REPORT ON CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES & METHODS

AT SITAMMA SAGAR BARRAGE

Submitted by

M.ASHISH-22CEM7R03

PUSKAR SHARMA-22CEM7R20

S.PRANATHI -22CEM7R19

Under the guidance of

Dr. Aneetha V

Asst. Professor

Construction Technology and Management,

Department of Civil Engineering

National institute of technology, Warangal, Telangana 506004, India

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 Basic details of project

Name of the project: Sitamma Sagar Barrage

River: Godavari

Location: Dummugudem (V) Bhadradri Kothagudem(D), 200m D/S Of Existing

Dummugudem anicut

Client: Telangana Government

Contractor: L&T

Cost of project: 2500-5000cr

Total construction period: 24 years

Elevation: 49.69m to 63.00m

Storage: 36.57 TMC

No of gates: 67

Design Return period: 500 years

Earthen embankment: 1000Km

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 Construction techniques and methods

Construction methods are the techniques construction professionals use to build structures
and complete projects. The construction method to be used decided by a team of
professionals depends on factors such as costs, the materials available, the expertise of the

construction team and the structure’s location. Construction methods are important for
construction professionals, engineers and architects to understand. This knowledge helps
design structures, plan projects and create safe working environments.

In the present project i.e Sitamma Sagar Barrage a wide number of methods have been
employed right from the stage of initiation of project. Following are the different construction
methods employed in project site.

1. Controlled Blasting:
The project site consists of rocky strata. For the excavation at site Controlled blasting
method is employed. The term ‘controlled blasting’ has two senses of meaning and
applications. In one sense, controlled blasting means controlling of ground vibration,
fly rock and air overpressure (noise) within safe limit. On the other hand, controlled
blasting means minimization of over-break and under-break beyond the boundary of
the excavation area. The first one is generally applied when blasting operation is to be
conducted near residential structures/buildings or another sensitive environment. The
latter is applied both in surface as well as underground to obtain smooth and stable
final excavation wall. This results in safe working conditions at site and less damage
to the environment.
Heavy boulders of rock are excavated in this process. Part of this is used as aggregate
in the project construction. Rest of the material is dumped off in specified dumping
yards.

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2. Grouting:
Grout is a mixture of cement, sand, and water or chemicals used to fill gaps. They are
commonly used in the repair of concrete cracks, fill seams and gaps in tiles, seal and
fill gaps for waterproofing, as well as for soil stabilization.  Grouting is also done to
give extra strength to the foundations of load-bearing structures.

Here at the site grouting is done with cement and water mix. The mix proportion
ranges from 1:5 to 1:1 (cement: water). Pressure grouting is employed at a pressure of

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 2.7 Kg/cm2. Water meter and pressure gauges are used to conduct the permeability
test. If permeability is greater than 3 lpm /m/min, continue further grouting.

3. Formwork:
Formwork is a temporary supporting structure which takes the load of concrete in its
fresh stage until it attains the required strength by giving it the desired shape.
Formwork can be of timber, steel, plastic, or fiberglass. The internal surface is coated
with a bond breaker (plastic or oil) to keep the concrete from sticking to the mold.
L&T uses DOKA formwork for this project. It is a type of climbing formwork which
can also be called as slipforming. Where by a vertical concrete element is
continuously cast using a short section of formwork that is repeatedly disassembled
and moved upward as each section is finished or that moves slowly and continuously
as concrete is being placed. In the site form is continuously lifted using cranes.
Dimensions of the form are 2.4*4.8m.

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4. Concreting: Concrete is a heterogeneous mixture of binding agent (cement/lime),
fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water in required proportions according to the
strength desired. Accordingly, admixtures will be added to modify the properties of
concrete.

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 At present most of the structures are constructed using concrete. According to the
codal specifications concreting shall not be done to a height greater than 1.5m at a
stretch. But the formwork employed is of approximately 5m height. To suit this ICE
CONCRETING is preferred. It is the process where ice in suitable proportion is
added to the concrete mixing plant along with pre-damped aggregate. This will enable
continuous concreting upto 5m height without any problem.
5. Prestressed concrete: Prestressed concrete is a form of concrete used in construction.
It is substantially "prestressed" (compressed) during production, in a manner that
strengthens it against tensile forces which will exist when in service. This
compression is produced by the tensioning of high-strength "tendons" located within
or adjacent to the concrete and is done to improve the performance of the concrete in
service.
There are basically 2 ways of prestressing. They are:
(a) Pre-tensioning.
(b) Post -tensioning.

Here at the site post tensioning of concrete is done. Post-tensioned concrete is a

variant of prestressed concrete where the tendons are tensioned after the surrounding
concrete structure has been cast. The tendons are not placed in direct contact with the
concrete, but are encapsulated within a protective sleeve or duct which is either cast
into the concrete structure or placed adjacent to it. At each end of a tendon is an
anchorage assembly firmly fixed to the surrounding concrete. Once the concrete has
been cast and set, the tendons are tensioned ("stressed") by pulling the tendon ends
through the anchorages while pressing against the concrete. The large forces required
to tension the tendons result in a significant permanent compression being applied to
the concrete once the tendon is "locked-off" at the anchorage. The method of locking
the tendon-ends to the anchorage is dependent upon the tendon composition, with the
most common systems being "button-head" anchoring (for wire tendons), split-
wedge anchoring (for strand tendons), and threaded anchoring (for bar
tendons).Casting the tendon ducts/sleeves into the concrete before any tensioning
occurs allows them to be readily "profiled" to any desired shape including
incorporating vertical and/or horizontal curvature. When the tendons are tensioned,
this profiling results in reaction forces being imparted onto the hardened concrete, and

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these can be beneficially used to counter any loadings subsequently applied to the
structure.

In trunnion rods post-tensioning is done while concreting.