CHAPTER 4

3.1.4 ENERGETICS

HOMEWORK BOOKLET 4
 Topic 4 Exercise 1 – Enthalpy Changes

The chemical potential energy of a substance is known as its ENTHALPY and has the
symbol H.

During chemical reactions, the enthalpy can increase or decrease. The change in enthalpy
during chemical reactions is called the ENTHALPY CHANGE (ΔH). It usually has units of
kJmol-1.

Almost all reactions require an initial input of energy in order to break the bonds in the
reactants. This energy is called the ACTIVATION ENERGY (Ea).

1. What is meant by the term ‘exothermic reaction’? Describe the energy

changes which take place in an exothermic chemical reaction.

2. The combustion of methane is an exothermic reaction:

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O ΔH = -890 kJmol-1
Draw an enthalpy profile diagram for the combustion of methane. Label the
reactants and products, enthalpy change and activation energy.

Explain why the enthalpy increases before it decreases.

3. What will be the enthalpy change for the following reaction?

CO2 + 2H2O → CH4 + 2O2

4. a) Calculate the heat energy released when 100 g of methane is burned

b) Calculate the heat energy released when 500 cm3 of methane is burned
at 298 K and 300 kPa

c) Calculate the mass of methane required to produce 50,000 kJ of heat

energy.

5. What is meant by the term ‘endothermic reaction’? Describe the energy

changes which take place in an endothermic chemical reaction.

6. Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction:

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 ΔH = +2802 kJmol-1
Draw an enthalpy profile diagram for photosynthesis. Label the reactants and
products, enthalpy change and activation energy.

7. What will be the enthalpy change for the following reaction?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
 8. a) Calculate the amount of light energy required to make 1000 g of
glucose.

b) Calculate the amount of light energy required to absorb 500 cm3 of

carbon dioxide is at 298 K and 100 kPa

c) Calculate the mass of glucose which can be made when a tree absorbs
10,000 kJ of light energy.

Topic 4 Exercise 2 - bond dissociation energies

1. Define the term ‘bond dissociation energy’

bond Hb/kJmol-1 bond Hb/kJmol-1 bond Hb/kJmol-1

C-H +413 H-F +565 C=C +611
C-Br +280 N≡N +945 H-H +435
H-Br +366 F-F +158 N-H +391
Br-Br +193 C=O +805 O=O +498
C-C +347 O-H +464 I-I +151

2. Use the information in the table above to calculate approximate energy changes for
the following reactions:

a) CH4(g) + Br2(g) → CH3Br(g) + HBr(g)

b) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

c) H2(g) + F2(g) → 2HF(g)

d) N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

3. The enthalpy change for the following reaction:

H2(g) + I2(g) → 2HI(g) is -9 kJmol-1
Use this information and the values in the above table to calculate the bond
dissociation energy for the H-I bond

4. Explain why using bond dissociation energies only give you an approximate value for
the overall energy change
 Topic 4 Exercise 3 – measuring enthalpy changes

In all the following questions, assume that the densities and specific heat capacities of the
solutions are the same as pure water
i.e. ρ = 1.0 gcm-3 and c = 4.18 Jg-1K-1

1. Zinc will displace copper from copper (II) sulphate solution according to the following
equation:
CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) → Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
If an excess of zinc powder is added to 50 cm3 of 1.0 moldm-3 copper(II) sulphate, the
temperature increases by 6.3 oC. Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction.

2. Magnesium will also displace copper from copper (II) sulphate solution. If an excess of
magnesium is added to 100 cm3 of 1.0 moldm-3 copper(II) sulphate, the temperature
increases by 46.3 oC. Calculate the molar enthalpy change for the reaction

3. When 5.73 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolves in 100 cm3 of water, the temperature of
the water fell from 22.4 oC to 19.8 oC. Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction.

4. When 2.3 g of magnesium chloride dissolves in 200 cm3 of water, the temperature rose by
3.4 oC. Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction.

5. If 50 cm3 of 0.1 moldm-3 HCl and 50 cm3 of 0.1 moldm-3 NaOH are mixed, the
temperature of the solution rises by 0.68 oC. Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction
in kJmol-1.

6. If 50 cm3 of 1.0 moldm-3 NaOH is added to 25 cm3 of 2.0 moldm-3 CH3COOH, the
temperature rose by 8.3 oC. Calculate the molar enthalpy change for the reaction.

7. A spirit burner containing ethanol (C2H5OH) was used to heat 100 cm3 of water in a
copper can by 30 oC. As a result, the mass of the spirit burner decreased by 0.62 g.
Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol.

8. A spirit burner containing butan-1-ol (C4H9OH) was used to heat 200 cm3 of water in a
copper can by 20 oC. As a result, the mass of the spirit burner decreased by 0.81 g.
Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of butan-1-ol.

9. Explain why measuring energy changes tend to result in an underestimate of the actual
energy change in the reaction.
 Topic 4 Exercise 4 – Formation and Combustion Equations

1. Define the term “standard enthalpy of formation”

2. Write equations which represent the standard enthalpy of formation of the following
substances:

a) MgO

b) CO2

c) C4H10

d) C2H6O

e) Al2O3

3. Explain why the enthalpy of formation of all elements is always zero.

4. Define the term “standard enthalpy of combustion”

5. Write equations which represent the standard enthalpy of combustion of the following
substances:

a) CH4

b) C6H6

c) C2H6O

d) H2

e) Al

6. Identify three substances for which the enthalpy of combustion is zero.

 Topic 4 Exercise 5 - Hess' Law

Using standard enthalpies of formation

1. Given the following data:

Substance H2O(l) CO2(g) Ethane C2H6(g) Ethene C2H4(g)

Hf/kJmol-1 -286 -393 -84 +52

a) Write equations for the complete combustion of

i) ethane
ii) ethene

b) Calculate the enthalpy of combustion in each case using the above data.

2. Given the following data: Hf(CH4) = -74.8 kJmol-1, Hf(CH3Cl) = -134.5 kJmol-1,
Hf(HCl) = -92.3 kJmol-1;
Calculate H for the reaction CH4(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g)

3. Given the data:

Substance H2O(l) NH3(g)

Hf/kJmol-1 -286 -46

Calculate the enthalpy change of the following reaction:

4NH3(g) + 3O2(g) → 2N2(g) + 6H2O(l)

4. Given the data:

Substance B2H6(g) B2O3(s) C6H6(g) CO2(g) H2O(g)

Hf/kJmol-1 +31.4 -1270 +83.9 -393 -242

Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of gaseous diborane and gaseous benzene given that
they burn according to the following equations:
B2H6(g) + 3O2(g) → B2O3(s) + 3H2O(g), C6H6(g) + 7.5O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)

5. The enthalpy of combustion of ethanol is -1380 kJmol-1. Calculate the enthalpy of

formation of ethanol, given that the enthalpies of formation of carbon dioxide and water
are -393.7 and -285.9 kJmol-1 respectively.
 Using standard enthalpies of combustion

6. Calculate the enthalpy of formation of butane (C4H10) from the following data:

Enthalpy of combustion of graphite = -393.6 kJmol-1

Enthalpy of combustion of hydrogen = -285.9 kJmol-1
Enthalpy of combustion of butane = -2877.1 kJmol-1

7. Given the following data:

Substance CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH=CH2 H2

Hc/kJmol-1 -2877 -2717 -286

Calculate H for the following reaction: CH3CH2CH=CH2 + H2 → CH3CH2CH2CH3

8. Given the following data:

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) H = -890 kJmol-1

CO(g) + 1/2O2(g) → CO2(g) H = -284 kJmol-1
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) H = -393 kJmol-1
H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) → H2O(l) H = -286 kJmol-1

Calculate:
a) The enthalpy of formation of methane
b) The enthalpy of formation of carbon monoxide
c) The enthalpy change when methane is burned in limited oxygen to form carbon monoxide
and water.
 AS LEVEL CHEMISTRY

TOPIC 4 – ENERGETICS

ASSESSED HOMEWORK
Answer all questions

Max 80 marks

Name
……………………………………………………………..

Mark ……../80 ……....% Grade ………

1. The alcohol 2-methylpropan-2-ol, (CH3)3COH, reacts to form esters that are
used as flavourings by the food industry. The alcohol can be oxidised to
produce carbon dioxide and water.

A student carried out an experiment on a pure sample of 2-methylpropan-2-ol to

determine its enthalpy of combustion. A sample of the alcohol was placed into a
spirit burner and positioned under a beaker containing 50 cm3 of water. The spirit
burner was ignited and allowed to burn for several minutes before it was
extinguished.

The results for the experiment are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Initial temperature of the water / °C 18.1

Final temperature of the water / °C 45.4

Initial mass of spirit burner and alcohol / g 208.80

Final mass of spirit burner and alcohol / g 208.58

(a) Use the results from Table 1 to calculate a value for the heat energy
released from the combustion of this sample of 2-methylpropan-2-ol.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K–1 g–1.
Show your working.

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(2)
 (b) Calculate the amount, in moles, of 2-methylpropan-2-ol burned in the
experiment.
Hence calculate a value, in kJ mol–1, for the enthalpy of combustion of
2-methylpropan-2-ol.
Show your working.

(If you were unable to calculate an answer to part (a), you should assume
that the heat energy released was 5580 J. This is not the correct value.)

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(3)
(c) An equation for the combustion of 2-methylpropan-2-ol is

(CH3)3COH(I) + 6O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(I)

Table 2 contains some standard enthalpy of formation data.

Table 2

(CH3)3COH(I) O2(g) CO2(g) H2O(I)

∆Hf / kJ mol–1 –360 0 –393 –286

Use the data from Table 2 to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of
combustion of 2-methylpropan-2-ol. Show your working.

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(3)
 (d) An accurate value for the enthalpy of combustion of 2-methylpropan-2-ol in
which water is formed as a gas is –2422 kJ mol–1.

Use this value and your answer from part (b) to calculate the overall
percentage error in the student’s experimental value for the enthalpy of
combustion of 2-methylpropan-2-ol.

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(1)

(e) Suggest one improvement that would reduce errors due to heat loss in the
student’s experiment.

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(1)

(f) Suggest one other source of error in the student’s experiment. Do not include heat
loss, apparatus error or student error.

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(1)
(Total 11 marks)

2. A 50.0 cm3 sample of a 0.200 mol dm–3 solution of silver nitrate was placed in a
polystyrene beaker. An excess of powdered zinc was added to this solution and
the mixture stirred. Zinc nitrate, Zn(NO3)2, and silver were formed and a rise in
temperature of 3.20 °C was recorded.

(a) Write an equation for the reaction between silver nitrate and zinc.

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(1)

(b) Calculate the number of moles of silver nitrate used in the experiment.

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(2)
 (c) Calculate the heat energy evolved by the reaction in this experiment
assuming that all the energy evolved is used to heat only the 50.0 g of
water in the mixture.
(Specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g–1 K–1)

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(2)

(d) Calculate the heat energy change for the reaction per mole of zinc reacted.

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(2)

(e) Explain why the experimental value for the heat energy evolved in this
experiment is less than the correct value.

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(1)
(Total 8 marks)

3. Antimony is a solid element that is used in industry. The method used for the
extraction of antimony depends on the grade of the ore.

(a) In the second stage of the extraction of antimony from a high-grade ore,
antimony(III) oxide is reacted with carbon monoxide at high temperature.

(i) Use the standard enthalpies of formation in the table and the
equation given below the table to calculate a value for the standard
enthalpy change for this reaction.

Sb2O3(s) CO(g) Sb(I) CO2(g)

ΔHf / kJ mol–1 -705 -111 +20 -394

Sb2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Sb(I) + 3CO2(g)

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(3)
 (ii) Suggest why the value for the standard enthalpy of formation of liquid
antimony, given in the table above, is not zero.

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(1)

(b) Deduce one reason why the method of extraction of antimony from a low-
grade ore, described in part (a), is a low-cost process. Do not include the
cost of the ore.

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(1)
(Total 5 marks)

4. (a) State what is meant by the term mean bond enthalpy.

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(2)

(b) Ethanal has the structure

Gaseous ethanal burns as shown by the equation

CH3CHO(g) + 2½O2(g) → 2H2O(g) + 2CO2(g)

Use the mean bond enthalpy data given below to answer the following
questions.

Bond Mean bond enthalpy/kJ mol–1

C—H +413

C—C +347

C==O +736

O==O +498

O—H +464
 (i) Calculate the enthalpy change which occurs when all the bonds in
the reactants shown in the above equation are broken.

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(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change which occurs when all the bonds in
the products shown in the above equation are formed.

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(iii) Hence, calculate the enthalpy change for the complete combustion
of ethanal as shown in the equation above.

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(5)
(Total 7 marks)

5. (a) Define the term standard molar enthalpy of formation, ΔHf .

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(3)

(b) State Hess’s law.

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(1)
 (c) Propanone, CH3COCH3, burns in oxygen as shown by the equation

CH3COCH3(l) + 4 O2(g) → 3H2O(l) + 3CO2(g)

Use the data given below to calculate the standard enthalpy of combustion
of propanone.

CO2(g) H2O(l) CH3COCH3(l)

ΔHf /kJ mol–1 –394 –286 –248

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(3)
(Total 7 marks)

6. (a) What is the meaning of the term enthalpy change?

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(2)
(b) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the formation from its
elements of solid
sodium sulphate, Na2SO4.

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(2)
 (c) Some standard enthalpy changes are difficult to measure directly but can
be determined from standard enthalpies of combustion.
Maleic acid, C4H4O4, reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
as shown by the following equation.

C4H4O4(s) + 3O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

Use the standard enthalpy of combustion data given below to calculate a

value for the standard enthalpy change for the following reaction.

4C(s) + 2H2(g) + 2O2(g) → C4H4O4(s)

C4H4O4(s) C(s) H2(g)

ΔHc / kJ mol–1 –1356 –393.5 –285.8

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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
7. Ethanol is an important fuel.

(a) A student carried out a laboratory experiment to determine the enthalpy

change when a sample of ethanol was burned. The heat produced was
used to warm some water in a copper calorimeter. The student found that
the temperature of 75.0 g of water increased by 5.50 °C when 2.40 × 10–3
mol of pure ethanol was burned in air.

Use the student’s results to calculate a value, in kJ mol–1, for the enthalpy
change when one mole of ethanol is burned.
(The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K–1 g–1)

Deduce two reasons why the student’s value for the standard enthalpy of
combustion of ethanol is different from a Data Book value of –1279 kJ mol–1

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(5)
(b) Mean bond enthalpies can be used to calculate enthalpies of reaction.

(ii) Consider the mean bond enthalpy data in the following table.

C—H C—C C—O O=O C=O O—H

Mean bond enthalpy / to be

412 348 360 805 463
kJ mol–1 calculated

Use the data in the table above and the equation shown to calculate
a value for the bond enthalpy for the O=O double bond in an oxygen
molecule.

CH3CH2OH(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g) ΔH = –1279 kJ mol–1

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(3)
(Total 8 marks)
8. (a) Anhydrous calcium chloride is not used as a commercial de-icer because it reacts
with water.
The reaction with water is exothermic and causes handling problems.

A student weighed out 1.00 g of anhydrous calcium chloride. Using a

pipette, 25.0 cm3 of water were measured out and transferred to a plastic
cup. The cup was placed in a beaker to provide insulation. A thermometer
was mounted in the cup using a clamp and stand. The bulb of the
thermometer was fully immersed in the water.

The student recorded the temperature of the water in the cup every minute,
stirring the water before reading the temperature. At the fourth minute the
anhydrous calcium chloride was added, but the temperature was not
recorded. The mixture was stirred, then the temperature was recorded at
the fifth minute. The student continued stirring and recording the
temperature at minute intervals for seven more minutes.

The student’s results are shown in the table below.

Time / minutes 0 1 2 3 4

Temperature / °C 19.6 19.5 19.5 19.5

Time / minutes 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Temperature / °C 24.6 25.0 25.2 24.7 24.6 23.9 23.4 23.0

Plot a graph of temperature (y-axis) against time on the grid below.

Draw a line of best fit for the points before the fourth minute.
Draw a second line of best fit for the appropriate points after the fourth
minute.
Extrapolate both lines to the fourth minute.
(5)
(b) Use your graph to determine an accurate value for the temperature of the water at the
fourth minute (before mixing).

Temperature before mixing

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(1)

(c) Use your graph to determine an accurate value for the temperature of the
reaction mixture at the fourth minute (after mixing).

Temperature after mixing .............................................................................

(1)

(d) Use your answers from parts (b) and (c) to determine an accurate value for
the temperature rise at the fourth minute.
Give your answer to the appropriate precision.

Temperature rise ..........................................................................................

(1)

(e) Use your answer from part (d) to calculate the heat given out during this
experiment. Assume that the water has a density of 1.00 g cm–3 and a
specific heat capacity of 4.18 JK–1 g–1. Assume that all of the heat given out
is used to heat the water.
Show your working.

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(2)

(f) Calculate the amount, in moles, of CaCl2 in 1.00 g of anhydrous calcium

chloride (Mr = 111.0).

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(1)

(g) Use your answers from parts (e) and (f) to calculate a value for the
enthalpy change, in kJ mol–1, for the reaction that occurs when anhydrous
calcium chloride dissolves in water.

CaCl2(s) + aq CaCl2(aq)

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(2)
 (h) Explain why it is important that the reaction mixture is stirred before
recording each temperature.

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(1)

(i) Anhydrous calcium chloride can be prepared by passing chlorine over

heated calcium.
To prevent unreacted chlorine escaping into the atmosphere, a student
suggested the diagram of the apparatus for this experiment shown below.

(i) Suggest one reason why the student wished to prevent unreacted
chlorine escaping into the atmosphere.

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(1)

(ii) Suggest one hazard of using the apparatus as suggested by the

student for this experiment.

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(1)
(Total 16 marks)

9. A student used Hess’s Law to determine a value for the enthalpy change that
occurs when anhydrous copper(II) sulfate is hydrated. This enthalpy change was
labelled ΔHexp by the student in a scheme of reactions.
 (a) Write a mathematical expression to show how ΔHexp, ΔH1 and ΔH2 are
related to each other by Hess’s Law.

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(1)

(b) Use the mathematical expression that you have written in part (b), and the data book
values for the two enthalpy changes ΔH1 and ΔH2 shown, to calculate a value
for ΔHexp

ΔH1 = −156 kJ mol−1

ΔH2 = +12 kJ mol−1

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(1)

(c) The student added 0.0210 mol of pure anhydrous copper(II) sulfate to 25.0
cm3 of deionised water in an open polystyrene cup. An exothermic reaction
occurred and the temperature of the water increased by 14.0 °C.

(i) Use these data to calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ mol−1, for this
reaction of copper(II) sulfate. This is the student value for ΔH1

In this experiment, you should assume that all of the heat released is
used to raise the temperature of the 25.0 g of water. The specific
heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K−1 g−1.

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(3)
 (ii) Suggest one reason why the student value for ΔH1 calculated in part
(d)(i) is less accurate than the data book value given in part (c).

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(1)

(d) Suggest one reason why the value for ΔHexp cannot be measured directly.

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(1)
(Total 7 marks)

10. Using the data below, which is the correct value for the standard enthalpy of
formation for TiCl4(l)?

C(s) + TiO2(s) + 2Cl2(g) → TiCl4(l) + CO2(g) ∆H = −232 kJ mol−1

Ti(s) + O2(g) → TiO2(s) = −912 kJ mol−1

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) = −394 kJ mol−1

A −1538 kJ mol−1

B −1094 kJ mol−1

C −750 kJ mol−1

D +286 kJ mol−1
(Total 1 mark)

11. Use the information below to answer this question.

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ΔH = −394 kJ mol−1

H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(l) ΔH = −286 kJ mol−1

4C(s) + 5H2(g) → C4H10(g) ΔH = −126 kJ mol−1

The standard enthalpy of combustion of butane, in kJ mol−1, is

A −2880

B −2590

C −806

D −554
(Total 1 mark)
12. When 0.10 g of propane was burned the quantity of heat evolved was 5.0 kJ.
The enthalpy of combustion of propane in kJ mol−1 is

A −800

B −1500

C −2200

D −2900
(Total 1 mark)

13. In which one of the following reactions is the standard enthalpy change equal to the
standard enthalpy of formation of lithium fluoride?

A Li(g) + F(g) → LiF(s)

B Li+(g) + F−(g) → LiF(s)

C Li+(aq) + F−(g) → LiF(s)

D Li(s) + F2(g) → LiF(s)

(Total 1 mark)
 AS LEVEL CHEMISTRY

TOPIC 4 – ENERGETICS
TEST
Answer all questions

Max 50 marks

Name
……………………………………………………………..

Mark ……../50 ……....% Grade ………

1. (a) Explain the meaning of the terms mean bond enthalpy and standard
enthalpy of formation.

Mean bond enthalpy .....................................................................................

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Standard enthalpy of formation .....................................................................

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(5)

(b) Some mean bond enthalpies are given below.

Bond N–H N–N N≡N H–O O–O

Mean bond enthalpy/kJ mol–1 388 163 944 463 146

Use these data to calculate the enthalpy change for the following gas-
phase reaction between hydrazine, N2H4, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2

+ 2 H––O––O––H N ≡ N + 4 H––O––H

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)
(c) Some standard enthalpies of formation are given below.

N2H4(g) H2O2(g) H2O(g)

∆Hfο /kJ mol–1 +75 –133 –242

These data can be used to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction
in part (b).

N2H4(g) + 2H2O2(g) → N2(g) + 4H2O(g)

(i) State the value of ∆Hfο for N2(g).

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Use the ∆Hfο values from the table to calculate the enthalpy change
for this reaction.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(4)

(d) Explain why the value obtained in part (b) is different from that obtained in
part (c)(ii).

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
2. (a) State Hess’s Law and use it, together with the data given in the table below,
to calculate the
standard enthalpy change for the following reaction.

MgO(s) + 2HCl(g) → MgCl2(s) + H2O(l)

MgO HCl(g) MgCl2 H2O

ΔHf /kJ mol–1 –602 –92 –642 –286

(4)

(b) In an experiment, an excess of solid magnesium oxide was added to 50

cm3 of 3.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid. The initial temperature of the solution
was 21 °C. After reaction, the temperature had risen to 53 °C. (The specific
heat capacity of water is 4.2 J K–1 g–1)

Use this information to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction of
one mole of magnesium oxide with hydrochloric acid. For your calculation
you should assume that all the heat from the reaction is used to raise the
temperature of 50 g of water.

(8)
(Total 12 marks)
3. The table below contains some mean bond enthalpy data.

Bond H––H C––C C=C N≡N N––H

Mean bond enthalpy / kJ mol–1 436 348 612 944 388

(a) (i) Write an equation for the formation of one mole of ammonia, NH3,
from its elements.

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Use data from the table above to calculate a value for the enthalpy of
formation of ammonia.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(4)

(b) Use the following equation and data from the table above to calculate a
value for the C–H bond enthalpy in ethane.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

4. (a) Write an equation for the complete combustion of propanone, C3H6O, to form
carbon dioxide and water.

......................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) In a laboratory experiment, 1.45 g of propanone were burned completely in
oxygen. The heat from this combustion was used to raise the temperature
of 100 g of water from 293.1 K to 351.2 K.

(i) Calculate the number of moles of propanone in the 1.45 g.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate the heat energy required to raise the temperature of 100 g
of water from 293.1 K to 351.2 K.
(The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K–1 g–1)

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Hence, calculate a value, in kJ mol–1, for the enthalpy of combustion

of propanone.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(5)

(c) In a similar experiment, the enthalpy of combustion of butanone, C4H8O,

was found to be –1290 kJ mol–1. A data book value for the same reaction is
ΔHc = –2430 kJ mol–1.

(i) Suggest one reason why the experimental value is very different from
the data book value.

.............................................................................................................

(ii) This data book value of ΔHc for butanone (–2430 kJ mol–1) refers to
the formation of carbon dioxide gas and water in the gaseous state.
How would this value differ if it referred to the formation of water in
the liquid state? Explain your answer.

Difference ...........................................................................................

Explanation .........................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(3)
 (d) Calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of formation for liquid
ethanethiol,C2H5SH. Use the equation given below and enthalpy of
combustion data from the following table.

Substance C2H5SH(l) C(s) H2(g) S(s)

ΔHc / kJ mol–1 –1170 –394 –286 –297

2C(s) + 3H2(g) + S(s) → C2H5SH(l)

(3)
(Total 12 marks)

5. Given the following data

C(s) + 2H2(g) → CH4(g) ∆H = −75 kJ mol−1

H2(g) → 2H(g) ∆H = +436 kJ mol−1

which one of the following is the enthalpy change, in kJ mol−1, of the reaction
below?

CH4(g) → C(s) + 4H(g)

A −947

B +511

C +797

D +947
(Total 1 mark)
6. Use the information below to answer this question.

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆H = −393.5 kJ mol−1

H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(l) ∆H = −285.8 kJ mol−1

3C(s) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(g) ∆H = −104.0 kJ mol−1

4C(s) + 5H2(g) → C4H10(g) ∆H = −125.2 kJ mol−1

The value in kJ mol−1 of the enthalpy of thermal dissociation when butane forms
propane, hydrogen and carbon is

A −26.3

B −17.5

C +17.5

D +21.2
(Total 1 mark)

7. When ethanamide (CH3CONH2) burns in oxygen the carbon is converted into carbon
dioxide, the hydrogen is converted into water and the nitrogen forms nitrogen gas.

Substance ethanamide carbon water

dioxide

Enthalpy of formation ( ) / kJ −320 −394 −286

mol−1

Using the data above, which one of the following is a correct value for the
enthalpy of combustion of ethanamide?

A −1823 kJ mol−1

B −1183 kJ mol−1

C −1000 kJ mol−1

D −360 kJ mo1−1
(Total 1 mark)
8. Use the information below to answer this question.

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆H = −393.5 kJ mol−1

H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(l) ∆H = −285.8 kJ mol−1

3C(s) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(g) ∆H = −104.0 kJ mol−1

4C(s) + 5H2(g) → C4H10(g) ∆H = −125.2 kJ mol−1

The value in kJ mol−1 for the enthalpy of combustion of propane is

A −211.7

B −419.7

C −2220

C −2878
(Total 1 mark)

9. The table below shows data for the four hydrocarbons ethyne, propyne, propene and
propane. ΔHc is the standard enthalpy of combustion of these hydrocarbons.

Compound Name Mr −ΔHc / kJ mol−1

HC≡CH ethyne 26 1300

HC≡CCH3 propyne 40 1940

H2C=CHCH3 propene 42 2060

CH3CH2CH3 propane 44 2220

The complete combustion of 2.0 g of one of the above hydrocarbons releases

exactly 100 kJ of heat energy.

This hydrocarbon is

A ethyne

B propyne

C propene

D propane
(Total 1 mark)
10. Consider the reactions

C2H4(g) + 2O2(g) → 2CO(g) + 2H2O(g) ∆H = −758 kJ

mol−1

2C(s) + 2H2(g) → C2H4(g) ∆H = +52 kJ

mol−1

H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(g) ∆H = −242 kJ

mol−1

The enthalpy of formation of carbon monoxide is

A −111 kJ mol−1

B −163 kJ mol−1

C −222 kJ mol−1

D -464 kJ mol−1
(Total 1 mark)