CALCULUS 2

1.1 Definition: The function 𝐹(𝑥) is said to be the integral of

𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, if the differential of 𝐹(𝑥) is 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
In symbol, ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶
Where ∫ − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛
𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝐶 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1.2 STANDARD INTEGRATION FORMULAS
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶

2. ∫(𝑢 + 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ 𝑎𝑢𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑥

𝑢𝑛+1
4. ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶 , 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1

𝑑𝑢
5. ∫ = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢

Where u and v are differentiable functions of x.

a, n, and c are constants.

1.3 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

This method involves a change of variable. The purpose of
substituting a new variable is to bring the problem to a form
for which a standard formula can be applied.

1.4 INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

T1: ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 + 𝐶
T2: ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶
T3: ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢| + 𝐶
T4: ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢| + 𝐶
T5: ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢| + 𝐶
T6: ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢| + 𝐶
T7: ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶
T8: ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 + 𝐶
T9: ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 + 𝐶
T10: ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢 + 𝐶
1.5 INTEGRATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
E1: ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑎𝑢
E2: ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶 , 𝑎>0, 𝑎 ≠1
𝑙𝑛𝑎

1.6 INTEGRATION OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

H1: ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
H2: ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
H3: ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
H4: ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
H5: ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
H6: ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
H7: ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢| + 𝐶
H8: ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢| + 𝐶

CHAPTER 2: METHODS OF INTEGRATION

2.1 POWERS OF SINES AND COSINES
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 , (𝑚, 𝑛 ≠ 1)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠.
Case 1: When m is positive odd integer and n is any number.
Use: 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣
Case 2: When n is positive odd integer and m is any number.
Use: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣
Case 3: When m and n are both even integers (or one is zero)
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑣 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑣
Use: 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣 =
2 2

2.2 POWERS TANGENTS AND SECANTS

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑚 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 , (𝑚, 𝑛 ≠ 1)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠
Case 1: When m is positive odd integer and n any number.
Use: 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1
Case 2: When n is positive even integer and m any number.
Use: 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
Case 3: When m is positive odd or even integer and n is zero.
Use: 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1
 2.3 POWERS COTANGENTS AND COSECANTS
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑚 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 , (𝑚, 𝑛 ≠ 1)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠
Case 1: When m is positive odd integer and n any number.
Use: 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1
Case 2: When n is positive even integer and m any number.
Use: 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥
Case 3: When m is positive odd or even integer and n is zero.
Use: 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1

2.4 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS

TS1: When the integrand contains 𝑎2 − 𝑢2
use the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
TS2: When the integrand contains 𝑢2 + 𝑎2
use the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
TS3: When the integrand contains 𝑢2 − 𝑎2
use the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃

2.5 ADDITIONAL STANDARD FORMULAS

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
SF1: ∫ 2 2 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝐶
𝑢 +𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢−𝑎
SF2: ∫ 2 2 = 𝑙𝑛 | | + 𝐶
𝑢 −𝑎 2𝑎 𝑢+𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑎+𝑢
SF3: ∫ 2 2 = 𝑙𝑛 | |+𝐶
𝑎 −𝑢 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑢
𝑑𝑢
SF4: ∫ 2 2 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢 + √𝑢2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝐶
√𝑢 +𝑎
𝑑𝑢
SF5: ∫ 2 2 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢 + √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝐶
√𝑢 −𝑎
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
SF6: ∫ 2 2 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝐶
√𝑎 −𝑢 𝑎

𝑢 𝑎2 𝑢
SF7: ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = √𝑎2 − 𝑢2 + 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝐶
2 2 𝑎
𝑢 𝑎2
SF8: ∫ √𝑢2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑢 = √𝑢2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑙𝑛|𝑢 + √𝑢2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝐶
2 2
𝑢 𝑎2
SF9: ∫ √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑢 = √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑢 + √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝐶
2 2

2.6 INTEGRAND INVOLVING QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ √𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , ∫ , ∫ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑓(𝑥) √𝑓(𝑥)
2.7 INTEGRATION BY PARTS
When the integrand contains a product of two kinds of
functions. E(2.8) ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

2.8 INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Case 1: When the factor of the denominator contains.
Distinct Linear Factors.

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
+ + ⋯+
𝑥+𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑥+𝑐

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴, 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑.

Case 2: When the factor of the denominator contains.

Repeated Linear Factors.

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
+ (𝑥+𝑎)2 + ⋯ + (𝑥+𝑎)𝑛
𝑥+𝑎

Case 3: When the denominator contains.

Distinct (irreducible) Quadratic Factors.

𝐴(2𝑎𝑥+𝑏)+𝐵 𝑑
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥

Case 4: When the denominator contains.

Repeated (irreducible) Quadratic Factors

𝐴(2𝑎𝑥+𝑏)+𝐵 𝐶(2𝑎𝑥+𝑏)+𝐷 𝐸(2𝑎𝑥+𝑏)+𝐹

+ (𝑎𝑥 2 2 + ⋯ + (𝑎𝑥 2
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐) +𝑏𝑥+𝑐)𝑛

CHAPTER 3: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

3.1 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM
𝒃
E (3.1) ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = [𝑭(𝒙)]𝒃𝒂 = 𝑭(𝒃) − 𝑭(𝒂)

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

3.2 PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL
𝑏 𝑎
1. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎
2. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑏 𝑏
3. ∫𝑎 𝑘𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
4. ∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
5. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
 3.3 WALLIS’ FORMULA
𝜋⁄ (𝑚−1)(𝑚−3)…(2 𝑜𝑟 1)∙(𝑛−1)(𝑛−3)…(2𝑜𝑟 1)
E (3.2) ∫0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∙𝛼
(𝑚+𝑛)(𝑚+𝑛−2)(𝑚+𝑛−4)…(2 𝑜𝑟 1)

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠

𝜋
𝛼= 𝑖𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠
2

𝛼=1 𝑖𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠