SQL LANGUAGE PROGRAM’s

‘&’ NOTE’s

INTRODUCTION in - "SQL"

 SQL stands for Structure Query Language .

 
 Suppose mere pass ek database hai OR muje ye
database ko access karna hai toh access karne ke liye
kuch chaye toh hum SQL use karte hai .
 
 Or muje ye database se kisi value ko dubara lena hai ya
muje ye database ke andar koi value dalna hai ya
"UPDATE" karna hai database ko toh hum ye sari chezen
SQL Query ki help se kar sakte hai
DATABASE WORK in - "SQL"

 SQL databases ke against executes kar sakta hai

 
 SQL database se data dubara le sakta hai
 
 SQL database me hum koi bhi record daal sakte hai
 
 SQL database me koi bhi record ko update kar sakte hai
 
 SQL database me koi bhi record ko delete kar sakte hai
 SQL me new database create bhi kar sakte hai 
 SQL database me new table bhi create kar sakte hai

DBMS in - "SQL"

 DBMS stands for Data Base Management System

 
 Data file ke roop me store hota hai
 Isme tree data structure ke form me data store hota hai
- ( ' Hierarchal Arrangement ' )
 
 Normalization available nhi hota hai
Normalization means jo data store hota hai wo
‘normalized’ form me data store hota hai means hum
easily wo data ko nhi le sakte hai hai DBMS me
 
 Ek baar me ek he user access kar sakta hai database ko
  Acid property support nhi karta hai
ACID stands for Atomicity , Consistency , Isolation ,
Durability
 
 Client Server Architecture ko support nhi karta hai

RDBMS in - "SQL"

 RDMS stands for Relational Data Base Management

System
 
 Tabular form me data store hota hai
 Data rows or columns ke form me store hota hai -
( ' Tabular Form ')

 Normalization available hota hai

Normalization means jo data store hota hai wo
‘normalized’ form me data store hota hai means hum
easily wo data ko le sakte hai hai RDBMS me
 Multiple users access kar sakta hai database ko ek he
time par
 
 Acid property support karta hai

ACID stands for Atomicity , Consistency , Isolation ,

Durability
 
 Client Server Architecture ko support karta hai

CREATE TABLE in - "SQL"

  Database ke andar new table create karte hai
 
 Writing Skiils………!
 
CREATE TABLE type_name(
Column1 datatype ,
Column2 datatype ,
Column3 datatype
);
 
e.g…
CREATE TABLE Persons
(
P_ID int,
FirstName varchar(25) ,
LastName varchar(25) ,
Address varchar(25),
City varchar(25)
);
 
 Varchar hai toh 25 character tak use kar sakte hai

Example me firstname , lastname , address , city ye sare

varchar me hai means 25 character tak use kar sakte hai
OR Sirf persons id integer me hai
INSERT INTO in - " SQL "

 Table ke andar agar rows add karna hai toh insert into
ka use karte hai
 
 Table ke andar record add karne ke liye insert into ka
use karte hai
 
 Writing Skills………!
 
INSERT INTO table_name(Column1 , Column2 , Column3)
VALUES(value1 , value2 , value3)
 
 e..g…
INSERT INTO table_name(P_ID , FirstName , LastName ,
Address , City)
VALUES(1 , 'Abhinav' , 'Singh' , 'Mahadeva' , 'Siwan');
AND & OR OPERATOR in - "SQL"

 AND operator me jab dono condition true hogi tabhi

true hoga
 
 OR operator me koi bhi condition true hogi toh true
hoga
 
 Writing Skills………!
SELECT column1 , column2 , …….
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condition3 , …….;
 
SELECT column1 , column2 , …….
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2 OR condition3 , …….;
WHERE CLAUSE in - "SQL"

 Jo bhi humko select karna hai , jo data humko chaye toh

"where" ke baad condition likhenge toh uske baad ka
data mil jayega
 
 Writing Skills……!

SELECT column_name from

table_name where column_name
operator_value;

ORDER BY in - "SQL"
 Jaise hum order by column name likh dete hai OR isme
kuch bhi nhi likh ta hun toh , by default jo data hai wo
ascending order me humko show karega

 OR humko descending order me data chaye toh "DESC"

likhna hoga
  Writing Skills……!
Select column_name from table_name order by
column_name
ASC | DESC

DISTINCT STATEMENT in - "SQL"

 Jaise ki record jo hai wo duplicate ho sakta hai , kbhi

kbhi hume different value chaye rehta hai table me
 
 Writing Skills……!
 
SELECT DISTINCT column_name
From table_name;
DELETE STATEMENT in - "SQL"

 Suppose ki ek table hai OR muje table ke andar koi bhi

record muje delete karna hai toh "where clause" ko
 agar nhi likhte hai toh sare record jo hai wo delete ho
jayenge
 
 Ek baar delete kar diye statement ko toh "undo" nhi kar
sakte hai
 
 Writing Skills……!
 
DELETE FROM table_name where
condition;

DATE AND TIME in - “SQL”

 Writing Skills……!

SELECT NOW() , CURDATE() , CURTIME();

FUNCTIONS in - "SQL"

 *___ALL-FUNCTIONS-WRITING-SKILLS___*
 
 AVG() - SELECT AVG(column_name) from table_name;
 
 COUNT() - SELECT COUNT(column_name) from
table_name;
 
 LCASE() - SELECT LCASE(column_name) from
table_name;
 
 MAX() - SELECT MAX(column_name) from table_name;
 
  MIN() - SELECT MIN(column_name) from table_name;
 
 SUM() - SELECT SUM(column_name) from table_name
WHERE condition;
 
 ROUND() - SELECT column_name ,
ROUND(column_name , decimals) from table_name;
 
 SUBSTRING() - is used to get part of a String
 
 SELECT LastName , SUBSTR(FirstName , 1 , 1) AS Initial
from Persons;
 
 UCASE() - SELECT UCASE(column_name) from
table_name;
 
 REPLACE() - SELECT REPLACE(CustomerName , 'Brown' ,
'Hello') from table_name;
GROUP BY STATEMENT in - "SQL"
 Group By Statement means ki jo hota hai usko hum
aggregate function ke sath use karte hai
  Aggregate functions means jaise e.g. Group by likha
hua hai toh wo kiske sath hai toh aggregate functions ke
sath use hai --- (like…sum)
 
 Previous topic “FUNCTIONS” me jitne likhe hue hai wo
sare aggregate functions hai
 
 Writing Skills……!
 
SELECT column_name(s) , FROM table_name
WHERE conndition GROUP BY column_name(s)
 
 e.g….!

SELECT Customer , SUM(OrderPrice) from Orders Group

by Customers
HAVING CLAUSE in - "SQL"

 Jb bhi hum log "sum" karte hai toh "having" use ka use
karte hai "where" use nhi karte hai
 
 How to use having..?
 
SELECT Customer , Sum(OrderPrice) from Orders
Group BY Customer Having
SUM(OrderPrice) < 4000
ALTER TABLE STATEMENT in - "SQL"

 Alter ka use generally hum log column me karte hai jaise

ki …..
Column me kuch add karna hai , delete karna hai , modify
karna hai , new column add karna hai etc..!
 
 Alter sirf column me use hota hai

 *___TO ADD A COLUMN IN A TABLE___*

 
 (ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name
datatypes)
 *___TO DELETE A COLUMN IN A TABLE___*
 (ALTER TABLE table_name drop column column_name)
 *___TO CHANGE THE DATA TYPES OF A COLUMN IN A
TABLE___*
 
 (ALTER TABLE table_name modify column column_name
datatypes)
ALIAS in - "SQL"

 Suppose column ka name "customer" hai OR hum chate

hai ki temporary column ka name "customer name" ho
jaye
 
 Isme hum table ya columns ka name change kar sakte
hai OR koi bhi dusra name de sakte hai
 
 Then the change '&' Writing Skills……!
 
SELECT Column_name as alias_name from table_name

DROP in - "SQL"
  Drop ka use yhi hai ki table ka database ko delete kar
deta hai
 
 Jo database ke andar table hota hai whi pura ka pura
delete ho jata hai
 
 Toh muje phir se table bana na hoga toh phir se "create
table name" pura likhna hoga
 
 Agar muje database ko bhi delete karna hai toh
database bhi delete ho jayega
 
 Writing Skills Drop Table……!
 
DROP DATABASE Database_name;
 
 Writing Skills Drop Database……!

 
DROP DATABASE Database_name;
BETWEEN OPERATOR in - "SQL"

 2 value ke bich me agar muje data chaye jisme starting

ka OR end ka dono include hona chaye toh hum
between operator ka use karenge
 
 Writing Skills……!
 
SELECT * FROM Products
WHERE Price BETWEEN 1000 and 2500;
IN OPERATOR in - "SQL"

 ( ) , Parenthesis ke andar jo bhi denge wo data hume mil

jayega
 
 Writing Skills……!
 
SELECT * FROM Persons where LASTNAME IN ( 'PQR' ,
'XYZ' );
SQL LIKE OPEATOR in - "SQL"

 SQL Like Operator karta hai ki kuch bhi search karna ho

specified pattern toh uske liye hum SQL Like Operator ka
use karte hai
 
e.g..!
Suppose customer ka name 'Anmol' hai toh wo data
chaye jo "A" se start hona chaye then hum likhenge……!
 
WHERE CustomerName LIKE a%
 
 Writing Skills……!

 
WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a%'
Find any values that start with "a"
WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%a'
Find any values that end with "a"
 
WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%or%'
Find any values that have "or" in any position
 
WHERE CustomerName LIKE '_r%'
Find any values that have "r" in the second position
 
WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a_%'
Find any values that start with "a" and are at least 2
characters in length
 
WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a__%'
Find any values that start with "a" and are at least 3
characters in length
 
WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a%o'
Find any values that start with "a" and ends with "o"
TRUNCATE COMMAND in - "SQL"

 Jaise ki humari table hai orders -- toh truncate yha par

ye karega ki iske andar jitni bhi record hai vo sare record
ko delete kar dega , table ko delete nhi karta hai
 
 Writing Skills……!
 
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

UPDATE COMMAND in - "SQL"

 Kisi bhi table ke record ko update karna ho toh hum

update command ka use karte hai
 
 Writing Skills……!
 UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1 , column2 = value2 , …….
WHERE condition;
 
UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName='Juan'
WHERE Country='Mexico';

CONSTRAINT in - "SQL"

 Constraints ek tarah ka condions hota hai jo hum log

columns par apply karte hai "OR" ya kuch rules hai jo
columns par apply karte hai
 
 NOT NULL => Hum columns ke andar "Not Null" de
sakte hai jha pr hum log 'NULL' value store nhi kra sakte
hai us columns me
 
 UNIQUE => Agar hum columns ko "Unique" bol diye
toh duplicate value store nhi ho sakta hai us columns me
 
 PRIMARY KEY => "Not Null & Unique" ka combination
hai and table me har ek row ki 'unique' tarah se identifie
(pechan) karta hai
 
 FOREIGN KEY => Table ke bich me links ko khatam
honay se bachata hai
 
 CHECK => Hum log koi bhi columns par "Check
Constraints" apply kar sakte hai 'Suppose mere pass
columns hai and usme age name ka ek column hai OR
 hum chate hai ki ye greater than 18 honi chaye & agar
iske niche insert karte hai toh error de de toh ye hota ki
iss wali columns par hum check constraint lga sakte hai
 
 DEFAULT => Agar ab hum kuch nhi dete hai toh "by
default" null value store hotey hai

NOT NULL in - "SQL"

 Writing Skills……!
 
CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL ,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL ,
FirstName varchar(255) NOT NULL ,
Age int
);
 
 Hum columns ke andar "Not Null" de sakte hai jha pr

hum log 'NULL' value store nhi kra sakte hai us columns
me
UNIQUE CONSTRAINT in - "SQL"

 Writing Skills……!
 
 CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL UNIQUE ,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL ,
FirstName varchar(255) ,
Age int
);
 
 Agar hum columns ko "Unique" bol diye toh duplicate

value store nhi ho sakti

CHECK CONSTRAINT in - "SQL"

 Writing Skills……!
 
CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL ,
 LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL ,
FirstName varchar(255) ,
Age int ,
CHECK (Age>=18)
);
 
 Hum log koi bhi columns par "Check Constraints" apply

kar sakte hai 'Suppose mere pass columns hai and usme
age name ka ek column hai OR hum chate hai ki ye
greater than 18 honi chaye & agar iske niche insert karte
hai toh error de de toh ye hota ki iss wali columns par
hum check constraint lga sakte hai
PRIMARY KEY in - "SQL"

 " Unique + Not Null " ye dono constraint hoga primary

key ke taraf se
 
 Isme ek table ke andar 'primary key' hoga OR ek table ke
andar foreign key hoga
 
 Toh undono tables me ek column common hoga jiska
datatype same hoga
 
 Primary Key ko hum log 'parent table' bolte hai
 
 "Not Null & Unique" ka combination hai and table me
har ek row ki 'unique' tarah se identifie (pechan) karta
hai
 
 Writing Skills……!
 
CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL ,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL ,
FirstName varchar(255) ,
Age int ,
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

FOREIGN KEY in - "SQL"

 Foreign Key two table ko ek me add karta hai

 
 Isme ek table ke andar 'primary key' hoga OR ek table ke
andar foreign key hoga
 
 Toh undono tables me ek column common hoga jiska
datatype same hoga
 
 Foreign Key ko hum log 'child table' bolte hai
 
 Table ke bich me links ko khatam honay se bachata hai
 
 Writing Skills……!
 
CREATE TABLE Orders (
OrdersID int NOT NULL ,
OrderNumber int NOT NULL ,
PersonsID int ,
 PRIMARY KEY (OrderID) ,
FOREIGN KEY (PersonID) REFERENCES
Persons(PersonID)
);

JOIN OPERATION in - "SQL"

 Suppose 2 table hai toh dono table ko add karna hai OR

ise combine karna hai toh aisa karne ke liye join
operation ka use karte hai
 
 Different types ke ' join operation ' hotey hai……!
 
INNER JOIN / JOIN => Isme jo matching value hoga dono
table me whi print hoga
 
LEFT JOIN => Sari rows left table ki return hogi OR agar
matches nhi kar rha hai right table me phir bhi humko
sare rows isme left table ki dekhne ko mileygi
 
RIGHT JOIN => Jitni bhi right table ki rows hai vo sare
return hoga agar uska koi bhi matching value nhi hai left
table me toh sare rows return hoga
 
FULL JOIN => Tables me se kisi ek me match honay par
rows return karega
 
 SELECT ID , NAME , AMOUNT , DATE FROM CUSTOMERS

LEFT JOIN ORDERS

ON [Link] = ORDERS.CUSTOMERS_ID;
 
  SELECT ID , NAME , AMOUNT , DATE FROM CUSTOMERS
RIGHT JOIN ORDERS
ON [Link] = ORDERS.CUSTOMERS_ID;

INCREMENT in - "SQL"

 Writing Skills……!
 
CREATE TABLE Persons (
Personid int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT ,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL ,
FirstName varchar(255) ,
Age int ,
PRIMARY KEY (Personid)
);
 
 Auto Increment me ek new record inserted par ek

unique number generate karne ko allow karta deta hai

TOP CLAUSE in - "SQL"

 Writing Skills……!
  
Select * from persons limit 5;
 
 Top Clause se hum koi bhi top data ya after data pata

laga sakte hai

 
 Top Clause ka use karke record ka number ko return
karne ke liye specify karne ke liye use kiya jata hai

COMMANDS in - "SQL"

 DDL => Data Definiton Language

 
 DQL => Data Query Language
 
 DML => Data Manipulation Language
 
 DCL => Data Control Language
 
  DDL => CREATE , DROP , ALTER , TRUNCATE
 
 DML => INSERT , DELETE , UPDATE
 
 DQL => SELECT
 
 TCL => COMMIT , SAVEPOINT , ROLLBACK
 
 DCL => GRANT , REVOKE