.1 Introduction of Floor Slab
6.2 UBBL for Floor Slab
6.3 Types of Slabs
6.3.1 Slab-on-Ground
6.3.2 Suspended Slab
6.4 Specific Type Used
6.4.1 Conventional slab
6.5 Floor Finish
6.6 Method of Construction
6.6.1 First Step of Concrete Slab Construction
6.6.2 Second Step of Concrete Slab Construction
6.6.3 Third Step of Concrete Slab Construction
6.6.4 Fourth Step of Concrete Slab Construction
CHAPTER 7 WALL
7.1 Introduction of Wall
7.2 UBBL for Wall
7.3 Types of Walls
7.3.1 Reinforced Brick Masonry Wall
7.3.2 Specific Type Used
[Link] Clay brick masonry wall
[Link] Cement Sand Brick Masonry Wall
[Link] Party Wall
7.4 Wall Finish
7.5 Method of Construction
7.5.1 First Step of Brick Wall Construction
7.5.2 Second Step of Brick Wall Construction
7.5.3 Third Step of Brick Wall Construction
7.5.4 Fourth Step of Brick Wall Construction

CHAPTER 8 ROOF
8.1 Introduction of Roof
8.2 UBBL for Roof
8.3 Types of Roof
8.3.1 Mono Pitch Roof
8.3.2 Couple Roof
8.3.3 Closed Couple Roof
8.3.4 Collar Roof
8.3.5 Truss Rafter
8.4 Types of Roof Finishes
8.5 Specific Type Used
8.6 Method of Construction

CHAPTER 9 STAIRCASE
9.1 Introduction to Staircase
9.2 UBBL for Staircase
9.3 Types of Staircase
 9.3.1 Straight stairs
9.3.2 Turning stair
9.3.3 Continuous stairs
9.4 Specific Type Used
9.5 Method of Construction
9.5.1 First Step of Staircase Construction
9.5.2 Second Step of Staircase Construction
9.5.3 Third Step of Staircase Construction

CHAPTER 10 INFRASTRUCTURE WORKS

10.1 Introduction of Infrastructure Works
10.2 Electrical system
10.2.1 Feeder Pillar, Power Box, Distribution Pillar
or Feeder Pillar Box
10.2.2 Electrical Panel
10.2.3 Electrical Conduit
10.3 Drainage System
10.3.1 Gutter 83
10.3.2 Drainage 83
10.3.3 Road Side Drainage
10.4 Sewerage system
10.5 Green Space

CONCLUSION 86

REFERENCES 87
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

Figure 2.1 Superstructure (Source: Wong, 2014)

Figure 2.2 Superstructure of 2 storey terraced house
Figure 2.3 Reinforced Concrete Frame (Source: Omotoriogun,2022)
Figure 2.4 Process of reinforced concrete frame
Figure 4.1 Anatomy of Roof Beam (Source: THE BEAM GUY,
2010)Figure 4.
Figure 4.2 Preparation and Placing Reinforcement (Source: Youtube)
Figure 4.3 Erection of Formwork (Source: Youtube)Erection of
Formwork (Source: Youtube)
Figure 4.4 Pouring Concrete (Source: Youtube)
Figure 4.5 Removing the Formwork and Curing the Concrete (Source:
Youtube)
Figure 5.1 Square or Rectangular Column (Source: Madeh, 2022)
Figure 5.2 Circular Column (Source: Madeh, 2022)
Figure 5.3 L Shaped Column (Source: Madeh, 2022)
Figure 5.4 T-shaped Column (Source: Madeh, 2022)
Figure 5.5 Tied Column (Source: Madeh, 2022)
Figure 5.6 Spiral Column (Source: Madeh, 2022)
Figure 5.7 Reinforced Concrete Column
Figure 5.8 Set the Column Layout Work (Source: Youtube)
Figure 5.9 Fix the Reinforcement Bar (Source: Youtube)
Figure 5.10 Fix the Formwork (Source: Youtube)
Figure 5.11 Pour Concrete (Source: Youtube)
Figure 6.1 Layer of Materials in a Floor Slab (Source: MDPI, n.d.)
Figure 6.2 Slab-on-Ground (Source: BuildRight, n.d.)
Figure 6.3 Slab-on-Ground (Source: BuildRight, n.d.)
Figure 6.4 A Concrete Hollow Core Slab Utility Placement Example
(Source: Giusti, n.d.)
Figure 6.5 One Way Slab and Two Way Slab (Source: Daily Civil, n.d.)
Figure 6.6 Two Way Slab (Source: Rich, n.d.)
Figure 6.7 Polished Porcelain tile finish in the living room
Figure 6.8 Matte Porcelain tile finish in the living room
Figure 6.9 Preparation and Placing Reinforcement (Source: Youtube)
Figure 6.10 Preparation Slab Bedding (Source: Youtube)
Figure 6.11 Pouring Concrete (Source: Youtube)
Figure 6.12 Removing the Formwork and Curing the Concrete (Source:
Youtube)
Figure 7.1Reinforcement Brick Masonry Wall (Source: Powerplay,
2022)
Figure 7.2Clay Brick Masonry Wall (Source: Rodriguez, 2019)
Figure 7.3Clay Brick Masonry Wall (Source: Exterior Building
Solutions, n.d.)
Figure 7.4Cement Sand Brick Masonry Wall (Source:
FreeStockTextures, n.d.)
Figure 7.5Fencing - 1800 & 1500mm high separating wall between the
unit (Source: Site Visit, 2022)
Figure 7.6 Party Wall (Source: Home-Approved, 2021)
Figure 7.7 An "Exmet" brick reinforcement layer at every fourth course
(Source: Ban Hin Leong, 2019)
Figure 7.8Porcelain Wood tile finish on the exterior wall
Figure 7.9Paint finish for the living room
Figure 7.10 Gloss Porcelain tile finish in the kitchen
Figure 7.11Matte Porcelain tile finish in the bathroom
Figure 7.12Make Guidepost (Source: Youtube)
Figure 7.13Clamp a String and lay the first row of brick (Source:
Youtube)
Figure 7.14Laying the Next Course of Bricks (Source: Youtube)
Figure 7.15Plastering the Wall (Source: Youtube)
Figure 8.1Rooftop RC Flat Roof (Source: Leakbuster, 2022)
Figure 8.2Bracing for Mono Pitch Roof (Source: BRANZ build)
Figure 8.3Couple Roof (Source: GharPedia)
Figure 8.4Closed Couple Roof (Source: GharPedia)
Figure 8.5Collar Roof (Source: civiconcepts)
Figure 8.6Truss Rafter Construction (Source: Local Architects Direct)
Figure 8.7 Asphalt shingles (left), Metal shingles (middle), Wood
shingles (right) (Sources: atap, 2019)
Figure 8.8Slate shingles (left), Clay shingles (right) (Sources: atap, 2019)
Figure 8.9Corner lot pitched roof
Figure 8.1040° angled side roof
Figure 8.11Section Z-Z (intermediate lot)
Figure 8.12King post truss configuration
Figure 8.13Concrete shingles (Sources: Roofing Experts, 2021)
Figure 8.14White emulsion paint finish for the ceiling
Figure 8.15Steel Roof Framing Construction (Source: Angi)
Figure 8.16Roof Sheathing Construction (Source: WikiHow)
Figure 8.17Roof Cover Installation Construction (Source: Site)
Figure 9.1Basic Component of Staircase (Source: Moulton, 2022)
Figure 9.2Straight Stairs (Source: Sadanandam, 2022)
Figure 9.3Turning Stair (Source: Sadanandam, 2022)
Figure 9.4Continuous Stairs (Source: Sadanandam, 2022)
Figure 9.5L-Shaped Stairs
Figure 9.6The Arrangement of Steel Reinforcement (Source: Youtube)
Figure 9.7Building the Formwork (Source: Youtube)
Figure 9.8Pouring Concrete and Removal of Formwork
Figure 10.1 Feeder Pillar
Figure 10.2Electrical Panel
Figure 10.3Gutter
Figure 10.4Drainage
Figure 10.5Road Side Drainage
Figure 10.6Sewage Drainage
Figure 10.7Green Space
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

UTM - Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

 LIST OF SYMBOLS

° - Degree
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1Project Brief

In this project 2 was about having a site visit to Senadi Hill, built by
Bandar Nusajaya Development SDN BHD to understand how a new building was
being constructed. The company's architectural and commercial development
proposal is for two-story store lot, one-story store lot and terraced houses. Our
group, group 3 was going to have the site visit and write a report on what we
learned from the terraced house. 

1.2Project Introduction

The brief for this project 2 was about a site visit at Senadi Hill, built by
UEM Sunrise to understand how a new building was being constructed from
ground up. The company's architectural and commercial development proposal is
for a two-story store lot, a one-story store lot and terraced houses. Our group,
group 3 was going to have the site visit and write a report on what we learned from
the terraced house. 

1.1.2 Terraced House

The development of terraced houses at Senadi Hills  is being handled by

UEM Sunrise Bhd, a subsidiary of UEM Group [Link] 1966, UEM Group
started handling small scale engineering projects and since then matured to handle
global infrastructure projects. Their constant focus on the changing needs of
buyers and staying ahead of the changing trends has resulted in the creation of
properties like terraced houses at Senadi Hills that can cater to the multiple needs
of buyers.

terraced houses at Senadi Hills is a freehold row house located in Taman

Bukit Senadi, Iskandar Puteri, [Link] Sunrise Bhd started this housing project
back in 2020 and many of the houses are still under [Link] project is
estimated to be completed around 2022 The project is estimated to be completed
around December 2022. Nearby manicured gardens and parks fill terraced houses
at Senadi Hills with greenery and nature, making it the perfect future home for
nature-loving families.

Terraced houses at Senadi Hills is a two-story row house with different

floor areas depending on the lot chosen, with the middle and corner lots offering
2088 sq ft and 2241 sq ft respectively. These homes also have a lot size of 20'x70'
feet and offer 4 bedrooms, 3 bathrooms, and a car porch that can accommodate 2
cars. The master bedroom also has a balcony and walk-in closet space. The
terraced houses at Senadi Hills houses feature an open plan design, which allows
natural light and ventilation to enter the interconnected spaces between the rooms.
The house's large windows and wide entrances also create a harmonious and
inviting architectural [Link] houses at Senadi Hills is enclosed within a
guarded ecological reserve that offers pocket gardens, lush meadows, a children's
playground, a jogging circle and an outdoor gym. A total of 418 units are under
construction in the Senadi Hills at Iskandar Puteri facility.
 CHAPTER 2

SUPERSTURCTURE

2.1 Introduction to Superstructure

Figure 2.1 Superstructure (Source: Wong, 2014)

The superstructure is the portion of a building that is constructed above
ground level. Columns, beams, slabs, and walls make up the superstructure of a
building. These elements securely transport the dead loads, live loads, and other
loads to the foundation and plinth of the substructure, which then distributes them
to the underlying ground. Compared to the pieces of the substructure, the
superstructure's components are significantly longer (Mencarelli et al., 2020).
 Figure 2.2 Superstructure of 2 storey terraced house

The superstructure of 2-storey terraced house includes beams, columns,

finishes, windows, doors, the roof, floors, and anything else.

2.2 Types

Figure 2.3 Reinforced Concrete Frame (Source: Omotoriogun,2022)

Reinforced concrete frame is used in this 2-storey terraced house. The
reinforced concrete frame is a superstructure made up of horizontal, or column-
like, components and vertical, or beam-like, components. The entire structure,
which consists of the beams and columns, is a monolithic construction, meaning
that it was all cast in one go (Hwang et al., 2021).

This concrete frame has also been referred to as the skeleton of the entire
building at times. The most crucial component of this kind of construction is the
vertical components, or columns, which support the full weight of the building in
this structure. One floor is impacted if a beam or slab of this construction is
damaged, while the entire building will be harmed if columns are compromised.
Additionally, because this is a reinforced design, steel reinforcement is used
throughout the whole structure to support compressive loads that the concrete and
steel reinforcement cannot support alone (Marinković & Butenweg, 2019).

Figure 2.4 Process of reinforced concrete frame

Formwork is the initial stage of the concrete construction process. This
kind of construction is made entirely of semi-solid concrete, and the formwork
provides it the precise size and shape that it needs (Dong et al., 2021).

Fixing the reinforcement is the second phase in the construction of

concrete. One of the most crucial tasks for the entire project is it. The engineer's
drawing is followed when fixing all of the reinforcements.
 Following that, workers mix the concrete and pour it into the formwork. It
takes some time for it to gain the necessary strength.

For the concrete to reach its full strength at this time, curing is required.
There are several different curing techniques employed, including wet jute bag
curing, spray curing, and pond curing (Çelik & Kamali, 2018).
 CHAPTER 1

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

1.1 Introduction of Case-In-Situ Concrete

Cast-in-place concrete is prepared, placed and finished at the construction

site. Another name for cast-in-place concrete is cast-in-place concrete. Generally,
concrete slabs, concrete foundations, beams, columns, walls, and roofs are the
preferred structures for cast-in-situ concrete. Cast-in-situ concrete is a construction
technique in which walls, slabs, and other building components are cast on site
through formwork. This type of concrete is also done on site. This is referred to as
cast-in-place concrete.

Cast in-situ method uses lightweight prefabricated formwork made of steel

or fiberglass or aluminum that is easily erected and dismantled. The steel
reinforcement is placed within the formwork as they are being erected and
concrete is poured into the mould. When the concrete is set according to the
required strength the mould is dismantled (UKEssays, 2018).
 CHAPTER 2

BEAM

2.1 Introduction to Beam

The beam is a horizontal structural element made up of wood, steel, or

concrete that resists the lateral loads coming from the superstructure by means of
bending. It is expected to withstand shear force, lateral force, and bending
moments. It is also considered as an important component of seismic design; it
plays the role of the first line of defend. In the frame-shear wall structure, the beam
has both the role of the frame structure and the role of the shear wall structure.

2.2 UBBL for Beams

• Part V Structural Requirement

- By-Law 57. Weight of partitions
The beams and the floor slabs where these are capable of
effective lateral distribution of the load, shall be designed to carry, in
addition to other loads, a uniformly distributed load per square meter of
not less than one third of the weight per meter run of the finished
partitions, but not less than 1kN/m² if the floor is used for office
purposes. (BS6399 Part 1 Clause 5.1.4)

- By-Law 59. Imposed floor loads

All beams shall be designed to carry the distributed load
appropriate to the uses to which they are put.
 - By-Law 62. Reduction in total imposed floor loads
(3) Where a single span of a beam or girder supports not less
than 46m² of floor at one general level, the imposed load may in the
design of the beam or girder be reduced by 5% for each  46m²
supported, subject to a maximum reduction of 25%. This reduction, or
that given in Table 1, whichever is greater, may be taken into account
in the design of columns of other types of member supporting such as
beam.

2.3 Specific Types of Beam Used 

There are a few types of beams used in construction and engineering.

These beams are typically classified based on length, equilibrium, and cross-
section:

a. Based on Loads & Supports

 Continuous beams
A continuous beam is one which has two or more supports
that reinforce the beam. These supports are used under and between
the beams and are generally vertical in nature.  These beams are
notionally of good value while compared to different beam types.

 Simply supported beams

Simply supported beams are those that have supports at both
ends of the beam. These are most often applied in general
construction and are very flexible in terms of the types of structures
that they can be used with. A simply support beam has no moment
resistance on the support area and is placed in a way that allows for
free rotation on the ends on columns or walls.

 Fixed beams
 A fixed beam is one that is supports fixed on both ends of
the beam and most frequently utilized in trusses and similar
structures. This sort of beam does not allow for bending moment
production and could no longer have any vertical movement or
rotation. 

 Cantilever beam
A cantilever beam is one that is free-hanging at one end of
the beam and fixed at the other. This sort of beam is capable of
carrying loads with both bending moment and shear pressure and is
generally used while constructing bridge trusses or similar
structures. The end that is fixed is usually attached to a column or
wall. The tension zone of a cantilever beam is found at the top of
the beam with the compression at the bottom of the beam.

a. Based on Construction Material

 Reinforced concrete beam

(0.25mm thick approved polythene sheet waterproofing as described
damp proof membrane laid on beam) Reinforced concrete beams are
structural elements that are designed to carry transverse external loads.
The loads cause bending moment, shear forces and in some cases
torsion across their length.
2.4 Roof Beam

Figure 4.5 Anatomy of Roof Beam (Source: THE BEAM GUY, 2010)Figure 4.
The roof beam is connected to the roof slab to prevent separation during
rebound. The connection is designed to prevent composite action between roof
slab and roof beam because composite action increases bending capacity while not
increasing the beam shear capacity; it could be very conservative if neglecting this
effect.
2.5 Method of Construction

2.5.1 First Step of Beam Construction

Figure 4.6 Preparation and Placing Reinforcement (Source: Youtube)

The bars are fixed in the stretching and extension machinery. The rods are
arranged in two layers in equal numbers. Example. Three bars are arranged on top
and the other three on the bottom. Another three on the bottom.
2.5.2 Second Step of Beam Construction

Figure 4.7 Erection of Formwork (Source: Youtube)Erection of Formwork

(Source: Youtube)
The formwork is then built around the steel rods. It is also important that
the steel rods go through the center of the beam. The formwork needs to be
properly erected so that it can withstand the pressure of the concrete, does not leak,
allows people to work and walk on it, supports equipment and machinery, and
does not contain any construction defects. An important tip is to make sure that the
height of the formwork will be level with the top of the concrete slab so that you
can follow the top of the formwork to screed the finished surface.
2.5.3 Third Step of Beam Construction

Figure 4.8 Pouring Concrete (Source: Youtube)

Graded beams can be cast with ready-mixed concrete or machine-mixed

concrete on site. If the amount of concrete is large, the former is desired. If ready-
mixed concrete is used, then the concrete supplier only needs the concrete strength.
However, if on-site machine mixed concrete is used, the proportions of the
concrete components should be found. The poured concrete should be adequately
compacted using vibratory equipment or any other suitable means and then
finished on top of the grade beam
2.5.4 Fourth Step of Beam Construction

Figure 4.9 Removing the Formwork and Curing the Concrete (Source: Youtube)

Wait for the concrete to dry up then remove the formwork. Finally, the side
baffles of the grade beam may be removed 24 hours after the concrete has been
placed. However, the bottom baffle cannot be removed until the concrete has
reached strength. The time for stripping the bottom shield depends on the clear
span of the beam.
 CHAPTER 3

COLUMN

3.1 Introduction

Columns are vertical load-bearing structures that primarily support

compressive axial loads. The foundation receives the load of the structure through
the columns. Buildings made of reinforced concrete have monolithically cast
beams, floors, and columns. Tensile forces may be generated over a portion of the
cross-section by the column's bending motion. Since compressive forces dominate
their behaviour, columns are referred to as compression members (Lee et al.,
2020).

3.2 UBBL for Column

 By-Law143. Beam or column.

Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure carrying, and
external wall which is required to be constructed of non-combustible materials
shall comply with the provisions pf paragraph (3) of bylaw 142 as to non-
combustibility.
3.3 Types of Column

3.3.1 Square or Rectangular Column

Figure 5.10 Square or Rectangular Column (Source: Madeh, 2022)

They are frequently employed in the construction of heavy structures and
buildings. Rectangular or square columns are easier to build and cast because they
are simpler to shutter and support from collapse under pressure while the concrete
is still in a flowable state than circular ones. The best and least expensive ones are
square or rectangular.
3.3.2 Circular Column

Figure 5.11 Circular Column (Source: Madeh, 2022)

Circular columns are mostly used in piling and elevation of the buildings
for aesthetic purposes. In a circular column, more than 4 longitudinal steel bars are
used as a reinforcement bar and its bending resistance is generally higher than the
square or rectangular column. Other than buildings, circular columns are mostly
used as bridge pillars due to good resistance against deflection.

3.3.3 L and T shaped Column

Figure 5.12 L Shaped Column (Source: Madeh, 2022)

 Figure 5.13 T-shaped Column (Source: Madeh, 2022)

The L-shaped column, which has qualities comparable to those of a

rectangular or square column, is typically used in the corners of the boundary wall.
Depending on a structure's design needs, a T-shaped column is used. It is
extensively utilized in the building of bridges.

3.3.4 Tied Column

Figure 5.14 Tied Column (Source: Madeh, 2022)

Usually, reinforced concrete is used to build this. Closely spaced tie
reinforcements contain longitudinal reinforcements. The column will experience
shear failure and barreling in between ties if ties are spaced too widely apart. 95%
of all building columns are thought to be tied columns.
3.3.5 Spiral Column

Figure 5.15 Spiral Column (Source: Madeh, 2022)

Spiral columns are also referred to as such when they are reinforced with
consistently and tightly spaced spiral reinforcement. The main purpose of spiral
columns is to support columns transversely and keep them from barreling. Six bars
serve as longitudinal reinforcement in spiral-reinforced columns.
3.4 Specific Type Used

3.4.1 Reinforced Concrete Column

Figure 5.16 Reinforced Concrete Column

Concrete columns that have steel reinforcement are referred to as
reinforced concrete columns. The construction of buildings mostly uses this
column. Concrete is robust under compression but fragile under stress. To boost its
capability for tension, steel reinforcing is therefore installed (Nannan et al., 2020).
3.5 Method of Construction

3.5.1 First Step of Column Construction

Figure 5.17 Set the Column Layout Work (Source: Youtube)

At this stage, the position of the columns is physically arranged at the job
site. It is done by placing ropes that conform to the grid in the drawing and then
marking the position of the columns in relation to the ropes. In the drawings, the
positions of the columns are shown according to the dimensions of the grid lines.
At the construction site, the ropes are considered to be grid lines. Therefore, the
columns should be placed on the rope lines by calculating the dimensions given in
the drawings (TeamCivil, 2017).
3.5.2 Second Step of Column Construction

Figure 5.18 Fix the Reinforcement Bar (Source: Youtube)

Once the markings for the column locations are complete, the column
reinforcement is placed according to the structural drawing. This means that the
columns will have 12 bars of 16 mm diameter as vertical reinforcement and 10 mm
diameter bars should be spaced at 4" on center as hoop reinforcement. Additional
instructions, such as lap lengths for different diameters of column reinforcement,
will be given in the structural drawings (TeamCivil, 2017).
3.5.3 Third Step of Column Construction

Figure 5.19 Fix the Formwork (Source: Youtube)

The floor height is usually kept at 10 feet. If there are beams on the floor
slab, then the concrete must be poured to the bottom of the beams. For example, if
the height of the beam given in the drawings is 1′-6″, then the height of the pour
for the columns and forms will be 8′-6″. However, we know that pouring concrete
more than 5 feet in height is not allowed because it will cause segregation, so we
should make the forms within 5 feet in height. When the first part is completely
poured, the rest should be started (TeamCivil, 2017).
3.5.4 Fourth Step of Column Construction

Figure 5.20 Pour Concrete (Source: Youtube)

Pouring columns is easy. For small amounts of concrete we usually rely on
machine mixed concrete and for large amounts we order ready mixed concrete. I
recommend using machine mixed concrete. Because, if you use a mobile pump
and ready-mixed concrete, it will be difficult if you want to throw the concrete
without exceeding the height range of 1.5 meters (TeamCivil, 2017).
 CHAPTER 4

FLOOR SLAB

4.1 Introduction of Floor Slab

A floor slab is a floor that was built with concrete (typically steel
reinforcement) and could be an element of a building's structure. It can be used to
create the floor of a basement, either at ground level or upper level. It can be
precast or made on site, and it will typically be reinforced with rebar or steel
fibres. (Designing Buildings, 2022)

Figure 6.21 Layer of Materials in a Floor Slab (Source: MDPI, n.d.)

4.2 UBBL for Floor Slab

223. Fire resistance for floors above ground floor. Any floor above the
ground floor of a house that fails within Purpose Group 1 shall, if the underside of
the floor is exposed to test by fire in accordance with BS 476: Part 1: be able to
pass that test's standards for insulation and flame resistance for at least fifteen
minutes, as well as being free from collapse for a period of at least half an hour.
(UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984, 1985)
4.3 Types of Slabs

4.3.1 Slab-on-Ground

Ground slab refers to the slab that is cast on the earth's surface. It is applied
to the plinth level or basement floor. They are totally supported by the existing
ground. The concrete slab must be supported by a stable foundation. (BuildRight,
n.d.)

Figure 6.22 Slab-on-Ground (Source: BuildRight, n.d.)

It has a slab thickness of 100mm. It is made up of a series of concrete
stiffening beams that surround the slab's perimeter. (BuildRight, n.d.)

Figure 6.23 Slab-on-Ground (Source: BuildRight, n.d.)

4.3.2 Suspended Slab

Above-ground level slabs that are not in direct contact with the ground are
known as suspended slabs. They are usually applied to build floors for the upper
levels of a building. Like a ground slab, suspended slabs are constructed using
steel mesh and concrete. To help reduce weight and to make it possible to run
cables and piping through the slab, there are hollow tunnels passing through some
slabs. These slabs, also referred to as "hollow core slabs," are employed in
construction. (BuildRight, n.d.)

Figure 6.24 A Concrete Hollow Core Slab Utility Placement Example

(Source: Giusti, n.d.)

4.4 Specific Type Used

This two-story terrace house is constructed using the conventional slab.

4.4.1 Conventional slab

Conventional slab is supported by beams and columns. In these

constructions, the beam's depth is substantial compared to the slab's small
thickness. It then moves to the columns after being transferred to the load-bearing
beams. ( LCETED, n.d.).
 There are 2 types: One-Way Slab and Two-Way Slab;

Figure 6.25 One Way Slab and Two Way Slab (Source: Daily Civil, n.d.)
One Way Slab Two Way Slab
The beams on the two All four sides support the slabs.
opposing sides support the slabs.

Loads are transported in a Both directions are used to

single direction. transport the loads.

Only one direction is provided There are principal reinforcing

with primary reinforcement (Shorter bars available in both directions.
side).

Table 6-1 Differences Between One Way Slab and Two Way Slab
 Figure 6.26 Two Way Slab (Source: Rich, n.d.)
This 2-storey terrace house is using the two-way slab.

4.5 Floor Finish

Several variations of floor finishes for the terrace house can be seen during
the site visit, including Polished Porcelain tile finish for the living room, staircase
and rooms, Matte Porcelain tile finish for the kitchen,bathroom, terrace, balcony
and porch, and Ceramic tile finish for the store.

Figure 6.27 Polished Porcelain tile finish in the living room

 Figure 6.28 Matte Porcelain tile finish in the living room
4.6 Method of Construction

4.6.1 First Step of Concrete Slab Construction

Figure 6.29 Preparation and Placing Reinforcement (Source: Youtube)

Formwork and steel rebars are places for the beams. Reinforcing steel
makes concrete more durable by increasing its tensile strength, thus preventing
cracks, buckling and collapse of concrete under stress. The formwork is then built
around the steel rods. It is also important that the steel rods go through the center
of the beam.
 The formwork needs to be properly erected so that it can withstand the
pressure of the concrete, does not leak, allows people to work and walk on it,
supports equipment and machinery, and does not contain any construction defects
(Foilboard, 2021).

4.6.2 Second Step of Concrete Slab Construction

Figure 6.30 Preparation Slab Bedding (Source: Youtube)

Steel rebars are placed for the floor slabs. It is important to properly
prepare the slab bedding. This will ensure that the concrete slab is built on a solid
foundation and that the concrete slab will not begin to crack. To prepare the slab
bedding, use a reasonable thickness of road base or crusher dust according to
building codes. Ensure that the surface is level and flat, and that it is firmly
compacted. A well-drained base and compacted bed will prevent cracking of the
concrete slab (Foilboard, 2021).
4.6.3 Third Step of Concrete Slab Construction

Figure 6.31 Pouring Concrete (Source: Youtube)

The next step was to pour the concrete into the forms, making sure the bars
were completely covered with concrete and allowed to cure for a few days. After
the concrete is poured, add control joints where needed. As the concrete dries, it
will shrink. To avoid random formation of cracks, control/expansion joints ensure
that cracks do not develop. In addition, make sure that the concrete is compacted.
This helps the concrete to bond and take shape inside the formwork and around the
reinforcement. Vibrations, either internal or external, are the most widely used
method of consolidating concrete. Finally, the floor slab should be finished in
accordance with applicable building standards (Foilboard, 2021).

4.6.4 Fourth Step of Concrete Slab Construction

Figure 6.32 Removing the Formwork and Curing the Concrete (Source: Youtube)
 Wait for the concrete to dry up then remove the formwork. Curing of the
concrete slab involves the application of water over a period of approximately 7
days. Applying moisture to the concrete helps it seal. Spraying twice a day is ideal
to use a light mist spray for complete coverage. The forms can be removed 24
hours after the concrete has been placed. Take care to remove the forms to avoid
any damage to the concrete slab (Foilboard, 2021). (Lily, 2016)
 CHAPTER 5

WALL

5.1 Introduction of Wall

A wall is a structural element that creates two separate spaces while also
providing protection and shelter. Exterior walls and interior walls are the two main
categories of walls. The exterior walls of the house act as a protective enclosure,
while the interior walls help divide that enclosure into the required number of
rooms. (Krishna, 2019)

5.2 UBBL for Wall

By-Law 86. Party walls

In general, all-party walls must have a total thickness of at least 200

millimetres of solid masonry or in-situ concrete which, if built at different times,
may consist of two independent skins, each with a thickness of at least 100
millimetres:

With the proviso that the party wall in terrace homes made of reinforced
steel or reinforced concrete, with floors and roofs built in accordance with these
By-Laws, shall not be less than 100 millimetres in total thickness.

If the criteria of Parts V, VI, and VII of these By-laws are followed, other
non-combustible materials may be applied for party walls.
 By-laws 222. Fire resistance for walls
(1) Any construction surrounding a protected shaft that isn't an exterior
wall must:

(2) Any separating wall or compartment wall must:

(3) Any portion of an external wall that is 0.92 metres or less from any
point on the relevant border must:

(4) Any portion of an exterior wall that is required by these By-laws to be

fire resistant and is located 0.92 metres or further from the relevant border shall:

Have fire resistance for at least the minimum time specified by this Part if
each side of the wall is separately exposed to test by fire.

For the objectives of these by laws, however, the wall must be capable of
meeting the insulation requirements of clause 11c of section 3 of BS 476: Part 1
for a duration of at least fifteen minutes. (UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS
1984, 1985)

5.3 Types of Walls

5.3.1 Reinforced Brick Masonry Wall

Figure 7.33Reinforcement Brick Masonry Wall (Source: Powerplay, 2022)

 Brick is one of the most adaptable and long-lasting building materials.
Several materials: Burnt clay bricks, sand-lime bricks, concrete bricks, fly ash clay
bricks and firebricks are applied in its construction. Reinforced brick work is when
mild steel bars, hoop iron, and expanded mess are added to the brick masonry to
strengthen it. (Deloney, n.d.)

5.3.2 Specific Type Used

[Link] Clay brick masonry wall

Clay brick masonry wall are used by general wall of this two-storey terrace
house that 112mm thick clay brick with 19mm thick plaster bothsides. At every
fourth course, an "Exmet" brick reinforcement layer is added. For the ground floor,
every first layer of brick should have a damp proof course.

Figure 7.34Clay Brick Masonry Wall (Source: Rodriguez, 2019)

Figure 7.35Clay Brick Masonry Wall (Source: Exterior Building Solutions, n.d.)
[Link] Cement Sand Brick Masonry Wall

Used by fencing - 1800 & 1500mm high separating wall between

the unit. 112mm thick cement sand brick with 19mm thick plaster
bothsides. Same as general wall, an "Exmet" brick reinforcement layer is
placed after every fourth course.

Figure 7.36Cement Sand Brick Masonry Wall (Source: FreeStockTextures, n.d.)

Figure 7.37Fencing - 1800 & 1500mm high separating wall between the unit
(Source: Site Visit, 2022)
[Link] Party Wall

A party wall is a partition that separates two adjacent buildings and is used
by the residents of each one. The party wall is non-structural but created to meet
standards for soundproofing and fire protection, i.e., a firewall. 230mm thick clay
brick with 19mm thick plaster bothsides. Same as clay brick masonry wall, an
"Exmet" brick reinforcement layer is placed after every fourth course. Every first
layer of brick for the ground floor should have a damp proof course.
 Figure 7.38 Party Wall (Source: Home-Approved, 2021)

Figure 7.39 An "Exmet" brick reinforcement layer at every fourth course (Source:
Ban Hin Leong, 2019)

5.4 Wall Finish

There are several types of wall finishes used for the terrace house that can
be seen during the site visit which includes Porcelain Wood tile finish for the
exterior wall, Paint finish for the rooms, terrace and balcony, Gloss Porcelain tile
finish for the kitchen and Matte Porcelain tile finish for the bathrooms and porch.
Figure 7.40Porcelain Wood tile finish on the exterior wall

Figure 7.41Paint finish for the living room

Figure 7.42 Gloss Porcelain tile finish in the kitchen
 Figure 7.43Matte Porcelain tile finish in the bathroom
5.5 Method of Construction 

5.5.1 First Step of Brick Wall Construction

Figure 7.44Make Guidepost (Source: Youtube)

With this method, we can make sure that our walls are level. First, take two
long boards or posts and measure out each row of the brick wall, also known as the
course. Next, mark on the boards where each brick should be, including the mortar
line. It is important to make sure we can drive the posts into the ground so they can
stand on their own (Lily, 2016).
5.5.2 Second Step of Brick Wall Construction

Figure 7.45Clamp a String and lay the first row of brick (Source: Youtube)
Place a small piece of mortar for the first brick and use a level to make sure
it is level. Next, place a small amount of mortar on top of the first brick and place
another brick on top at a downward angle. Then, lay the mortar bed on top of the
solid foundation of the wall. We can use a tape measure to make sure the distance
between them is correct and a level to make sure it is level (Lily, 2016).

5.5.3 Third Step of Brick Wall Construction

Figure 7.46Laying the Next Course of Bricks (Source: Youtube)

 Move the string to the top of the next brick and then spread mortar on top
of the first brick so that it becomes a triangle. Next, take a piece of mortar and
apply it to the end of the brick that will be pushed onto the first brick. Now, run a
small trowel over the top to create an air pocket for the bricks to be laid on top. We
can use a level to make sure the bricks are flush and even in height, then gently
push them to make sure they are perfect. In addition to this, we need to scrape
away any excess mortar. Then place the mortar on one side of the bricks and place
them next to each other (Lily, 2016).

5.5.4 Fourth Step of Brick Wall Construction

Figure 7.47Plastering the Wall (Source: Youtube)

First, we must make sure the wall is clean and free of dust, as well as any
loose portions of mortar from the tiling process. We can sprinkle water on the
surface to make sure the plaster sticks better. Then, starting from the bottom of the
wall, press the plaster onto the wall beautifully and smoothly with a small trowel
and try to distribute the plaster evenly over a certain area. We should always keep
the small trowel at a slight angle as we apply the plaster. Continue repeating this
process in other areas until the wall is completely covered with plaster. The
corners of the walls should be the last areas to be applied. To allow the plaster to
dry, we can add ventilation if possible, such as opening windows to let air in (Lily,
2016). (Bitan, 2022)
 CHAPTER 6

ROOF

6.1 Introduction of Roof

Roofs are one of the essential structural components, necessary for building
construction. The roof is a component of the building envelope, which is the
covering for a structure or building's top floor. It is supported by the building's
walls and it provides protection against the weather condition. Roofing materials
are external coverings that are applied to a building's roof. These are sometimes
self-supporting but are generally supported by underlying structures. Depending on
the materials that are available and the kind of the supporting structure, different
roofs have different outer layers (Civil Talents, 2020).

6.2 UBBL for Roof

● Part VI Constructional Requirement

- By-Law 115. Roofs coverings and drainage.
All roof of buildings shall be so constructed as to drain
effectually to suitable and sufficient channels, gutters, chutes or
troughs which shall be provided in accordance with the
requirements of these By-laws for receiving and conveying all
water which may fall on and from the roof.

- By-Law 117. Access to roof space.

(1) Where the space beneath a roof is enclosed by a
ceiling, access to such space shall be provided by means of a trap
door at least 0.75 metres in any direction.
 ● Part VII Fire Requirement
- By-Law 210. Construction of roofs.
(1) No part of the roof of a building which-
(a) has a cubic capacity exceeding 1416.43 cubic
metres;
(b) is wholly or partly of Purpose Group VI or VII; or
(c) is a house in a continuous terrace of more than two
houses;
shall be so constructed as to be designated in accordance with the
by-law 212 BD, CA, CB, CC, CD DA, DB, DC or DD, or be
covered with attap or wood shingles.

● Eight Schedule - Notional Designation Of Roof Construction (By-Law

207 (1)(b), 208 (a)) Part I - Pitched Roofs Covered With Slates or Tiles

6.3 Types of Roof

Pitched roofs and flat roofs are the two basic types of roofing. Flat roof has
been commonly used where the climate is relatively dry and the drainage of water
off the roof is thus of secondary importance. In the 19th century, flat roofs became
widely used in Europe and the Americas. Flat roofs have now become the most
prevalent form of roofing material used to cover warehouses, office buildings, and
other commercial structures, as well as many residential structures (Lewis R.,
2022).
 Figure 8.48Rooftop RC Flat Roof (Source: Leakbuster, 2022)
There are several variations of pitched roofs which includes Mono Pitch
Roof, Couple Roof, Closed Couple Roof, Collar Roof, Trussed Rafter, etc. A
pitched roof has to have a pitch of at least 10 degrees or have two slopes that meet
in the central ridge. The sloping top surface of pitched roofs makes it helpful in
areas with heavy rain. It is one of the most affordable and practical options to
cover the structure (Mallik S., n.d).

6.3.1 Mono Pitch Roof

Figure 8.49Bracing for Mono Pitch Roof (Source: BRANZ build)

a) Slopes are frequently utilized to create extensions of a structure by going
from one side or area to another.
b) Consists of a number of rafters that are attached to plates at the top of a
wall, with the rafters' feet being affixed to the wall plate to uniformly
distribute the load over the supporting wall.
c) To create level ceilings, joists are installed, and they may be adjusted to
provide extra height.
d) Joists are usually supported by struts, preventing the drooping of the
rafters.
6.3.2 Couple Roof

Figure 8.50Couple Roof (Source: GharPedia)

a) The most basic type of pitched roof is made up of two lengths of rafters
that are connected together by leaning against one another at the ridge.
b) A very limited span of approximately 3.5m.
c) The drawback of this roof is that its weight causes the supporting walls to
naturally deflect outward toward the top and doing so would need more
brickwork and unnecessary expense.

6.3.3 Closed Couple Roof

Figure 8.51Closed Couple Roof (Source: GharPedia)

a) A span of timber extending horizontally between the rafter feet is added as
ceiling joists, strengthening the building's structural stability. The joist
serves
 as a tie to hold the wall from deflecting outward, extending the maximum
roof span to approximately 5m.
b) To avoid possible deflection, joists are fastened to the rafter feet rather than
the wall plate. A secure connection between the rafter and ceiling joist is
therefore critical.
c) By using struts, most of the roof space may be used for storage or if
needed, for accommodations.

6.3.4 Collar Roof

Figure 8.52Collar Roof (Source: civiconcepts)

a) For collar roof, the tie beam that is provided at the leg of common rafters in
coupled roof truss is raised above and it is known as collar beam.
b) The use of a collar beam enables the roofing system to make efficient use
of the available space. The height of the space rises as the beam is elevated.
c) It is adaptable for a span of about 4.8m.
6.3.5 Truss Rafter

Figure 8.53Truss Rafter Construction (Source: Local Architects Direct)

The Fink or "W" truss is the most common type of trussed rafter. This
comprises a rafter with tension and compression elements in the shape of a
W.

a) Able to support up to 12m span and can be designed to meet a wide range
of pitch angles.
b) The timbers are butt joined and secured using connector plates made of
perforated metal.
c) The bracing prevents the entire structure from collapsing due to wind
pressures by joining it together into a single piece rather than a collection
of separate trusses.

6.4 Types of Roof Finishes

There are several different roofing material alternatives available in

Malaysia. These materials differ in terms of durability, aesthetics, and cost. The
roof of a building today serves a number of important purposes in addition to
protecting us from the weather. While metal shingles are perfect for our storms in
Malaysia, slate and tile roofing are great at withstanding wind. On the other hand,
there are also green "living" roofs composed of plants, terracotta tiled roofs, and
even concrete tiled roofs that can lower the heat in a building (atap, 2019).
Figure 8.54 Asphalt shingles (left), Metal shingles (middle), Wood shingles (right)
(Sources: atap, 2019)

Figure 8.55Slate shingles (left), Clay shingles (right) (Sources: atap, 2019)
8.5 Specific Type Used

Figure 8.56Corner lot pitched roof

 Figure 8.5740° angled side roof
The roof used for this 2 storey terrace house project is a pitched roof of two
different angles. The roof for the front part is 40° angled for the corner lot house
while the intermediate house is 30° angled. The side roof for both lots are 40°
angled.

Figure 8.58Section Z-Z (intermediate lot)

 Figure 8.59King post truss configuration
The construction of the roof structure is a king post truss, which is one of
the typical roof configurations used on a building. A king post truss is the central
vertical post used in architectural designs that absorbs tension from a truss apex
above to support a beam below. The materials used for the structure are Zincalume
C-channel as well as Hollow Sections.

Figure 8.60Concrete shingles (Sources: Roofing Experts, 2021)

The specific type of roof tile finish used for the terrace house are concrete
shingles. A combination of sand, water, and cement are used to create the concrete
roof tiles. Under intense heat and pressure, they are then moulded or extruded into
the desired shape. Similar to clay tiles, concrete is durable, sturdy, fireproof, easy
to
maintain, comes in a variety of colours and can last up to 50 years. They are also
less expensive compared to clay.

Figure 8.61White emulsion paint finish for the ceiling

On the other hand, the ceiling for the terrace house uses a simple non-
reflective white emulsion paint finish.

8.6 Method of Construction

8.6.1 First Step of Roof Construction

Figure 8.62Steel Roof Framing Construction (Source: Angi)

 Framing refers to the construction and installation of roof framing that can
be done with prefabricated trusses. Steel framing offers a strong, accurate, stable
and durable framing alternative compared to traditional wood framing. In fact,
lightweight steel framing is a superior choice for residential construction. Steel
framing is available in a wide variety of sizes and shapes, much more so than
standard wood, allowing for the production of high quality homes.

8.6.2 Second Step of Roof Construction

Figure 8.63Roof Sheathing Construction (Source: WikiHow)

Sheathing is the layer of material that goes on top of the frame and
provides the surface of the [Link] the trusses are anchored and permanently
supported, then can begin installing the roof sheathing. The sheathing is installed
lengthwise, starting at the bottom corner and going through the bottom first. As
you move to the next row, install a half sheet of sheathing starting at the same end
so that sheathing panels are staggered. Always attach the sheets over the supports
and make sure there is an eighth of an inch between the sheets. Repeat for both
sides of the roof.
 8.6.3 Third Step of Roof Construction

Figure 8.64Roof Cover Installation Construction (Source: Site)

Roof cover installation goes on top of the underlayment and protects the
roof from the elements. Once the trusses are anchored and permanently supported,
can begin installing the roof sheathing panels. Sheathing panels are installed
lengthwise, starting at the bottom corner and going through the bottom first. As
you move to the next row, install a half sheet of sheathing starting at the same end
so that sheathing panels are staggered.
 CHAPTER 7

STAIRCASE

7.1 Introduction to Staircase

Stairs are an essential component of any structure having multiple floors. In

fact, staircases and stairs have been around nearly as long as humans. There are
various types of stairs used in the home. The major function of stairs in the
building is to provide ease of moving from one level to the next without much
thought.

Figure 9.65Basic Component of Staircase (Source: Moulton, 2022)

The basic components of a staircase are the tread, the horizontal surface
we walk on; the riser, the vertical part between each tread; and the stringer, a
structural support that holds the treads in place and provides stability. What we call
a step is actually a combination of a tread and a riser, or one step up or down from
our previous position. In some cases, such as open stairs, the riser is missing and
we can see through the stairs.
 Other optional parts of a staircase include the nosing, banister, and
balusters. Nosing is a small part of a tread that overhangs the riser. The banister,
which is also called a railing or a handrail, is both a decorative and a safety feature
that prevents people from falling off the side of a staircase or allows them to hold
on for stability. Some handrails are attached directly to a wall while others are
positioned on the open part of the staircase. When they are on the open part, the
banister is held up by balusters, or vertical supports attached to a tread at the
bottom and the banister at the top.

There are also different types of steps, determined by the shape of tread.
The basic step involves a rectangular tread. The most common variation of a
simple step is a winder. These involve treads that are wider on one side than the
other. This helps change the direction of a staircase gradually. Sometimes to break
up a long, straight staircase or to provide a space to turn when the steps change
direction, a wide platform step called a landing is used. In some staircases,
designers include an elegant feature called a bullnose step. This is when the first
step off the ground floor is wider than the rest of the steps (Memikoğlu &
Demirkan, 2020).

7.2 UBBL for Staircase

- By-Laws 106. Dimension of staircases

(1) The rise of any staircase shall be maximum 180mm high and the
tread of staircase shall be minimum 225mm wide according to the by-law
106. The dimension of risers and tread for staircase should be equal and
consistent. If dimension of staircase no consistent, it cannot be construct.
People may falls easily due to the inconsistent dimension of the treads and
risers.

(2) The width of staircase should be construct according to the by-

law 168, normally a standard width of a main staircase minimum are
around 1200mm overall strings.
 (3) The depth(Length) of landing shall not less than the width of the
staircase, because according to the law, the width of landing slab in each
flight should same with the width of staircase in each flight. Furthermore,
the length of the landing should be at least equal to the width of the tread

- By Laws 107. Handrails

(1) For all staircase which is more than 4 risers is require to provide
at least one handrail,except for the staircase with constructed less than 4
risers.

(2) The staircase exceeding 2.25m width should provide a

intermediate handrails between it and spaced equally. Example - If the
total width of staircase is 5m, then for each 2.25m will put an intermediate
handrails between it with equally.

(3) For any building other than residential building, a handrails shall
be provide at each side of the staircase if the width of staircase is more
than 1100mm. Handrails provide can make sure the safety of guest and the
old people

(4) All handrails of staircase should project maximum 100mm from

the face of the finished wall surface, and it shall be located minimum
825mm and maximum 900mm measured from the nosing of the treads.
Handrails to landing shall be at least 900mm from the level of the landing.
 - By-Laws 108. Maximum flight
(1) In residential buildings, a landing shall provide with at least 1.80m
depth every 4.25mheight. Usually risers of all staircases in any building shall not
be exceeding 16 risers between each landing.

(2) There is no flight with less than 2 risers according to by-laws.

- By-Laws 109 Winders

(1) Based on the provision of Part VII and VIII (fire requirements) by-laws,
spiral staircase can be consider as secondary staircase in buildings where the
topmost floor cannot exceed more than 12.2m height. So it is suitable for lower
height building.

(2) Winding staircase may not use as a main escape or exit, because if in
case of fire, it ishard to let people to escape so it is not so suitable for using it.

7.3 Types of Staircase

7.3.1 Straight stairs

Figure 9.66Straight Stairs (Source: Sadanandam, 2022)

The width that is often offered for small buildings is relatively retractable.
Therefore, in situations when there is a straight line between two floors, this form
of straight staircase is used. This stairway could have more than one flight with a
landing or just one flight.

7.3.2 Turning stair

Figure 9.67Turning Stair (Source: Sadanandam, 2022)

Turning stairs are any stairs that go in a different direction and either have
a landing or not. Quarter turn stairs, half turn stairs (also known as dog-legged
steps), three quarter turn stairs, and bifurcation stairs are the different types.

7.3.3 Continuous stairs

Figure 9.68Continuous Stairs (Source: Sadanandam, 2022)

 There is neither a landing nor an intermediary newel post on this style of
staircase. They have a geometrical design. Continuous staircases, such as spiral,
circular, and helical stairs.

Spiral stairs or circular steps are typically built of metal or R.C.C. and
installed in locations with limited space. These stairs are available at the back of a
building and are occasionally utilised as emergency stairs. These are
uncomfortable because there are numerous winding steps throughout. Steps that
spiral A helical staircase has a beautiful appearance, but it requires a lot of
structural design and building. It is made of R.C.C., which requires a significant
amount of steel to withstand bending, shear, and torsion.

7.4 Specific Type Used

Figure 9.69L-Shaped Stairs

Similar to a straight staircase, but with an additional turn, are L-shaped
stairs. Typically, the stairway turns 90 degrees either in the middle or around the
top or bottom. The bend and landing on these stairs call for support. By creating a
visible barrier between floors, L-shaped staircases can increase seclusion. To
minimize space, they can be placed in a room's corner. Building handrails for L-
shaped staircases will take more thought and ability (Furusawa et al., 2018).
7.5 Method of Construction

7.5.1 First Step of Staircase Construction

Figure 9.70The Arrangement of Steel Reinforcement (Source: Youtube)

The concrete steps are to be reinforced with rebar to carry the load on the
stairs and transfer it to the ground. The number and size of the rebar will be
calculated by the structural engineer based on the load on the stairs. These
reinforcement bars are placed in formwork with a minimum spacing of 25 mm and
are tied together (Rahman, 2018).

7.5.2 Second Step of Staircase Construction

Figure 9.71Building the Formwork (Source: Youtube)

 The most important step when building a concrete staircase is to use the
proper formwork. The angle of flight, threads and risers should be properly
checked for size. Typically, when building stairs attached to a wall, the flight lines,
threads and risers are marked on the wall to properly secure the shutters or forms.
The planks must be at least 2 inches thick to support the weight of the concrete.
The entire structure of the formwork must be supported by 4×4 posts. The planks
are used to create the steps and are fastened to the lateral structure of the formwork
with a few screws (Rahman, 2018).

9.5.3 Third Step of Staircase Construction

Figure 9.72Pouring Concrete and Removal of Formwork

Concrete is poured into the formwork starting from the part below to the
top. The concrete mixture plays an important role in the strength and durability of
the staircase. The standard mixture used for stairs is 3 parts cement, 2 parts sand, 4
parts gravel and water. It is recommended that a concrete vibrator be used when
pouring concrete to completely fill the gaps in the stairs and avoid the formation of
honeycombs. The staircase will take at least 21 days to dry completely, so the
forms should only be removed after 21 days. During these 21 days, proper curing
is performed to prevent cracks in the stairs due to thermal expansion. after 21 days,
the forms are removed with a hammer and pry bar (Rahman, 2018).
 CHAPTER 8

INFRASTRUCTURE WORKS

8.1 Introduction of Infrastructure Works

Infrastructure works is the basic service or system of a house or a building

such as power supplies, water supplies, drainage systems and others. 
Infrastructure works also can include the construction of buildings, roads,
footpaths, green areas and others which is necessary for the convenience of the
homeowner (Infrastructure Works definition, n.d.). There is a lot of infrastructure
in Senadi Hills two storey terrace house.

8.2 Electrical system

An electrical system, within the context of a building, is a network of

conductors and equipment designed to carry, distribute and convert electrical
power safely from the point of delivery or generation to the various loads around
the building that consume the electrical energy. (ECA, 2020)
8.2.1 Feeder Pillar, Power Box, Distribution Pillar or Feeder Pillar Box

Figure 10.73 Feeder Pillar

A feeder pillar is a cabinet used to house electrical equipment. The function
of the feeder pillar is to receive the electrical supply from the transformer and
distribute it to a number of outputs via fuses, to a number of Outgoing circuits,
providing a means of protection and control for each circuit. In fact, they are a
very basic form of low-voltage distribution panel.

Feeder pillars are installed at street level to control the electrical supply to
houses within a neighbourhood. Feeder pillar is another term for a cut out
enclosure or other electrical enclosure that is part of an underground distribution
system. (Sutton, 2021)

8.2.2 Electrical Panel

 Figure 10.2 Electrical Panel

An electrical panel is basically a service box that connects the main power
lines to a home and distributes the current to the various circuits within the home.
Circuit breakers and fuses ensure that there is no overcurrent when distributing
power to different circuits.
 10.2.3 Electrical Conduit

Figure 10.74Electrical Panel

Flexible conduit systems are typically used to wrap electrical wires and
help reduce the risk of electrical hazards such as electrocution. Senadi Hill uses
PVC Flexible conduit.

8.3 Drainage System

Drainage is the system or process by which water or other liquids are

drained from a place. The construction of the drainage needs to be based on Street,
Drainage and Building Act 1974.
8.3.1 Gutter

Figure 10.75Gutter
Gutters prevent water from ingress into the fabric of the building by
channelling the rainwater away from the exterior of the walls and their
foundations. Water runs down the walls, causing dampness in the affected rooms
and providing a favourable environment for mould to grow. In this terraced house
all the rainfall collected will go into the water tank.

8.3.2 Drainage

Figure 10.76Drainage
 Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of a surface's water and sub-
surface water from an area with excess water.

8.3.3 Road Side Drainage 

Figure 10.77Road Side Drainage

The road drainage system is a mechanism to effectively collect and divert
all water that is gathered around the road.

8.4 Sewerage system

Figure 10.78Sewage Drainage

 The main function of a sanitary sewer system is to protect water quality
and public health. A series of underground pipes and manholes, pumping stations,
and other appurtenances convey sewage from homes, businesses and industries to
wastewater treatment plants where it is cleaned and returned to the environment.

8.5 Green Space

Figure 10.79Green Space

Green space interventions are used to improve environmental conditions,
conserve and enhance biodiversity, promote outdoor activities and active lifestyles,
increase social interaction and communication, and provide healthy urban
conditions for good physical and mental health. Based on the law, 10% open
spaces and recreation areas requirements in every neighbourhood. (The Star, 2016)
 CONCLUSION

Toward the completion of the site tour, after witnessing a real working
atmosphere and the construction site itself, we came to the conclusion that working
on a construction site is significantly more challenging due to the weather and
inherent risks.

We were able to explore and learn things on this site visit that were not
possible to do so during lectures or tutorials. Understanding the value of safety,
which is fundamental to the construction industry because there are so many
potential hazards on the job site, is one of the first things we have learned.

Additionally, by recognizing various types of construction materials and

their purposes, learning a great deal about the construction process and techniques
that are employed in Malaysia, as well as by conversing and asking questions, we
have learned a great deal. We understood that working on a building site is quite
different and also more challenging due of the weather conditions and potential
threats after visiting the site and experiencing genuine working circumstances.

Lastly, this site tour enabled us to better comprehend the challenges we

may encounter as architects in the future. Additionally, it improved my grasp of
construction, which will be helpful for many aspects of our studies, particularly
measurement takeoffs. Overall, we had a wonderful experience.
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Appendix A Pictures of site, groupmate, etc.