ENGINEERING SKILLS

PRACTICE
LABORATORY MANUAL

भारतीय सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी अगभकल्पना एवं गवगनर्ााण संस्थान कनूाल

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING KURNOOL
(An Institute of National Importance under Ministry of Education, Govt. of India)
Jagannathagattu, Kurnool-518008, Andhra Pradesh, India
 SAFETY RULES & UNSAFE PRACTICES

Remember that “accidents do not occur, they are caused”. With this in mind, strictly follow the
general safety rules given below and safe practices indicated in brief under each section.

1. Safety first, work next.

2. Know your job and follow instructions.
3. Avoid wearing clothing that might catch, moving or rotating parts. Long sleeves of
shirts, long hair, neck tie and jewellery are definite hazards in the shop.
4. Wear safety shoes. Do not wear canvas shoes; they give no resistance to hard
objects dropped on the feet.
5. Keep the area around machine or work clean.
6. Keep away from revolving work.
7. Be sure that all gaurds are in place.
8. One person only should operate the machine controls.
9. Use tools correctly and do not use them if they are not in proper working condition.
10. Wear safety goggles when working in areas, where sparks or chips of metal are
flying.
11. Get to know who in-charge of first aid is and where boxes are placed and where the
first aid can be found in case of emergency.
 CONTENTS

1. FITTING

2. DRILLING AND TAPPING

3. WELDING
 ENGINEERING WORKSHOP MANUAL

1.FITTING

Introduction

Machine tools are capable of producing work at a faster rate, but, there are occasions when
components are processed at the bench. Sometimes, it becomes necessary to replace or repair
component which must be fit accurately with another component on reassembly. This involves a
certain amount of hand fitting. The assembly of machine tools, jigs, gauges, etc, involves certain
amount of bench work. The accuracy of work done depends upon the experience and skill of the
fitter.

The term ‘bench work’ refers to the production of components by hand on the bench, where as
fitting deals which the assembly of mating parts, through removal of metal, to obtain the required
fit.

Both the bench work and fitting requires the use of number of simple hand tools and
considerable manual efforts. The operations in the above works consist of filing, chipping,
scraping, sawing drilling, and tapping.

Holding Tools:

Bench Vice

The bench vice is a work holding device. It is the most commonly used vice in a fitting shop.
The bench vice is shown in figure below.

It is fixed to the bench with bolts and nuts. The vice body consists of two main parts, fixed jaw
and movable jaw. When the vice handle is turned in a clockwise direction, the sliding jaw forces
the work against the fixed jaw. Jaw plates are made of hardened steel. Serrations on the jaws
ensure a good grip. Jaw caps made of soft material are used to protect finished surfaces, gripped
in the vice. The size of the vice is specified by the length of the jaws.

Fig: Bench Vice

The vice body is made of cast iron which is strong in compression, weak in tension and so
fractures under shocks and therefore should never be hammered.

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V‐block is rectangular or square block with a V‐groove on one or both sides opposite to each
other. The angle of the ‘V’ is usually 900. V‐block with a clamp is used to hold cylindrical work
securely, during layout of measurement, for measuring operations or for drilling for this the bar
is faced longitudinally in the V‐Groove and the screw of V‐clamp is tightened. This grip the rod
is firm with its axis parallel to the axis of the v‐groove.

Fig: V‐ Block Fig: C ‐ Clamp

C‐ Clamp

This is used to hold work against an angle plate or v‐block or any other surface, when gripping is
require Its fixed jaw is shaped like English alphabet ‘C’ and the movable jaw is round in shape
and directly fitted to the threaded screw at the end .The working principle of this clamp is the
same as that of the bench vice.

Marking and Measuring Tools:

Surface Plate

The surface plate is machined to fine limits and is used for testing the flatness of the work piece.
It is also used for marking out small box and is more precious than the marking table. The degree
of the finished depends upon whether it is designed for bench work in a fitting shop or for using
in an inspection room; the surface plate is made of Cast Iron, hardened Steel or Granite stone. It
is specified by length, width, height and grade. Handles are provided on two opposite sides, to
carry it while shifting from one place to another (refer figure in next page).

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It is measuring and marking tool for 900 angle .In practice, it is used for checking the squareness
of many types of small works when extreme accuracy is not required .The blade of the Try
square is made of hardened steel and the stock of cast Iron or steel. The size of the Try square is
specified by the length of the blade.

Scriber

A Scriber is a slender steel tool, used to scribe or mark lines on metal work pieces. It is made of
hardened and tempered High Carbon Steel. The Tip of the scriber is generally ground at 12oto
15o.

It is generally available in lengths, ranging from 125mm to 250mm .It has two pointed ends the
bent end is used for marking lines where the straight end cannot real.

Fig: Try Square Fig: Scriber

Odd Leg Caliper

This is also called ‘Jenny Caliper’ or Hermaphrodite. This is used for marking parallel
liners from a finished edge and also for locating the center of round bars; it has one leg pointed
like a divider and the other leg bent like a caliper. It is specified by the length of the leg up to the
hinge point.

Divider
It is basically similar to the calipers except that its legs are kept straight and pointed at the
measuring edge. This is used for marking circles, arcs laying out perpendicular lines, by setting
lines. It is made of case hardened mild steel or hardened and tempered low carbon steel. Its size
is specified by the length of the leg.

Fig: Odd Leg Caliper and Divider

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Punches
These are used for making indentations on the scribed lines, to make them visible clearly. These
are made of high carbon steel. A punch is specified by its length and diameter (say as 150’
12.5mm). It consists of a cylindrical knurled body, which is plain for some length at the top of it.
At the other end, it is ground to a point. The tapered point of the punch is hardened over a length
of 20 to 30mm.

Dot Punch is used to lightly indent along the layout lines, to locate center of holes and to
provide a small center mark for divider point, etc. for this purpose, the punch is ground to a
conical point having 60° included angle.

Center Punch is similar to the dot punch, except that it is ground to a conical point having 90°
included angle. It is used to mark the location of the holes to be drilled.

Fig: Punches
Calipers:
They are indirect measuring tools used to measure or transfer linear dimensions. These are used
with the help of a steel Rule to check inside and outside measurements. These are made of Case
hardened mild steel or hardened and tempered low carbon steel. While using, but the legs of the
caliper are set against the surface of the work, whether inside or outside and the distance between
the legs is measured with the help of a scale and the same can be transferred to another desired
place. These are specified by the length of the leg. In the case of outside caliper, the legs are bent
inwards and in the case of inside caliper, the legs bent outward.

Fig: Calipers
Cutting Tools:

Hack Saw
The Hack Saw is used for cutting metal by hand. It consists of a frame, which holds a thin blade,

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firmly in position. Hacksaw blade is specified by the number of teeth for centimeter. Hacksaw
blades have a number of teeth ranging from 5 to 15 per centimeter (cm). Blades having lesser
number of teeth per cm are used for cutting soft materials like aluminum, brass and bronze.
Blades having larger number of teeth per centimeter are used for cutting hard materials like steel
and cast Iron.

Fig: Hacksaw Frame with Blade

Hacksaw blades are classified as (i) All hard and (ii) flexible type. The all hard blades are made
of H.S.S, hardened and tempered throughout to retain their cutting edges longer. These are used
to cut hard metals. These blades are hard and brittle and can break easily by twisting and forcing
them into the work while sawing. Flexible blades are made of H.S.S or low alloy steel but only
the teeth are hardened and the rest of the blade is soft and flexible. These are suitable for use by
un‐skilled or semi‐skilled persons.

The teeth of the hacksaw blade are staggered, as shown in figure and known as a ‘set of teeth’.
These make slots wider than the blade thickness, preventing the blade from jamming.

Chisels

Chisels are used for removing surplus metal or for cutting thin sheets. These tools are made from
0.9% to 1.0% carbon steel of octagonal or hexagonal section. Chisels are annealed, hardened and
tempered to produce a tough shank and hard cutting edge. Annealing relieves the internal
stresses in a metal. The cutting angle of the chisel for general purpose is about 60°.

Fig: Flat Chisel

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Finishing Tools:

Reamers
Reaming is an operation of sizing and finishing a drilled hole, with the help of a cutting tool
called reamer having a number of cutting edges. For this, a hole is first drilled, the size of which
is slightly smaller than the finished size and then a hand reamer or machine reamer is used for
finishing the hole to the correct size.

Hand Reamer is made of High Carbon Steel and has left‐hand spiral flutes so that, it is prevented
from screwing into the whole during operation. The Shank end of the reamer is made straight so
that it can be held in a tap wrench. It is operated by hand, with a tap wrench fitted on the square
end of the reamer and with the work piece held in the vice. The body of the reamer is given a
slight tapper at its working end, for its easy entry into the whole during operation, it is rotated
only in clock wise direction and also while removing it from the whole.

Fig: Reamers

Files

Filing is one of the methods of removing small amounts of material from the surface of a metal
part. A file is hardened steel too, having small parallel rows of cutting edges or teeth on its
surfaces.

On the faces, the teeth are usually diagonal to the edge. One end of the file is shaped to fit into a
wooden handle. The figure shows various parts of a hand file. The hand file is parallel in width
and tapering slightly in thickness, towards the tip. It is provided with double cut teeth. On the
faces, single cut on one edge and no teeth on the other edge, which is known as a safe edge.

Fig: Parts of a Hand File

Files are classified according to their shape, cutting teeth and pitch or grade of the teeth. The
figure shows the various types of files based on their shape.

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Fig: Single and Double Cut Files

Miscellaneous Tools:

Ball‐ Peen Hammer

Ball‐ Peen Hammers are named, depending upon their shape and material and specified by their
weight. A ball peen hammer has a flat face which is used for general work and a ball end,
particularly used for riveting.

Cross‐Peen Hammer

It is similar to ball peen hammer, except the shape of the peen. This is used for chipping,
riveting, bending and stretching metals and hammering inside the curves and shoulders.

Fig: Cross Peen Hammer Fig: Straight Peen Hammer

Straight‐Peen Hammer

This is similar to cross peen hammer, but its peen is in‐line with the hammer handle. It is used
for swaging, riveting in restricted places and stretching metals.

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2. DRILLING AND TAPPING

Introduction:

Drilling is a material cutting process in which a hole is made on the stationary work
piece by the rotating drill bit Tapping is the process of creating thread on a drilled hole
by tap tool

Twist Drill
Twist drills are used for making holes. These are made of High speed steel. Both straight and taper
shank twist drills are used. The parallel shank twist drill can be held in an ordinary self –centering drill
check. The tapper shank twist drill fits into a corresponding tapered bore provided in the drilling machine
spindle (see figure in next page).

Taps and Tap Wrenches

A tap is a hardened and steel tool, used for cutting internal thread in a drill hole. Hand Taps are
usually supplied in sets of three in each diameter and thread size. Each set consists of a tapper tap,
intermediate tap and plug or bottoming tap. Taps are made of high carbon steel or high speed steel (see
figure in next page).
Bench Drilling Machine
Holes are drilled for fastening parts with rivets, bolts or for producing internal thread. Bench
drilling machine is the most versatile machine used in a fitting shop for the purpose. Twist drills, made of
tool steel or high speed steel are used with the drilling machine for drilling holes.

Following are the stages in drilling work

1. Select the correct size drills, put it into the check and lock it firmly
2. Adjust the speed of the machine to suit the work by changing the belt on the pulleys. Use high speed
for small drills and soft materials and low speed for large diameter drills and hard materials.
3. Layout of the location of the pole and mark it with a center punch.
4. Hold the work firmly in the vice on the machine table and clamp it directly on to the machinetable.
5. Put on the power, locate the punch mark and apply slight pressure with the Feed Handle.

Fig: Bench Drill

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Aim:- To make threaded hole on the work piece by drilling and tapping process

Tools Required :-
• Bench Drilling machine for making the holes
• Tap set for making threading inside the hole
• Tap set consists of First Second & Third tap
• Tap wrench for the holding the tap
• Drill bit is tool used in drilling machine for making the hole
• Scale & Marker
• Punch marking the hole position

Sequence of Operation:-
1. For the given material check the dimensions and cut it to the required dimension
with allowance. Example: (for 70 mm cut it to the 73 mm)
2. Select the rough file rub the surface and smooth file at end for surface finishing
3. File the four sides of the work piece and make perfect rectangular shape
4. Use try square to check the perpendicularity between all surfaces
5. Mark the hole location on the work piece
6. Using the punch make indentation
7. Place the work piece on the machine vise
8. select the center drill bit and hold in the drill chuck and lower it to make indentation
9. Select appropriate drill bit and hold it in drill chuck
10. Select proper speed and make the hole by lowering the handle
11. Remove the bur by filing process
12. Select appropriate tap tool of required dimension
13. Hold the tap tool in tap wrench (in the order 1,2,& 3) and manually make the thread

Results:-

Drilling and tapping process are learnt and threaded hole is made on the on the work piece
with stated dimension

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3.WELDING
Welding is a process for joining two similar or dissimilar metals by fusion. It joins different
metals/alloys, with or without the application of pressure and with or without the use of filler
metal. The fusion of metal takes place by means of heat. The heat may be generated either from
combustion of gases, electric arc, electric resistance or by chemical reaction.
Welding provides a permanent joint but it normally affects the metallurgy of the components. It
is therefore usually accompanied by post weld heat treatment for most of the critical components.
The welding is widely used as a fabrication and repairing process in industries. Some of the
typical applications of welding include the fabrication of ships, pressure vessels, automobile
bodies, off-shore platform, bridges, welded pipes, sealing of nuclear fuel and explosives, etc.

Most of the metals and alloys can be welded by

one type of welding process or the other.
However, some are easier to weld than
others. To compare this ease in welding term
‘weldability’ is often used. The weldability
may be defined as property of a metal which
indicates the ease with which it can be welded
with other similar or dissimilar metals.
Terminology of welding process
Elements of welding process used with common
welding joints such as base metal, fusion zone, weld face, root face, root opening toe and root are
depictedin Figure.
Edge preparations
For welding the edges of joining surfaces of metals are prepared first. Different edge preparations
may be used for welding butt joints, which are given in Figure.
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Welding joints
Some common welding joints are shown in Figure. Welding joints are of generally of two
major kinds namely lap joint and butt joint. The main types are described as under.

1. Lap weld joint

Single-Lap Joint
This joint, made by overlapping the edges of the plate,
is not recommended for most work. The single lap has
very little resistance to bending. It can be used
satisfactorily for joining two cylinders that fit inside
one another.
Double-Lap Joint
This is stronger than the single-lap joint but has the
disadvantage that it requires twice as much welding.
Tee Fillet Weld
This type of joint, although widely used, should not be employed if an alternative design is possible.

2. Butt weld joint

A. Single-Vee Butt Weld
It is used for plates up to 15.8 mm thick. The angle of the vee depends upon the technique
being used, the plates being spaced approximately 3.2 mm.
B. Double-Vee Butt Weld
It is used for plates over 13 mm thick when the welding can be performed on both sides of
the plate. The top vee angle is either 60° or 80°, while the bottom angle is 80°, depending on
the technique being used.

Welding Positions
As shown in Fig. 17.4, there are four types of welding positions, which are given as:
a. Flat or down hand position
b. Horizontalposition
c. Vertical position
d. Overhead Position

Flat or Down-hand Welding Position

The flat position or down hand position is one in which the welding is performed from the upper
side of the joint and the face of the weld is approximately horizontal.

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Horizontal Welding Position

In horizontal position, the plane of the workpiece is vertical and the deposited weld head is
horizontal. This position of welding is most commonly used in welding vessels and reservoirs.
Vertical Welding Position
In vertical position, the plane of the work-piece is vertical and the weld is deposited upon a
vertical surface. It is difficult to produce satisfactory welds in this position due to the effect of the
force of gravity on the molten metal.
Overhead Welding Position
The overhead position is probably even more difficult to weld than the vertical position. Here the
pull of gravity against the molten metal is much greater.
ARC WELDING PROCESSES
The process, in which an electric arc between an electrode and a work-piece or between two
electrodes is utilized to weld base metals, is called an arc welding process. The basic principle of arc
welding is shown in Figure1. However the basic elements involved in arc welding process are
shown in Figure2. Most of these processes use some shielding gas while others employ coatings or
fluxes to prevent the weld pool from the surrounding atmosphere.

Fig1.The basic principle of arc welding

1) Switch box.
2) Secondary terminals
3) Welding machine.
4) Current reading scale.
5) Current regulating handwheel.
6) Leather apron.
7) Asbestos hand gloves.
8) Protective glasses strap
9) Electrode holder. Fig2.The basic elements of arc welding
10) Hand shield

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11) Channel for cableprotection.

12) Welding cable.
13) Chipping hammer.
14) Wire brush.
15) Earth clamp.
16) Welding table(metallic).
17) Job.

Arc Welding Equipment

Arc welding equipment, setup and related tools and accessories are shown in Figure.
However some common tools of arc welding are shown separately through Figure. Few of the
important components of arc welding setup are described as under.

1. Arc welding power source

Both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) are used for electric arc welding, each
having its particular applications. DC welding supply is usually obtained from generators
driven by electric motor or if no electricity is available by internal combustion engines. For AC
welding supply, transformers are predominantly used for almost all Arc-welding where mains
electricity supply is available. They have to step down the usual supply voltage (200-400 volts)
to the normal open circuit welding voltage (50-90 volts). The following factors influence the
selection of a power source:
a. Type of electrodes to be used and metals to be welded
b. Available power source (AC or DC)
c. Required output
d. Duty cycle
e. Efficiency
f. Initial costs and running costs
g. Available floor space
h. Versatility of equipment
2. Welding cables
Welding cables are required for conduction of current from the power source through the
electrode holder, the arc, the work piece and back to the welding power source. These are
insulated copper or aluminum cables.

3. Electrode holder
Electrode holder is used for holding the electrode manually and
conducting current to it. These are usually matched to the
size of the lead, which in turn matched to the amperage output
of the arc welder. Electrode holders are available in sizes that Fig. Electrode Holder
range from 150 to 500 Amps.

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4. Welding Electrodes
An electrode is a piece of wire or a rod of a
metal or alloy, with or without coatings. An arc
is set up between electrode and workpiece.
Welding electrodes are classified into following
types-
(i) Consumable Electrodes
(a) Bare Electrodes Fig. Parts of a electrode
(b) Coated Electrodes
(ii) Non-consumable Electrodes
(a) Carbon or Graphite Electrodes
(b) Tungsten Electrodes

Consumable electrode is made of different metals and their alloys. The end of this electrode
starts melting when arc is struck between the electrode and workpiece. Thus consumable
electrode itself acts as a filler metal. Bare electrodes consist of a metal or alloy wire without any
flux coating on them. Coated electrodes have flux coating which starts melting as soon as
an electric arc is struck. This coating on melting performs many functions like prevention of
joint from atmospheric contamination, arc stabilizers etc.
Non-consumable electrodes are made up of high melting point materials like carbon, pure tungsten
or alloy tungsten etc. These electrodes do not melt away during welding. But practically, the
electrode length goes on decreasing with the passage of time, because of oxidation and vaporization
of the electrode material during welding. The materials of non-consumable electrodes are usually
copper coated carbon or graphite, pure tungsten, thoriated or zirconiated tungsten.

5. Hand Screen
Hand screen used for protection of eyes and supervision of weld bead.

6. Chipping hammer
Chipping Hammer is used to remove the slag by striking.

7. Wire brush
Wire brush is used to clean the surface to be weld.

Fig. Earth Clamp Fig. Chipping Hammer Fig. Wire Brush

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8. Protective clothing

Operator wears the protective clothing such as apron to keep away the exposure of direct heat to
thebody.

Safety Recommendations for ARC Welding

The beginner in the field of arc welding must go through and become familiar with these general safety
recommendations which are given as under.
1. The body or the frame of the welding machine shall be efficiently earthed. Pipe lines containing
gases or inflammable liquids or conduits carrying electrical conductors shall not be used for a
ground return circuit All earth connections shall be mechanically strong and electrically adequate
for the required current.
2. Welding arc in addition to being very is a source of infra-red and ultra-violet light also;
consequently the operator must use either helmet or a hand-shield fitted with a special filter glass to
protect eyes
3. Excess ultra-violet light can cause an effect similar to sunburn on the skin of the welder
4. The welder’s body and clothing are protected from radiation and burns caused by sparks and flying
globules of molten metal with the help of the following:
5. Gloves protect the hands of a welder.
6. Leather or asbestos apron is very useful to protect welder’s clothes and his trunk and thighs while
seated he is doing welding.
7. For overhead welding, some form of protection for the head is required
8. Leather skull cap or peaked cap will do the needful.
9. Leather jackets and 1ather leggings are also available as clothes for body protection.
10. Welding equipment shall be inspected periodically and maintained in safe working order at all
times.
11. Arc welding machines should be of suitable quality.
12. All parts of welding set shall be suitably enclosed and protected to meet the usual service
conditions.

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EXPT NO: 01 BUTT JOINT

Aim: To make a Butt joint using the given two M.S pieces by arc welding.

Material Required:
Mild steel plate of size 100X50X5 mm – 2 No’s

Welding Electrodes: M.S electrodes 3.1 mm X350 mm

Welding Equipment: Air cooled transformer

Voltage-80 to 600 V 3 phase supply, amps up to 350

Tools and Accessories required:

1. Rough and smooth files.
2. Protractor
3. Arc welding machine (transformer type)
4. Mild steel electrode and electrode holder
5. Ground clamp
6. Tongs
7. Face shield
8. Apron
9. Chipping hammer.

Sequence of operations:
1. Marking
2. Cutting
3. Edge preparation (Removal of rust, scale etc.) by filling
4. Try square leveling
5. Tacking
6. Welding
7. Cooling
8. Chipping
9. Cleaning

Procedure:
1. The given M.S pieces are thoroughly cleaned of rust and scale.
2. One edge of each piece is believed, to an angle of 300, leaving nearly ¼ th of the flat thickness,
at one end.
3. The two pieces are positioned on the welding table such that, they are separated slightly for
better penetration of the weld.
4. The electrode is fitted in the electrode holder and the welding current is ser to be a proper value.
5. The ground clamp is fastened to the welding table.
6. Wearing the apron and using the face shield, the arc is struck and holding the two pieces
together; first run of the weld is done to fill the root gap.

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7. Second run of the weld is done with proper weaving and with uniform movement. During the
process of welding, the electrode is kept at 150 to 250 from vertical and in the direction of
welding.
8. The scale formation on the welds is removed by using the chipping hammer.
9. Filling is done to remove any spanner around the weld.
DRAWING:

Result:
The single V-butt joint is thus made, using the tools and equipment as mentioned above.

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EXPT NO: 02 LAP JOINT

Aim: To make a Lap joint, using the given two M.S pieces and by arc welding.

Material Supplied:

Mild steel plate of size 100X50X5 mm – 2 No’s

Welding Electrodes: M.S electrodes 3.1 mm X350 mm

Welding Equipment: Air cooled transformer

Voltage-80 to 600 V,3-ɸ supply, Current up to 350Amps

Tools and Accessories required:

1. Rough and smooth files.
2. Protractor
3. Arc welding machine (transformer type)
4. Mild steel electrode and electrode holder
5. Ground clamp
6. Tongs
7. Face shield
8. Apron
9. Chipping hammer.

Sequence of operations:
1. Marking
2. Cutting
3. Edge preparation (Removal of rust, scale etc.) by filling
4. Try square leveling
5. Tacking
6. Welding
7. Cooling
8. Chipping
9. Cleaning

Procedure:
1. The given M.S pieces are thoroughly cleaned of rust and scale.
2. The two pieces are positioned on the welding table such that, the two pieces overlapped one
over the other as shown in drawing.
3. The electrode is fitted in the electrode holder and the welding current is ser to be a proper value.
4. The ground clamp is fastened to the welding table.
5. Wearing the apron and using the face shield, the arc is struck and the work pieces are tack-
welded at both the ends and at the centre of the joint.
6. The alignment of the lap joint is checked and the tack-welded pieces are required.

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7. The scale formation on the welds is removed by using the chipping hammer.
8. Filling is done to remove any spanner around the weld.

DRAWING:

Result:
The Lap joint is thus made, using the tools and equipment as mentioned

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EXPT NO: 03 CORNER JOINT

Aim: To make a corner joint, using the given two M.S pieces and by arc welding.

Material Supplied:

Mild steel plate of size 100X50X5 mm – 2 No’s

Welding Electrodes: M.S electrodes 3.1 mm X350 mm

Welding Equipment: Air cooled transformer

Voltage-80 to 600 V 3 phase supply, amps up to 350

Tools and Accessories required:

1. Rough and smooth files.
2. Protractor
3. Arc welding machine (transformer type)
4. Mild steel electrode and electrode holder
5. Ground clamp
6. Tongs
7. Face shield
8. Apron
9. Chipping hammer.

Sequence of operations:
1. Marking
2. Cutting
3. Edge preparation (Removal of rust, scale etc.) by filling
4. Try square leveling
5. Tacking
6. Welding
7. Cooling
8. Chipping
9. Cleaning

Procedure:
1. The given M.S pieces are thoroughly cleaned of rust and scale.
2. The two pieces are positioned on the welding table such that, the L shape is formed. The tongs
are made use of for the purpose.
3. The electrode is fitted in the electrode holder and the welding current is ser to be a proper value.
4. The ground clamp is fastened to the welding table.
5. Wearing the apron and using the face shield, the arc is struck and the work pieces are tack-
welded at both the ends and at the centre of the joint.
6. The alignment of the corner joint is checked and the tack-welded pieces are required.
7. The scale formation on the welds is removed by using the chipping hammer.
8. Filling is done to remove any spanner around the weld.

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 ENGINEERING WORKSHOP MANUAL

Result: The corner joint is thus made, using the tools and equipment as mentioned

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