POWER NETWORKS

NETWORK TECHNICAL CODE

and
NETWORK PLANNING CRITERIA

Version 4
December 2018
Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1

Structure of this document .............................................................................................................................. 1

Document nomenclature ................................................................................................................................. 1

Document amendment .................................................................................................................................... 1

Network Technical Code .................................................................................................................................. 3

Network Planning Criteria ............................................................................................................................... 4

PART B - NETWORK TECHNICAL CODE ......................................................................................... 5

1 APPLICATION ....................................................................................................................... 5

1.1 Persons to whom the Code applies ......................................................................................................... 5

1.2 Plant and equipment to which the Code applies ..................................................................................... 5

1.3 Other documents.................................................................................................................................... 5

1.4 Commencement ..................................................................................................................................... 5

1.5 Interpretation ......................................................................................................................................... 6

1.5.1 Conflict between Technical Codes ........................................................................................................ 6

1.6 Dispute resolution .................................................................................................................................. 6

1.7 Obligations ............................................................................................................................................. 7

1.7.1 Obligations of the Network Operator ................................................................................................... 7
1.7.2 Obligations of Users ............................................................................................................................. 7
1.7.3 Obligations of Generator Users ............................................................................................................ 8
1.7.4 Obligations of Generator Users with Small Generators ....................................................................... 8
1.7.5 Obligations of Users with Small Inverter Energy Systems .................................................................... 8
1.7.6 Obligations of Users with loads ............................................................................................................ 9

1.8 Variations and exemptions from the Code.............................................................................................. 9

1.9 Amendments to the Code ....................................................................................................................... 9

2 NETWORK PERFORMANCE STANDARDS ............................................................................ 10

2.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................10

2.2 Power system operating frequency ........................................................................................................10

2.2.1 Frequency range under normal operating conditions ........................................................................ 10
2.2.2 Frequency range under abnormal operating conditions .................................................................... 10

2.3 Power frequency voltage levels .............................................................................................................11

2.3.1 Steady state voltage levels ................................................................................................................. 11
2.3.2 Temporary over-voltages ................................................................................................................... 11

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 2.3.3 Step changes in voltage levels............................................................................................................ 11

2.4 Quality of supply....................................................................................................................................11

2.4.1 Voltage fluctuations ........................................................................................................................... 11
2.4.2 Harmonic distortion ........................................................................................................................... 12
2.4.2.1 Harmonic voltage distortion ..................................................................................................... 12
2.4.2.2 Non-integer harmonic distortion .............................................................................................. 12
2.4.2.3 Voltage notching....................................................................................................................... 13
2.4.2.4 Harmonic current distortion ..................................................................................................... 13
2.4.2.5 Direct current ............................................................................................................................ 13
2.4.3 Voltage Unbalance ............................................................................................................................. 14

2.5 Electromagnetic interference ................................................................................................................14

2.6 Stability .................................................................................................................................................14

2.6.1 [Superseded] ...................................................................................................................................... 14
2.6.2 Dynamic stability ................................................................................................................................ 14
2.6.3 Short-term voltage stability ............................................................................................................... 15

2.7 Contingency criteria for the network .....................................................................................................15

2.8 Equipment fault level ratings .................................................................................................................15

2.9 Protection arrangements .......................................................................................................................16

2.9.1 Users’ obligation to provide adequate protection ............................................................................. 16
2.9.1.1 Safety of people ........................................................................................................................ 16
2.9.1.2 System reliability and integrity ................................................................................................. 16
2.9.1.3 Minimum standard of protection equipment ........................................................................... 16
2.9.1.4 General requirements ............................................................................................................... 16
2.9.2 Duplication of protection.................................................................................................................... 17
2.9.2.1 Equipment connected at voltages of 66 kV and above............................................................. 17
2.9.2.2 Equipment connected at voltages of less than 66 kV ............................................................... 17
2.9.3 Availability of protection systems ....................................................................................................... 18
2.9.4 Maximum total fault clearance times ................................................................................................ 18
2.9.5 Critical fault clearance times .............................................................................................................. 19
2.9.5.1 Critical fault clearance times .................................................................................................... 19
2.9.6 Protection sensitivity .......................................................................................................................... 20
2.9.7 Trip supply supervision ....................................................................................................................... 20
2.9.8 Trip circuit supervision ........................................................................................................................ 20
2.9.9 Protection flagging, indication, fault and event records .................................................................... 20

2.10 Variation of service quality parameters ............................................................................................21

3 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT CONNECTED TO THE NETWORK................ 22

3.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................22

3.2 Requirements for network Users excluding Generator Users under clause 3.3 ......................................22
3.2.1 Network performance standards ....................................................................................................... 22
3.2.1.1 Voltage fluctuations.................................................................................................................. 22
3.2.1.2 Harmonic voltage distortion ..................................................................................................... 22
3.2.1.3 Direct current injection ............................................................................................................. 23
3.2.1.4 Voltage unbalance .................................................................................................................... 23
3.2.1.5 Stability ..................................................................................................................................... 23
3.2.1.6 Electromagnetic interference ................................................................................................... 23
3.2.1.7 Fault levels ................................................................................................................................ 23

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 3.2.1.8 Main switch ............................................................................................................................... 24
3.2.1.9 Users’ power quality monitoring equipment ............................................................................ 24
3.2.1.10 Power system simulation studies .............................................................................................. 24
3.2.1.11 Technical matters to be coordinated ........................................................................................ 25
3.2.2 Provision of information..................................................................................................................... 25
3.2.3 Protection requirements .................................................................................................................... 25
3.2.3.1 Transmission lines and other Plant operated at 66 kV and above............................................ 25
3.2.3.2 Interconnectors and ties operated at 33 kV and below ............................................................ 26
3.2.3.3 Feeders, reactors, capacitors and other plant operated at 33 kV and below .......................... 26
3.2.3.4 Transformers ............................................................................................................................. 26
3.2.3.5 Protection discrimination .......................................................................................................... 27
3.2.3.6 Backup protection ..................................................................................................................... 27
3.2.3.7 Protection alarm requirements................................................................................................. 27
3.2.3.8 Islanding of a User’s facilities from the power system.............................................................. 28
3.2.3.9 Automatic reclose equipment ................................................................................................... 28
3.2.3.10 Maintenance of protection ....................................................................................................... 28
3.2.4 Design requirements for Users’ substations ...................................................................................... 29
3.2.5 Remote monitoring and control requirements .................................................................................. 30
3.2.6 Communications equipment .............................................................................................................. 31
3.2.7 Secure electricity supplies .................................................................................................................. 31
3.2.8 Load shedding facilities ...................................................................................................................... 31
3.2.8.1 Load to be available for disconnection ..................................................................................... 31
3.2.8.2 Installation and testing of load shedding facilities.................................................................... 32
3.2.9 Impact on power system performance .............................................................................................. 32
3.2.10 Safety criteria................................................................................................................................. 33
3.2.11 Environmental criteria ................................................................................................................... 33
3.2.12 Construction criteria ...................................................................................................................... 33
3.2.12.1 Overhead lines .......................................................................................................................... 33
3.2.12.2 Underground cables.................................................................................................................. 33

3.3 Requirements for connection of Generators ..........................................................................................33

3.3.1 Outline of Requirements .................................................................................................................... 33
3.3.2 Application of Settings ....................................................................................................................... 34
3.3.3 Technical Matters to be Coordinated................................................................................................. 35
3.3.4 Provision of Information .................................................................................................................... 36
3.3.5 Technical Requirements ..................................................................................................................... 37
3.3.5.1 Reactive Power Capability ........................................................................................................ 38
3.3.5.2 Quality of Electricity Generated................................................................................................ 38
3.3.5.3 Generating Unit Response to Frequency Disturbance .............................................................. 39
3.3.5.4 Generating System Response to Voltage Disturbances ............................................................ 40
3.3.5.5 Generating System Response to Disturbances Following Contingency Events ........................ 41
3.3.5.6 Quality of Electricity Generated and Continuous Uninterrupted Operation ............................ 45
3.3.5.7 Partial Load Rejection ............................................................................................................... 45
3.3.5.8 Protection of Generating Units from Power System Disturbances .......................................... 46
3.3.5.9 Protection Systems that Impact on Power System Security ..................................................... 47
3.3.5.10 Protection to Trip Plant for Unstable Operation ...................................................................... 48
3.3.5.11 Frequency Control .................................................................................................................... 48
3.3.5.12 Impact on Network Capability .................................................................................................. 49
3.3.5.13 Voltage and Reactive Power Control ........................................................................................ 50
3.3.5.14 Active Power Control ................................................................................................................ 54
3.3.5.15 Inertia and Contingency FCAS ................................................................................................... 54
3.3.5.16 System Strength ........................................................................................................................ 55
3.3.6 Monitoring and Control Requirements .............................................................................................. 56
3.3.6.1 Remote Monitoring .................................................................................................................. 56
3.3.6.2 Communications Equipment .................................................................................................... 57
3.3.7 Power Station Auxiliary Supplies ........................................................................................................ 58
3.3.8 Fault Current ...................................................................................................................................... 58
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3.4 Requirements for connection of Small Generators ................................................................................59
3.4.1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 59
3.4.2 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................... 59
3.4.3 Categorisation of facilities .................................................................................................................. 59
3.4.4 Information to be provided by a Small Generator ............................................................................. 60
3.4.5 Safety and reliability ........................................................................................................................... 61
3.4.6 Small Generation Unit characteristics ................................................................................................ 61
3.4.7 Connection and operation.................................................................................................................. 62
3.4.7.1 Main switch ............................................................................................................................... 62
3.4.7.2 Synchronising ............................................................................................................................ 62
3.4.7.3 Safe shutdown without external supply ................................................................................... 62
3.4.8 Power quality and voltage change ..................................................................................................... 62
3.4.9 Remote control, monitoring and communications ............................................................................ 63
3.4.10 Protection ...................................................................................................................................... 64
3.4.10.1 General ..................................................................................................................................... 64
3.4.10.2 Pole slipping .............................................................................................................................. 65
3.4.10.3 Islanding protection and intertripping ...................................................................................... 65
3.4.10.4 Protection of Small Generator’s equipment ............................................................................. 66
3.4.11 Commissioning and testing............................................................................................................ 66
3.4.12 Technical matters to be coordinated ............................................................................................ 66

3.5 Requirements for connection of Small Inverter Energy Systems ............................................................66

3.5.1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 66
3.5.2 Relevant standards ............................................................................................................................. 67
3.5.3 Metering installation .......................................................................................................................... 67
3.5.4 Safety .................................................................................................................................................. 67
3.5.5 Security of operational settings ......................................................................................................... 67
3.5.6 Circuit arrangements .......................................................................................................................... 68
3.5.6.1 Schematic diagram.................................................................................................................... 68
3.5.7 Protection ........................................................................................................................................... 68
3.5.7.1 Islanding protection .................................................................................................................. 68
3.5.7.2 Synchronising ............................................................................................................................ 68
3.5.7.3 Reconnection to network .......................................................................................................... 68
3.5.7.4 Overcurrent protection ............................................................................................................. 68
3.5.7.5 Voltage limits ............................................................................................................................ 68
3.5.7.6 Frequency limits ........................................................................................................................ 69
3.5.8 Commissioning and testing ................................................................................................................ 69
3.5.8.1 Commissioning .......................................................................................................................... 69
3.5.8.2 Re-confirmation of correct operation....................................................................................... 69

3.6 Requirements for connection of loads ...................................................................................................70

3.6.1 Connection point for a User ................................................................................................................ 70
3.6.2 Information ........................................................................................................................................ 70
3.6.3 Design standards ................................................................................................................................ 70
3.6.4 Users’ protection systems that impact on power system security ..................................................... 71
3.6.5 Thermal limits ..................................................................................................................................... 71
3.6.6 Fault limits .......................................................................................................................................... 71
3.6.7 Power factor requirements ................................................................................................................ 72

4 POWER SYSTEM OPERATION SUPPORT ............................................................................. 73

4.1 [Deleted] ...............................................................................................................................................73
4.1.1 [Deleted]............................................................................................................................................. 73

4.2 [Deleted] ...............................................................................................................................................73

4.2.1 [Deleted]............................................................................................................................................. 73

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 4.2.2 [Deleted]............................................................................................................................................. 73
4.2.3 [Deleted]............................................................................................................................................. 73

4.3 [Deleted] ...............................................................................................................................................73

4.3.1 [Deleted]............................................................................................................................................. 73
4.3.2 Network Operator .............................................................................................................................. 73
4.3.3 [Deleted]............................................................................................................................................. 74
4.3.4 Network Users .................................................................................................................................... 74

4.4 [Deleted] ...............................................................................................................................................75

4.4.1 [Deleted]............................................................................................................................................. 75
4.4.2 [Deleted]............................................................................................................................................. 75

4.5 [Deleted] ...............................................................................................................................................75

4.5.1 Network voltage control ..................................................................................................................... 75
4.5.2 [Deleted]............................................................................................................................................. 76

4.6 [Deleted] ...............................................................................................................................................76

4.6.1 Network operations............................................................................................................................ 76
4.6.2 Switching of reactive power facilities ................................................................................................. 76
4.6.3 [Deleted] ............................................................................................................................................. 76

4.7 Power system security operations .........................................................................................................76

4.7.1 [Deleted]............................................................................................................................................. 76
4.7.2 [Deleted]............................................................................................................................................. 76
4.7.3 [Deleted]............................................................................................................................................. 76
4.7.4 [Deleted]............................................................................................................................................. 76
4.7.5 Managing electricity supply shortfall events ...................................................................................... 76
4.7.6 Directions by the Network Operator .................................................................................................. 77
4.7.7 Disconnection of Generation Units and/or associated loads ............................................................. 77
4.7.8 Emergency black start-up facilities..................................................................................................... 77
4.7.9 [Deleted]............................................................................................................................................. 77
4.7.10 Black system start-up .................................................................................................................... 77
4.7.11 [Deleted] ........................................................................................................................................ 78

4.8 [Deleted] ...............................................................................................................................................78

4.8.1 [Deleted]............................................................................................................................................. 78
4.8.2 [Deleted]............................................................................................................................................. 78
4.8.3 [Deleted]............................................................................................................................................. 78
4.8.4 [Deleted]............................................................................................................................................. 78
4.8.5 Agent communications....................................................................................................................... 78

4.9 Nomenclature standards .......................................................................................................................78

5 TESTING OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENT ................................................................................ 80

5.1 Obligations to test plant or equipment ..................................................................................................80

5.1.1 Network Operator obligations ............................................................................................................ 80
5.1.2 Network Users’ obligations ................................................................................................................ 80

5.2 Routine testing of protection equipment ...............................................................................................81

5.3 Testing by Users of their own plant requiring changes to agreed operation ..........................................81

5.4 Tests to demonstrate Generator compliance .........................................................................................82

5.4.1 Tests of Generation Units requiring changes to agreed operation .................................................... 83

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5.5 Power system tests ................................................................................................................................84

5.6 Compliance with the Network Technical Code .......................................................................................85

5.6.1 Right of inspection and testing ........................................................................................................... 85
5.6.2 Generator compliance with the Code................................................................................................. 86

5.7 Inspection of plant and equipment ........................................................................................................87

5.7.1 Right of entry and inspection ............................................................................................................. 87

6 CONTROL AND PROTECTION SETTINGS ............................................................................. 90

6.1 Protection of power system equipment .................................................................................................90

6.1.1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 90
6.1.2 Power system fault levels ................................................................................................................... 90
6.1.3 Power system protection co-ordination ............................................................................................. 90
6.1.4 Short-term thermal ratings of the power system ............................................................................... 90
6.1.5 Availability of protection .................................................................................................................... 91
6.1.6 Partial outage of power protection systems ...................................................................................... 91
6.1.6.1 Sensitivity of protection ............................................................................................................ 91
6.1.6.2 Clearance of small zone faults .................................................................................................. 92
6.1.6.3 Clearance of faults under circuit breaker fail conditions .......................................................... 92
6.1.6.4 Details of proposed Users’ protection settings ......................................................................... 92
6.1.6.5 Coordination of protection settings .......................................................................................... 92

6.2 Power system stability co-ordination .....................................................................................................92

7 COMMISSIONING AND TESTING PROCEDURES .................................................................. 94

7.1 Commissioning ......................................................................................................................................94

7.1.1 Requirement to inspect and test equipment ..................................................................................... 94
7.1.2 Co-ordination during commissioning ................................................................................................. 94
7.1.3 Control and protection settings for equipment.................................................................................. 94
7.1.4 Commissioning program .................................................................................................................... 95
7.1.5 Commissioning tests........................................................................................................................... 95
7.1.5.1 Commissioning of protection .................................................................................................... 96

8 DISCONNECTION AND RECONNECTION OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENT ................................ 97

8.1.1 Voluntary disconnection ..................................................................................................................... 97
8.1.2 Decommissioning procedures ............................................................................................................ 97
8.1.3 Involuntary disconnection (refer also to clause 4.7) .......................................................................... 97
8.1.4 Disconnection due to breach of an Access Agreement ...................................................................... 97
8.1.5 Disconnection during an emergency .................................................................................................. 98
8.1.6 Obligation to reconnect ...................................................................................................................... 98

9 OPERATION OF GENERATORS CONNECTED TO THE NETWORK ......................................... 99

9.1 Power system security related market operations .................................................................................99

9.1.1 Dispatch related limitations ............................................................................................................... 99
9.1.2 [Deleted]........................................................................................................................................... 100
9.1.3 [Deleted]........................................................................................................................................... 100

9.2 Users’ plant changes ............................................................................................................................100

9.3 Operation, maintenance and extension planning ................................................................................100

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9.4 [Deleted] ............................................................................................................................................. 100

10 METERING REQUIREMENTS [APPLICABLE UNTIL 1 JULY 2019]......................................... 101

10.1 Purpose of metering clause .............................................................................................................101

10.2 Metering principles .........................................................................................................................101

10.3 Responsibility for metering installation ..........................................................................................102

10.3.1 Responsibility of the Network Operator ...................................................................................... 102
10.3.2 User elects to provide and install certain metering components................................................ 102
10.3.3 Other responsibilities .................................................................................................................. 103

10.4 Metering installation arrangements................................................................................................103

10.4.1 Metering installation components .............................................................................................. 103
10.4.2 Metering for connection of Small Inverter Energy Systems ......................................................... 104
10.4.3 Use of meters .............................................................................................................................. 104
10.4.4 Metering type and accuracy ........................................................................................................ 105
10.4.5 Data collection system................................................................................................................. 105
10.4.6 Payment for metering.................................................................................................................. 105

10.5 Register of metering information ....................................................................................................105

10.5.1 Meter register discrepancy.......................................................................................................... 106

10.6 Testing of metering installation ......................................................................................................106

10.6.1 Actions in event of non-compliance ............................................................................................ 106
10.6.2 Audits of metering data ............................................................................................................... 106

10.7 Rights of access to metering data ....................................................................................................107

10.8 Security of metering installations....................................................................................................107

10.8.1 Security of metering equipment .................................................................................................. 107
10.8.2 Security controls .......................................................................................................................... 107
10.8.3 Changes to metering equipment, parameters and settings ........................................................ 107

10.9 Processing of metering data for settlement purposes .....................................................................107

10.9.1 Metering databases ..................................................................................................................... 107
10.9.2 Remote acquisition of data.......................................................................................................... 108
10.9.3 Periodic energy metering ............................................................................................................ 108
10.9.4 Data validation and substitution ................................................................................................. 108
10.9.5 Errors found in metering tests, inspections or audits ................................................................. 108
10.9.6 Load following and out of balance energy .................................................................................. 109

10.10 Confidentiality ................................................................................................................................109

10.11 Meter time ......................................................................................................................................109

11 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR NETWORK CONNECTION ....................................... 110

11.1 Scope .............................................................................................................................................. 110

11.2 Information to be provided by all network Users ............................................................................110

11.2.1 Information on connected plant .................................................................................................. 110
11.2.2 Details of proposed Users’ protection ......................................................................................... 111
11.2.3 Requirements where a critical fault clearance time exists .......................................................... 111

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11.3 [Deleted] .........................................................................................................................................111

11.4 Information to be provided by Users with Small Generators ...........................................................111

11.5 Information to be provided by Users with Small Inverter Energy Systems.......................................112

11.6 Information to be provided by Users with loads .............................................................................112

12 DEROGATIONS FROM THE CODE ..................................................................................... 113

12.1 Purpose and application..................................................................................................................113

12.2 Networks and facilities pre and post 1 April 2019 ...........................................................................113

PART C NETWORK PLANNING CRITERIA ............................................................................... 114

13 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 114

13.1 Network design philosophy .............................................................................................................115

13.2 Amendments to the Planning Criteria .............................................................................................115

13.3 132 kV and 66 kV networks .............................................................................................................115

13.4 Distribution networks......................................................................................................................116

13.4.1 CBD area ...................................................................................................................................... 116
13.4.2 Urban areas ................................................................................................................................. 116
13.4.3 Rural areas ................................................................................................................................... 116
13.4.4 Enhanced security of supply ........................................................................................................ 117
13.4.5 Embedded generation ................................................................................................................. 117

13.5 Process to assess the need for network reinforcement ...................................................................117

13.6 The process of developing network concept plans ..........................................................................118

13.7 Planning Criteria .............................................................................................................................118

13.8 Network development ....................................................................................................................118

13.8.1 Annual planning review ............................................................................................................... 119
13.8.2 Non-network alternatives to network augmentation.................................................................. 119

13.9 Investment analysis and reporting ..................................................................................................120

14 SUPPLY CONTINGENCY CRITERIA ..................................................................................... 121

14.1 Load areas .......................................................................................................................................121

14.2 Supply contingencies .......................................................................................................................122

14.3 Equipment capacities ......................................................................................................................122

14.4 Forecast demand.............................................................................................................................122

14.5 Radial supply arrangements ............................................................................................................123

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14.6 Supply contingency criteria .............................................................................................................123

15 STEADY STATE CRITERIA .................................................................................................. 127

15.1 Real and reactive generating limits .................................................................................................127

15.2 Steady state power frequency voltage ............................................................................................127

15.3 Thermal rating criteria ....................................................................................................................128

15.4 Fault rating criteria..........................................................................................................................129

16 STABILITY CRITERIA .......................................................................................................... 129

16.1 Transient stability ...........................................................................................................................130

16.1.1 Transient stability criteria ............................................................................................................ 130
16.1.2 Rotor angle swing ........................................................................................................................ 131
16.1.3 Fault clearance time .................................................................................................................... 131
16.1.4 Rotor angle swing and transient voltage dip ............................................................................... 132
16.1.5 Pole slip protection ...................................................................................................................... 132
16.1.6 Small-signal stability .................................................................................................................... 132
16.1.7 Oscillation damping ..................................................................................................................... 133
16.1.8 Power system stabilisers .............................................................................................................. 133

16.2 Voltage stability criteria ..................................................................................................................133

16.2.1 Voltage stability limits ................................................................................................................. 133
16.2.2 Voltage collapse .......................................................................................................................... 134
16.2.3 Resonance conditions .................................................................................................................. 134
16.2.4 Transient over-voltages ............................................................................................................... 134
16.2.5 Temporary over-voltages ............................................................................................................ 134
16.2.6 Transient voltage dip criteria (TVD) ............................................................................................. 135

16.3 Frequency stability criteria ..............................................................................................................135

17 QUALITY OF SUPPLY CRITERIA ......................................................................................... 136

17.1 Voltage fluctuation criteria .............................................................................................................136

17.1.1 Temporary over-voltages ............................................................................................................ 137
17.1.2 Step changes in voltage levels ..................................................................................................... 137

17.2 Harmonic voltage and current distortion ........................................................................................139

17.2.1.1 Inter-harmonic distortion ....................................................................................................... 140
17.2.2 Direct current .............................................................................................................................. 140

17.3 Voltage unbalance ..........................................................................................................................140

17.4 Electromagnetic interference ..........................................................................................................140

18 CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS CRITERIA ........................................................................... 140

18.1 Conductor selection criteria ............................................................................................................141

19 ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA ............................................................................................. 142

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19.1 Social issues ....................................................................................................................................142

19.2 Electromagnetic fields .....................................................................................................................142

19.3 Land-Use considerations .................................................................................................................143

19.4 Noise ............................................................................................................................................... 143

19.5 Visual amenity ................................................................................................................................143

PART D ATTACHMENTS ........................................................................................................ 145

Attachment 1 Glossary of Terms .................................................................................................................145

Attachment 2 Rules of interpretation .........................................................................................................160

Attachment 3 Technical details for connection and access ..........................................................................161

Schedule S3.1 Generation Unit design data .................................................................................................163

Schedule S3.2 Generation Unit setting data ................................................................................................170

Schedule S3.3 Generator data for small Generation Units ...........................................................................171

Schedule S3.4 Technical data for Small Inverter Energy Systems .................................................................172

Schedule S3.5 Network and plant technical data.........................................................................................173

Schedule S3.6 Network plant and apparatus setting data ...........................................................................175

Schedule S3.7 Load characteristics at connection point ...............................................................................176

Attachment 4 Metering requirements ........................................................................................................177

Attachment 5 Test schedule ........................................................................................................................180

Attachment 6 Access Application schedule .................................................................................................185

A6.1 Access Application information requirements ................................................................................. 185
A6.2 Access Application ............................................................................................................................ 186
A6.3 Initial response to Access Application by the Network Operator ..................................................... 186
A6.4 Preliminary assessment of Access Application by the Network Operator........................................ 187
A6.5 Access offer ...................................................................................................................................... 187
A6.6 Access Agreement ............................................................................................................................ 188

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Introduction
Transmission and distribution networks owned by Power and Water cover the major centres
of the Northern Territory. The legislated Third Party Access regime gives rights to private
Generators and load customers to use the networks to enable contracted trade between
Generator Users and Customer Users.

Structure of this document

This document comprises the following parts:
Part A The legislative requirements that apply to Power and Water Networks and
to customers seeking access to its regulated electrical networks.
Part B The Network Technical Code sets out technical requirements designed to
ensure that the network and the customer installations and equipment
connected to the network may be operated and maintained in a secure and
reliable manner.
Part C The Network Planning Criteria are designed to ensure that new loads and
Generators connected to the network do not compromise the security and
reliability of supply to all network Users.
Part D Attachments, including, amongst other things, a Glossary of terms and
Schedules of the information that is required to be provided by customers
seeking to connect to Power and Water’s regulated networks.
The Network Technical Code and Network Planning Criteria apply to Power and Water’s
regulated networks.

Document nomenclature
Terms defined in the Glossary of this document are italicised.
Explanatory and contextual material is included in boxed sections that do not form part of
the Network Technical Code or Network Planning Criteria.

Document amendment
This document is subject to amendment in accordance with the legislative provisions and
users of the document are advised to obtain the current version from the Manager
Regulation, Pricing and Economic Analysis, at the following address:
Power and Water Corporation
Level 7, Mitchell Centre, Darwin NT 0800
GPO Box 1921 Darwin NT 0801
Telephone: (08) 8985 8431
Facsimile: (08) 8923 9527
The document is also available from Power and Water’s website: www.powerwater.com.au

Version 4 Page 1 of 188 December 2018

Part A Legislative requirements
This document is prepared pursuant to the Northern Territory Electricity Networks
(Third Party Access) Act (TPA Act), as in force at 1 August 2012.
The Northern Territory Electricity Networks (Third Party Access) Code (Network
Access Code) is established in Part 2 of the TPA Act and the accompanying
Schedule. The Network Access Code sets out:
(a) The terms and conditions under which access to an electricity network is to be
granted to third party Users and the associated obligations both on the
network provider and on network Users;
(b) The framework within which Access Agreements are to be negotiated and
implemented; and
(c) The mechanism for resolving access disputes.
Clause 9, sub clause (2) of the Network Access Code requires the network provider
to prepare and make a Network Technical Code and Network Planning Criteria
publicly available.
Clause 30, sub clause (2) of the Network Access Code states that all network Users
shall comply with the Network Technical Code regarding connection to and use of
the electricity network.

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 Network Technical Code
Schedule 1, clause 1 of the Network Access Code lists the requirements of the
Network Technical Code. This Network Technical Code sets out the following
matters. The relevant clauses of this document are also referenced in Figure 1.
Figure 1 – Requirements of the Network Technical Code

Code requirement clause

(a) performance standards in respect of service quality 2
parameters in relation to the electricity network;
(b) the technical requirements that apply to the design or 3
operation of plant or equipment connected to the electricity
network;
(c) requirements relating to the operation of the electricity 4
network (including the operation of the network in
emergency situations);
(d) obligations to test plant or equipment in order to 5.1
demonstrate compliance with the Network Technical Code;
(e) procedures that apply if the network provider believes that 5.6
an item of plant or equipment does not comply with the
requirements of the Network Technical Code;
(f) requirements relating to the inspection of plant or 5.7
equipment connected to the electricity network;
(g) requirements that relate to control and protection settings 6
for plant or equipment connected to the electricity network;
(h) procedures that apply in the case of commissioning and 7
testing of new plant or equipment connected to the
electricity network;
(i) aside from matters appropriately dealt with in the System 8
Control Technical Code, procedures that apply to the
disconnection and reconnection of plant or equipment from
the electricity network;
(j) aside from matters appropriately dealt with in the System 9
Control Technical Code, procedures relating to the operation
of Generating Units connected to the electricity network
(including the giving of dispatch instructions and compliance
with those instructions);
(k) metering requirements in relation to connections; and 10
(l) the information required to be provided to the Network 11
Operator in relation to the operation of plant or equipment
connected to the electricity network at a connection and how
and when that information is to be provided.

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 Network Planning Criteria
Schedule 1, clause 2 of the Network Access Code lists the matters that shall be
contained in the Network Planning Criteria. The relevant clauses of this document
are referenced in Figure 2.
Figure 2 – Requirements of the Network Planning Criteria

Planning criteria clause

(a) contingency; 14.6
(b) steady-state including: 15
(i) voltage limits; 15.2
(ii) thermal rating criteria; and 15.3
(iii) fault rating criteria; 15.4
(c) stability including: 16
(i) transient stability criteria; and 16.1
(ii) voltage stability criteria; 16.2
(d) quality of supply including: 17
(i) voltage fluctuation criteria; 17.1
(ii) harmonic voltage criteria; 17.2
(iii) harmonic current criteria; 17.2
(iv) voltage unbalance criteria; and 17.3
(v) electro-magnetic interference criteria; 17.4
(e) construction standards; and 18
(f) environmental criteria. 19

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Part B - Network Technical Code
1 Application
In this Network Technical Code (Code), unless otherwise stated, a reference to
Network Operator or Power System Controller refers to the appropriate business
unit of the Power and Water Corporation.

1.1 Persons to whom the Code applies

(a) Power and Water Corporation in its role as the operator of the electricity
network (Network Operator);
(b) Power and Water Corporation in its role as the Power System Controller;
(c) Every person who seeks access to spare capacity or new capacity or makes an
Access Application in order to establish a connection or modify an existing
connection; and
(d) Every person to whom access to the electricity network is made available
(including, without limitation, the Power and Water Corporation in its role as a
trader of electricity and every person with whom the Network Operator has
entered into an Access Agreement).

1.2 Plant and equipment to which the Code applies

(a) Equipment installed in the Network Operator’s electricity networks; and
(b) Equipment installed by Users who are connected (either directly or indirectly)
to the electricity networks.

1.3 Other documents

(a) This Code and the Network Planning Criteria at Part C shall be read in
conjunction with the following Power and Water Corporation documents:
(1) Service Rules;
(2) Installation Rules;
(3) Metering Manual;
(4) Network Policies and Safe Working Procedures; and
(5) System Control Technical Code.

1.4 Commencement
(a) Version 1 of the Code came into operation on 1 April 2000 (“Code
commencement date”).
(b) Amendment 2.0 of the Code was entitled the Network Connection Technical
Code and was issued in April 2003.

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 (c) This Version 3.1 amendment of the Network Technical Code and Network
Planning Criteria has been made in accordance with legislative provisions and
took effect from December 2013.

1.5 Interpretation
(a) In this Code, words and phrases are defined in Attachment 1 and have the
meanings given to them in Attachment 1, unless the contrary intention
appears.
(b) This Code shall be interpreted in accordance with the rules of interpretation
set out in Attachment 2, unless the contrary intention appears.
1.5.1 Conflict between Technical Codes
(a) A conflict exists when there is a difference in substance or interpretation of
the provisions contained in the Network Technical Code and provisions
contained in the System Control Technical Code relating to power system:
(1) reliability;
(2) safety;
(3) security;
(4) operational issues; or
(5) procedures.
(b) In the event of a conflict and to the extent of any inconsistency, the provisions
of the System Control Technical Code will prevail over the Network Technical
Code.
(c) Where a conflict cannot be resolved under sub clause (b), consultations will
take place between:
(1) the Power System Controller;
(2) the Network Operator; and
(3) any affected Users.
(d) An affected User is a User who provides evidence to the Power System
Controller and in the opinion of the Power System Controller the evidence
proves the User’s sufficient interest in consultations.

1.6 Dispute resolution

(a) Should a dispute arise between a User and the Network Operator concerning
this Code, the Network Operator shall negotiate with the User to determine
mutually acceptable agreed outcomes.
(b) If an agreement cannot be reached between these two parties, the Utilities
Commissioner shall arbitrate the dispute.

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1.7 Obligations
1.7.1 Obligations of the Network Operator
(a) The Network Operator shall comply with the power system performance and
quality of supply standards:
(1) described in this Code; and
(2) in accordance with any Access Agreement with a User.
(b) The Network Operator shall:
(1) ensure that to the extent that a connection point relates to the
electricity network, every arrangement for connection with a User
complies with all relevant provisions of this Code;
(2) permit and participate in inspection and testing of facilities and
equipment in accordance with clause 5.1;
(3) permit and participate in commissioning of facilities and equipment
which is to be connected to its network in accordance with clause 7;
(4) advise a User with whom there is an Access Agreement of any expected
interruption characteristics at a connection point on or with its network
so that the User may make alternative arrangements for supply during
such interruptions, including negotiating for an alternative or backup
connection; and
(5) use its reasonable endeavours to ensure that modelling data used for
planning, design and operational purposes is complete and accurate and
order tests in accordance with clause 5.5 where there are reasonable
grounds to question the validity of data.
(c) The Network Operator shall arrange for:
(1) management, maintenance and operation of the electricity network
such that in the satisfactory operating state, electricity may be
transferred continuously at a connection point up to the agreed
capability;
(2) management, maintenance and operation of its network to minimise
the number of interruptions to agreed capability at a connection point
on or with that network by using good electricity industry practice; and
(3) restoration of the agreed capability as soon as reasonably practical
following any interruption at a connection point on or with its network.
1.7.2 Obligations of Users
(a) All Users shall maintain and operate (or ensure their authorised
representatives maintain and operate) all equipment that is part of their
facilities in accordance with:
(1) relevant laws;

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 (2) the requirements of this Code; and
(3) good electricity industry practice and applicable Australian Standards.
(b) Each User shall:
(1) comply with the reasonable requirements of the Network Operator in
respect of design requirements of equipment proposed to be connected
to the network of the Network Operator in accordance with clause 3;
(2) permit and participate in inspection and testing of facilities and
equipment in accordance with clause 5.1;
(3) permit and participate in commissioning of facilities and equipment
which is to be connected to a network location for the first time in
accordance with clause 7;
(4) operate facilities and equipment in accordance with any reasonable
direction given by the Network Operator and Power System Controller;
and
(5) give notice of intended voluntary disconnection in accordance with
clause 8.
1.7.3 Obligations of Generator Users
(a) A Generator User shall comply at all times with applicable requirements and
conditions of connection for Generation Units:
(1) as set out in clause 3.3; and
(2) in accordance with any Access Agreement with the Network Operator.
1.7.4 Obligations of Generator Users with Small Generators
(a) A Generator User with a Small Generator shall comply at all times with
applicable requirements and conditions of connection for Small Generation
Units:
(1) as set out in clauses 3.2 and 3.4; and
(2) in accordance with any Access Agreement with the Network Operator.
1.7.5 Obligations of Users with Small Inverter Energy Systems
(a) A User with a Small Inverter Energy System shall comply at all times with
applicable requirements and conditions of connection for Small Inverter
Energy Systems:
(1) as set out in clauses 3.2 and 3.5; and
(2) in accordance with any Access Agreement with the Network Operator.

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1.7.6 Obligations of Users with loads
(a) Each User with a load shall ensure that all facilities which are owned, operated
or controlled by it and are associated with a connection point at all times
comply with applicable requirements and conditions of connection for loads:
(1) as set out in clauses 3.2 and 3.6; and
(2) in accordance with any Access Agreement with the Network Operator.

1.8 Variations and exemptions from the Code

(a) Various clauses throughout this Code permit variations or exemptions from
Code requirements to be granted to a User by reference to terms that include:
(1) the requirements may be varied, but only with the agreement of the
Network Operator;
(2) unless otherwise agreed by the Network Operator;
(3) unless otherwise agreed; and
(4) except where specifically varied in an Access Agreement.
(b) In all cases the Network Operator will notify in writing any such variation or
exemption to Users.

1.9 Amendments to the Code

(a) Any User may propose an amendment to the Code.

(b) A proposal to amend the Code shall be made in writing by the User to the
Network Operator and shall be accompanied by:
(1) the reasons for the proposed amendment to the Code; and
(2) an explanation of the effect on Users of the proposed amendment to
the Code.
(c) The Network Operator shall review the proposed amendment to the Code and
within 30 days advise the User or electricity entity:
(1) whether the proposed amendment to the Code is accepted or rejected;
and
(2) the reasons for the acceptance or rejection of the proposed amendment
to the Code.
(d) The Network Operator shall review the operation of the Code at intervals of
no more than five years and may seek submissions from Users and the
Utilities Commission during the course of the review.

(e) Before amending the Code or Network Planning Criteria in a material way, the
Network Operator must consult the Utilities Commission and undertake
consultation in accordance with the legislative provisions.

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2 Network performance standards
2.1 Introduction
This clause 2 describes the technical performance parameters and standards for
the power system. These standards provide the basis for the technical
requirements for equipment connected to the electricity network, covered in
clause 3.

2.2 Power system operating frequency

(a) The nominal operating frequency of the power system is 50 Hz.
(b) The accumulated synchronous time error shall be less than 15 seconds for
99% of the time.
2.2.1 Frequency range under normal operating conditions
(a) The frequency ranges under normal operating conditions for the Northern
Territory regulated networks are set out in Figure 3.
Figure 3 – Frequency range under normal operating conditions

Power and Water system Frequency range

Darwin – Katherine 50 Hz ± 0.2 Hz
Alice Springs 50 Hz ± 0.2 Hz
Tennant Creek and isolated, 50 Hz ± 0.4 Hz
regional distribution networks

2.2.2 Frequency range under abnormal operating conditions

(a) To cover for the loss of a Generation Unit from the power system two
measures will be applied to arrest the fall in frequency following the loss of
Generation and to return the frequency to within normal operating levels as
specified in clause 2.2.1:
(1) utilisation of available spinning reserve, under the direction of the Power
System Controller; and
(2) disconnection of system load manually or by means of automatic
protection.
(b) Under abnormal operating conditions, the network frequency may vary
between 47 Hz and 52 Hz.
(c) In the case of operation below 47 Hz but at or above 45 Hz, all Generation
Units shall remain connected to the Network Operator’s network for a period
of at least two seconds.
(d) With sustained operation below 47 Hz, under frequency load shedding
schemes may disconnect load on the network to restore frequency to the
normal operating range, in accordance with clause 3.2.8.1.

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 (e) Frequency stability shall be satisfied under all credible power system load and
generation patterns, and the most severe credible contingencies of
transmission plant including the loss of interconnecting plant leading to the
formation of islands within the power system.
(f) Each island in the power system that contains generation shall have sufficient
load shedding facilities in accordance with clause 16 of the Network Planning
Criteria to aid recovery of frequency to the range 49.5 Hz to 50.5 Hz in the
network.
(g) When islanding occurs the Power System Controller will determine which
power station or Generation Units in each isolated system will regulate the
frequency in that system.

2.3 Power frequency voltage levels

2.3.1 Steady state voltage levels
(a) The requirements for steady-state voltage levels are set out in clause 15.2 of
the Network Planning Criteria.
(b) The specifications for voltage levels in clause 15.2 shall apply in this Code.
(c) Users’ equipment shall be designed to withstand these voltage levels.
(d) The power frequency voltage may vary outside the ranges set out in this
clause 2.3.1 as a result of a non-credible contingency event.
2.3.2 Temporary over-voltages
(a) As a consequence of a credible contingency event, the voltage of supply at a
connection point shall not rise above its normal voltage by more than the
percentage specified in clause 17.1.1 of the Network Planning Criteria.
(b) Users’ equipment shall also be designed to withstand these voltage levels.
(c) As a consequence of a contingency event, the voltage of supply at a
connection point could fall to zero for any period.
2.3.3 Step changes in voltage levels
Step changes in the power system voltage levels may take place due to switching
operations on the network. The step changes in voltage shall not exceed the
limits set out in clause 17.1.2 of the Network Planning Criteria.

2.4 Quality of supply

2.4.1 Voltage fluctuations

A voltage disturbance is where the voltage shape is maintained but the voltage
magnitude varies and may fall outside the steady state supply voltage range set
out in clause 15.2 of the Network Planning Criteria. Short duration voltage
disturbances of durations of up to one minute are termed voltage sags and swells.

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 The ENA publication Customer Guide to Electricity Supply contains information on
the typical voltage sags experienced on Australian electricity networks and how
customers can mitigate the risks of equipment maloperation because of sags.
Rapid voltage fluctuations cause changes to the luminance of lamps, which can
create the visual phenomenon termed flicker.

(a) Under normal operating conditions, fluctuations in voltage on the network

should be less than the ‘compatibility levels’ defined in Table 1 of Australian
Standard AS/NZS 61000.3.7 (2001).
(b) To facilitate the application of this standard Power and Water shall establish
‘planning levels’ for its networks, as provided for in the Australian Standard.
2.4.2 Harmonic distortion
2.4.2.1 Harmonic voltage distortion
(a) Under normal operating conditions, the harmonic voltage in the network shall
be less than the ‘compatibility levels’ defined in Table 1 of Australian Standard
AS/NZS 61000.3.6 (2001).
(b) To facilitate the application of this standard Power and Water shall establish
‘planning levels’ of harmonic distortion for its networks as provided for in the
Australian Standard.
(c) Planning levels for harmonic voltage distortion are specified in clause 17 of
the Network Planning Criteria.
2.4.2.2 Non-integer harmonic distortion

Inter-harmonic or non-integer harmonic distortion may arise from large

converters or power electronics equipment with Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
converters interfacing with the power system.

(a) Under normal operating conditions, the emission levels for inter-harmonic
voltage in the network shall be less than the levels defined in section 9 of
Australian Standard AS/NZS 61000.3.6 (2001).
(b) To facilitate the application of this standard Power and Water shall establish
‘planning levels’ of inter-harmonic distortion for its networks as provided for
in the Australian Standard AS/NZS 61000.3.6 (2001).
(c) Planning levels for inter-harmonic voltage distortion are specified in clause 17
of the Network Planning Criteria.

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 2.4.2.3 Voltage notching

Voltage notching may also arise from large convertors or power electronics
equipment with Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) converters interfacing with the
power system.

Voltage notching caused by a User’s facilities is acceptable provided that:

(a) the limiting values of harmonic voltage distortion as described in clause
2.4.2.1 are not exceeded;
(b) the average of start notch depth and end notch depth shall not exceed 20% of
the nominal fundamental peak voltage; and
(c) the peak amplitude of oscillations due to commutation at the start and end of
the voltage notch shall not exceed 20% of the nominal fundamental peak
voltage.
2.4.2.4 Harmonic current distortion
(a) The harmonic voltage distortion limits of clause 2.4.2 apply to each phase and
are not to be exceeded by a User injecting harmonic currents at any of its
connection points.
(b) Any induced noise interference to telecommunications lines by a User’s load
due to harmonic currents is not acceptable and the User is required to reduce
the level of harmonic currents so as to contain such interference to limits
considered acceptable by the telecommunication Network Operator.
(c) The User’s load shall not cause any harmonic resonance in other Users’
systems or the Network Operator’s network.
2.4.2.5 Direct current
(a) Users’ plant and equipment shall comply with the requirements on direct
current components as stipulated in clause 3.12 of Australian Standard
AS/NZS 3100:2009. In particular, the direct current in the neutral caused by
the Users’ plant and equipment shall not exceed 120mA.h per day.
(b) Users shall ensure that all their plant and equipment is designed to withstand
without damage or reduction in life expectancy the limits as specified in this
clause 2.4.2.5.
(c) Responsibility of the Network Operator for direct current in the neutral
outside the limits specified in this clause 2.4.2.5 shall be limited to direct
current in the neutral caused by network assets.
(d) A User whose plant is identified by the Network Operator as not performing to
the standards specified in this clause 2.4.2.5 shall take such measures as may
be necessary to meet Australian Standard AS/NZS 3100:2009.

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2.4.3 Voltage Unbalance
(a) For normal system operation and for planned system outages, the average
voltage unbalance measured over a half hour at a connection point should not
exceed the amount shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4 - Voltage unbalance limits

Nominal supply voltage Maximum negative sequence voltage

(% of nominal voltage)
132 kV 1.0
11-66 kV 1.5
Low voltage 2.0
An increase in the negative phase sequence voltage of up to 50% of the above
is permissible for an aggregate of up to five minutes in any 30-minute period.

2.5 Electromagnetic interference

Electromagnetic interference caused by equipment forming part of the
transmission and network shall not exceed the limits set out in Tables 1 and 2 of
Australian Standard AS2344 (1997).

2.6 Stability
2.6.1 [Superseded]

2.6.2 Dynamic stability

System oscillations originating from system electromechanical characteristics,

electromagnetic effect or non-linearity of system components, and triggered by
any small disturbance or large disturbance in the power system, shall remain
within the small disturbance rotor angle stability criteria and the power system
shall return to a stable operating state following the disturbance. The small
disturbance rotor angle stability criteria are set out below.
(a) All electromechanical oscillations resulting from any small or large disturbance
in the power system shall be well damped and the power system shall return
to a stable operating state.
(b) The damping ratio of electromechanical oscillations shall be at least 0.1.
(c) For electromechanical oscillations as a result of a small disturbance, the
damping ratio of the oscillation shall be at least 0.5.
(d) In addition to the requirements of clauses 2.6.2(a) and 2.6.2(b), the halving
time of any electromechanical oscillations shall not exceed five seconds.
(e) If oscillations do not comply with clause 2.6.2(d), then appropriate measures
shall be taken to change the power system configuration and/or Generation
Version 4 Page 14 of 188 December 2018
 dispatch so as to eliminate such oscillations. Such measures shall be taken by
automatic means.
(f) Users who may cause subsynchronous or supersynchronous resonance
oscillations shall provide appropriate measures at the planning and design
stage to prevent the introduction of this problem to the Network Operator’s
power system or other Users’ systems.
2.6.3 Short-term voltage stability
(a) Short-term voltage stability is concerned with the power system surviving an
initial disturbance and reaching a satisfactory new steady state.
(b) Stable voltage control shall be maintained following the most severe credible
contingency event.

2.7 Contingency criteria for the network

To a great extent, the contingency criteria used for the design of the network will
determine the inherent reliability of customer supply. These criteria apply to the
shared network, and not to customer connections.

(a) The contingency levels to which the network and sub-clauses of the network
are designed are set out in clause 14 of the Network Planning Criteria.
(b) The contingency criteria in this clause 2.7 apply only to the electricity
networks and not to customer connections to the network.
(c) The contingency criteria for a sub-clause of the network may be varied by
Power and Water following a risk/benefit analysis and other considerations
such as capital investment priorities, social needs, the environment and land
use.
(d) Connection assets will be designed in accordance with a User’s requirements
and a network User may choose a design configuration having a greater or
lesser level of security for its dedicated connection to the shared network,
subject to the approval of Power and Water.
(e) The contingency criteria to which the network has been designed shall be
taken into account when assessing the impact of a User’s installation on other
Users, or the power system.

2.8 Equipment fault level ratings

(a) The Network Operator shall specify the minimum fault level ratings of
equipment connected to the network.
(b) Unless otherwise agreed by the Network Operator, the equipment fault level
ratings specified in clause 15.4 of the Network Planning Criteria shall apply.

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2.9 Protection arrangements
2.9.1 Users’ obligation to provide adequate protection
2.9.1.1 Safety of people
It is the User’s responsibility to provide adequate protection (at the User’s
discretion) of all User owned plant to ensure the safety of the public and
personnel, and to minimise damage.
2.9.1.2 System reliability and integrity
(a) The Network Operator and Users shall ensure that any new equipment
connected to any part of the system is protected in accordance with the
requirements of clause 2.9.
(b) Where the connection of new equipment would affect critical fault clearance
times, the protection of both new and existing equipment throughout the
power system shall meet the new critical fault clearance times.
(c) Where existing protection would not meet the new critical fault clearance
times, protection shall be upgraded.
(d) Fault clearance time requirements may not be established until all new plant
data is available and the detailed design of a User’s connection or network
reinforcement has commenced.
(e) All faults of any type shall be cleared within the times specified in clause 2.9.5
unless it can be established by the Network Operator that a longer clearance
time would not result in the network failing to meet the performance
standards set out in clause 2.
2.9.1.3 Minimum standard of protection equipment
Protection systems shall be designed, installed and maintained in accordance with
good electricity industry practice. In particular, the Network Operator shall ensure
that all new protection apparatus including that installed on User’s equipment
complies with IEC Standard 60255 and that all new current transformers and
voltage transformers comply with Australian Standard AS 60044.1 (2007) and
Australian Standard AS 60044.2 (2007).
2.9.1.4 General requirements
(a) All primary equipment on the network shall be protected so that if an
equipment fault occurs, the faulted equipment item is automatically removed
from service by the operation of circuit breakers or fuses.
(b) Protection systems shall be designed and their settings coordinated so that, if
there is a fault, unnecessary equipment damage is avoided and any reduction
in power transfer capability or in the level of service provided to Users is
minimised.

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 (c) Consistent with the requirement of clause 2.9.1.4(b), protection systems shall
remove faulted equipment from service in a timely manner and ensure that,
where practical, those parts of the network not directly affected by a fault
remain in service.
2.9.2 Duplication of protection

To implement a ‘one out of two’ arrangement, complete secondary equipment

redundancy is required. This includes CT and VT secondaries, auxiliary supplies,
cabling and wiring, circuit breaker trip coils and batteries and intertripping
arrangements.

2.9.2.1 Equipment connected at voltages of 66 kV and above

(a) Primary equipment shall be protected by a main protection system that shall
remove from service only those items of primary equipment directly affected
by a fault.
(b) The main protection system shall comprise two fully independent protection
schemes of differing principle, connected to operate in a ‘one out of two’
arrangement.
(c) One of the independent protection schemes shall include earth fault
protection.
(d) To maintain the integrity of the two protection schemes, no electrical cross
connections shall be made between them.
(e) It shall be possible to test and maintain either protection scheme
independently without affecting the other.
(f) Where both protection schemes require end-to-end communications,
independent teleprotection signalling equipment and communication
channels shall be provided.
(g) Where failure of the teleprotection signalling would result in the failure of
both protection schemes to meet the requirements of this clause 2.9.2.1
independent communication bearers shall be provided.
(h) Primary equipment shall also be protected by a back-up protection system in
addition to the main protection system. The back-up protection system shall
isolate the faulted primary equipment if a circuit breaker fails to operate.
(i) The design of the main protection system shall make it possible to test and
maintain either protection scheme without interfering with the other.
2.9.2.2 Equipment connected at voltages of less than 66 kV
(a) Each item of primary equipment shall be protected by two independent
protection systems.
(b) One of the independent protection systems shall be a main protection system
that shall remove from service only the faulted item of primary equipment.
Version 4 Page 17 of 188 December 2018
 (c) At least one of the protection schemes shall include earth fault protection so
as to give additional coverage for low level earth faults and to provide some
remote backup.
(d) The other independent protection system may be a back-up protection
system.
(e) Notwithstanding the requirements of clause 2.9.2.2(a), where a part of the
distribution system may potentially form a separate island the protection
system that provides protection against islanding shall comprise two fully
independent protection schemes of differing principle.
(f) Where appropriate, and with the approval of the Network Operator, a single
set of high rupturing capacity (HRC) fuses may be used as a protection scheme
for plant at 33 kV and below, in which case a second protection scheme would
not be required to satisfy the requirements of this clause 2.9.2.2.
2.9.3 Availability of protection systems
All protection schemes on the network, including any back-up or circuit breaker
failure protection scheme and associated intertripping, shall be kept operational at
all times except when maintenance is required.
2.9.4 Maximum total fault clearance times
(a) This clause 2.9.4 applies to short circuit faults of any type on primary
equipment at nominal system voltage. Where critical fault clearance times
exist, these times may be lower and take precedence over the times stated in
this clause 2.9.4. Critical fault clearance time requirements are set out in
clause 2.9.5.
(b) For primary equipment operating at transmission system voltages of 132 kV
and 66 kV, the maximum total fault clearance times in Figure 5 apply to the
nominal voltage of the circuit breaker that clears a particular fault for both
minimum and maximum system conditions. For primary equipment operating
at distribution system voltages of 33 kV and below, the maximum total fault
clearance times specified in Figure 6 may be applied to all circuit breakers
required to clear a fault for maximum system conditions, irrespective of the
nominal voltage of the circuit breaker.
(c) For primary equipment operating at 132 kV and 66 kV:
(1) Both of the protection schemes of the main protection system must
operate to achieve a total fault clearance time no greater than the ‘No
CB Fail’ time given in Figure 5. The backup protection system must
achieve a total fault clearance time no greater than the ‘CB Fail’ time in
Figure 5, except that the second protection scheme that protects
against small zone faults must achieve a total fault clearance time no
greater than 400 msec;
(2) For a small zone fault coupled with a circuit breaker failure, maximum
total fault clearance times are not defined.
Version 4 Page 18 of 188 December 2018
 (3) In Figure 5, for voltages of 66 kV and above, the term ‘local’ refers to the
circuit breaker(s) of a protection system where the fault is located:
(i) within the same substation as the circuit breaker;
(ii) for a transmission line between two substations, at or within 50%
of the line impedance nearest to the substation containing the
circuit breaker, provided that the line is terminated at that
substation; or
(iii) for a transmission line between more than two substations, on the
same line section as the substation containing the circuit breaker,
provided that the line is terminated at that substation.
(4) In Figure 5, for voltages of 66 kV and above, the term ‘remote’ refers to
all circuit breakers required to clear a fault, apart from those specified in
clause 2.9.4(c)(3).
(d) In Figure 6, for primary equipment operating at nominal voltage of 33 kV and
below, the term ‘local’ refers only to faults located within the substation in
which a circuit breaker is located.
Figure 5 – 132 kV and 66 kV maximum total fault clearance times (msec)

No CB Fail CB Fail
132 kV and 66 kV Local 150 400
Remote 200 450

Figure 6 – 33 kV and below maximum total fault clearance times (msec)

No CB Fail CB Fail
33 kV and below Local 1160 1500
Remote Not defined Not defined

2.9.5 Critical fault clearance times

One of the major factors affecting the transient stability of the network is the fault
clearance time. The critical fault clearance time is the longest time that a fault can
be allowed to remain on the power system to ensure that transient instability
does not occur. Critical fault clearance times are established for the various fault
types at key locations. Protection then shall be set to ensure that the critical fault
clearance times are achieved.

2.9.5.1 Critical fault clearance times

Where a critical fault clearance time to preserve system stability has been
established by the Network Operator in a portion of the network:
(a) For plant operating at voltages of 66 kV or higher, each of the two
independent protection schemes shall be capable of detecting and clearing
plant faults within the critical fault clearance time.
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 (b) Where a critical fault clearance time exists for plant operating at 33 kV and
below:
(1) one protection scheme shall be capable of detecting and clearing plant
faults within the critical fault clearance time; and
(2) the second protection scheme is required to meet the maximum
acceptable fault clearance times set out in clause (c).
(c) Other critical fault clearance time requirements may be imposed by the
Network Operator to limit system voltage and/or frequency disturbances
resulting from faults.
2.9.6 Protection sensitivity
(a) Protection schemes must be sufficiently sensitive to detect fault currents in
the primary equipment taken into account the errors in protection
apparatus and primary equipment parameters under the system conditions
in this clause, 2.9.6.
(b) For minimum and maximum system conditions, all protection schemes must
detect and discriminate all primary equipment faults within their intended
normal operating zones.
(c) For abnormal equipment conditions involving two primary equipment
outages, all primary equipment faults must be detected by one protection
scheme and cleared by a protection system. Backup protection systems
may be relied on for this purpose. Fault clearance times are not defined
under these conditions.
2.9.7 Trip supply supervision
Where loss of power supply to its secondary circuits would result in protection
scheme performance being reduced, all protection scheme secondary circuits
must have trip supply supervision.
2.9.8 Trip circuit supervision
All protection scheme secondary circuits that include a circuit breaker trip coil
must have trip circuit supervision, which monitor the health of the trip coil under
both circuit breaker opened and closed positions.
2.9.9 Protection flagging, indication, fault and event records
All protective devices supplied to satisfy the protection requirements must
contain such indicating, flagging, fault and event recording as is sufficient to
enable the determination, after the fact, of which devices caused a particular trip.
Any failure of the tripping supplies, protection apparatus and circuit breaker trip
oils must be alarmed and operating procedures must be put in place to ensure
that prompt action is taken to remedy such failures.

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2.10 Variation of service quality parameters
(a) In particular circumstances, the requirements in clause 2 of this Code may
be varied.
(b) The Network Operator may vary the Code in accordance with the derogation
provisions of clause 12.
(c) Where it is intended to vary the requirements set out in this Code, it shall be
demonstrated that the variation will not adversely affect Users or power
system security.

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3 Technical requirements for equipment connected to the network
3.1 Introduction
(a) The objective of this clause 3 is to facilitate maintenance of the power system
service quality parameters specified in clause 2, so that other Users are not
adversely affected and that personnel and equipment safety are not put at
risk.
(b) This clause sets out details of the technical requirements which Users shall
satisfy as a condition of connection of any equipment to the network
including, but not limited, to the following types of equipment:
(1) Generation Units connected at all voltage levels of the network;
(2) Small Generation Units connected at voltages of 22 kV and below;
(3) Small Inverter Energy Systems connected to the low voltage network; and
(4) Loads, including those with electronic switching systems, connected at all
voltage levels of the network.
(c) The Network Operator shall determine the classification of equipment to be
connected to the network and may alter the technical requirements of
connection in this clause 3 in respect of a particular connection only as much
as is necessary to ensure the power system service quality parameters
specified in clause 2 are maintained.
(d) An exemption may be granted by the Network Operator to certain provisions
in clause 3 in accordance with the derogations in clause 12 of the Code.

3.2 Requirements for network Users excluding Generator Users under clause 3.3
The requirements under this clause apply to all network users except generator
users captured under clause 3.3 unless referenced to by subclause within clause
3.3.
3.2.1 Network performance standards
A User shall ensure that each of its facilities connected to the network is capable
of operation while the power system is operating within the parameters of the
performance standards set out in clause 1.7.2.
3.2.1.1 Voltage fluctuations
A User shall maintain its contributions to flicker at the connection point to below
the limits allocated by the Network Operator under clause 2.4.1.
3.2.1.2 Harmonic voltage distortion
(a) A User shall comply with any harmonic emission limits allocated by the
Network Operator in accordance with clause 2.4.2 of the Code.
(b) A User shall ensure that the injection of harmonics or interharmonics from its
equipment or facilities into the network does not cause the maximum system
Version 4 Page 22 of 188 December 2018
 harmonic voltage levels at the point of connection to exceed the levels set out
in clause 17.2 of the Network Planning Criteria.
3.2.1.3 Direct current injection
A User shall ensure that any DC component of current produced by its own
equipment complies with the requirements of clause 17.2.2 of the Network
Planning Criteria.
3.2.1.4 Voltage unbalance
A User connected to all three phases shall balance the current drawn in each
phase at its connection point so as to achieve levels of negative sequence voltage
at all connection points that are equal to or less than the values specified in clause
2.4.3.
3.2.1.5 Stability
(a) Users shall cooperate with the Network Operator to achieve stable operation
of the networks and shall install emergency controls as reasonably required
by the Network Operator.
(b) The cost of installation, maintenance and operation of the emergency
controls shall be borne by the User.
(c) The stability criteria stated in clause 2.6 shall be satisfied under the worst
credible system load and Generation pattern, and the most severe credible
contingency event arising from either a single credible contingency event at up
to 100% peak load or a double credible contingency event at up to 80% peak
load.
(d) Credible contingency events shall be considered in accordance with clause 2.7.
3.2.1.6 Electromagnetic interference
A User shall ensure that the electromagnetic interference caused by its equipment
does not exceed the limits set out in clause 2.5.
3.2.1.7 Fault levels
(a) A User connected to the network may not install or connect equipment at the
connection point that is rated for a maximum fault current lower than that
specified in the Access Agreement in accordance with clause 3.6.6.
(b) A User connected to the network shall not install equipment at the connection
point that is rated for a maximum fault current lower than that specified in
clause 15.4 of the Network Planning Criteria unless a lower maximum fault
current is agreed with the Network Operator and specified in the Access
Agreement.
(c) Where a User’s equipment increases the fault levels in the transmission
system, responsibility for the cost of any upgrades to the equipment required

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 as a result of the changed power system conditions will be dealt with by
commercial arrangements between the Network Operator and the Users.
3.2.1.8 Main switch
Except as provided in clause 1.1.1.1, a User shall be able to de-energise its own
equipment without reliance on the Network Operator.
3.2.1.9 Users’ power quality monitoring equipment
(a) The Network Operator may require a User to provide accommodation and
connections for the Network Operator’s power quality monitoring and
recording equipment within the User’s facilities or at the connection point. In
such an event the User shall meet the requirements of the Network Operator
in respect of the installation of the equipment and shall provide access for
reading, operating and maintaining this equipment.
(b) The key inputs that the Network Operator may require a User to provide to
the Network Operator’s power quality monitoring and recording equipment
include:
(1) three phase voltage and three phase current and, where applicable,
neutral voltage and current; and
(2) digital inputs for circuit breaker status and protection operate alarms
hardwired directly from the appropriate devices. If direct hardwiring is
not possible and if the Network Operator agrees, then the User may
provide inputs measurable to one millisecond resolution and GPS
synchronised.
3.2.1.10 Power system simulation studies
(a) A User shall provide to the Network Operator such of the following
information relating to any of the User’s facilities connected or intended to be
connected to the transmission system as is required to enable the undertaking
of power system simulation studies:
(1) a set of functional block diagrams, including all transfer functions
between feedback signals and Generation Unit output;
(2) the parameters of each functional block, including all settings, gains, time
constraints, delays, dead bands and limits; and
(3) the characteristics of non-linear elements.
(b) The Network Operator may provide any information it so receives to any User
who intends to connect any equipment to the transmission system for the
purposes of enabling that User to undertake any power system simulation
studies it wishes to undertake, subject to that User entering into a
confidentiality agreement with the Network Operator, to apply for the benefit
of the Network Operator and any User whose information is so provided, in
such form as the Network Operator may require.

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 3.2.1.11 Technical matters to be coordinated
(a) The User and the Network Operator shall use all reasonable endeavours to
agree upon the following matters in respect of each new or altered
connection:
(1) design at connection point;
(2) physical layout adjacent to connection point;
(3) protection and backup;
(4) control characteristics;
(5) communications, metered quantities and alarms;
(6) insulation co-ordination and lightning protection;
(7) fault levels and fault clearing times;
(8) switching and isolation facilities;
(9) interlocking arrangements;
(10) metering installations as described in clause 10;
(11) synchronising facilities;
(12) under frequency load shedding and islanding schemes;
(13) out of step/pole slip facility; and
(14) any special test requirements.
(b) Prior to connection to the Network Operator’s power system, the Users shall
have provided to the Network Operator a signed statement to certify that the
equipment to be connected has been designed and installed in accordance
with this Code, all relevant standards, all statutory requirements and good
electricity industry practice.
3.2.2 Provision of information
(a) A User shall provide all data reasonably required by the Network Operator.
(b) Details of the kinds of data that may be required are included in clause 11 and
Attachment 3 of this Code.
3.2.3 Protection requirements
Protection shall be provided to detect and clear faults, without system instability
and without causing equipment damage, in accordance with clauses 2.6 and 2.9.
3.2.3.1 Transmission lines and other Plant operated at 66 kV and above
(a) Protection shall be by two fully independent protection schemes as set out in
clause 2.9.2.1.
(b) The protection arrangements shall be capable of clearing a fault within the
clearance times set out in clause 2.9.5.

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 3.2.3.2 Interconnectors and ties operated at 33 kV and below
(a) Protection shall be by two fully independent protection schemes as set out in
clause 2.9.2.2.
(b) The protection arrangements shall be capable of clearing a fault within the
clearance times set out in clause 2.9.5.
3.2.3.3 Feeders, reactors, capacitors and other plant operated at 33 kV and below
(a) The protection arrangements shall be capable of clearing a fault within the
clearance times set out in clause 2.9.5.
(b) Where a critical fault clearance time exists, protection of these items will be
by two independent protection schemes of differing principle, each one
discriminating with the Network Operator power system and capable of
meeting the critical fault clearance time.
(c) At least one of these protection schemes shall also include earth fault
protection so as to give additional coverage for low level earth faults and to
provide some remote backup.
(d) Where there is no critical fault clearance time, the following shall be the
minimum protection requirement:
(1) three Phase Inverse Definite Minimum Time Overcurrent; and
(2) three Phase Instantaneous Overcurrent; and
(3) inverse Definite Minimum Time Earth Fault; and
(4) instantaneous Earth Fault.
(e) With the approval of the Network Operator, a single set of HRC fuses may be
deemed to provide equivalent protection to subclause (c) of this clause,
3.2.3.3.
3.2.3.4 Transformers

The composition of each of the two protection schemes should be complementary

such that, in combination, they provide dependable clearance of transformer
faults within a specified time. With any single failure to operate of the secondary
plant, fault clearance shall still be achieved by transformer protection, but may be
delayed until the nature of the fault changes or evolves.
Protection of transformers larger than 3 MVA will require at least one of the
protection schemes to be a unit protection and provide high-speed fault clearance
of transformer faults.

(a) For transformers with a primary voltage of 66 kV and above, protection shall
be by two fully independent protection schemes as set out in clause 2.9.2.1.

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 (b) For transformers with a primary voltage of 33 kV and below, protection shall
be by two protection schemes which are complementary, as set out in clause
2.9.2.2.
(c) The protection arrangements shall be capable of clearing a fault within the
clearance times set out in clause 2.9.5.
3.2.3.5 Protection discrimination

Where the Network Operator protection is overcurrent, the maximum operate

time will be 1 second at maximum fault level. Generally, Network Operator
overcurrent and earth fault protection employs devices with standard inverse
characteristics to BS142 with a three second curve at 10 times current and time
multiplier of 1.0. Note that this is the specification of the characteristic rather
than the device setting. Operating times for other types of protection will
generally be lower and will be dependent upon location.

The protection in clauses 3.2.3.1, 3.2.3.2, 3.2.3.3 and 3.2.3.4 is required to

discriminate with the Network Operator’s protection on the power system.
3.2.3.6 Backup protection
(a) The protection in clauses 3.2.3.1, 3.2.3.2, 3.2.3.3 and 3.2.3.4 is required to be
backed up by an independent protection to ensure clearance of faults with a
protection failure.
(b) Backup protection shall be provided to detect and clear faults involving small
zones.
(c) Protection shall be provided to detect and clear faults involving circuit breaker
failure.
(d) Where critical fault clearance times do not exist, or are greater than the times
given in clause 2.9.5, the clearance times are to be as specified by the
Network Operator in an Access Agreement.
(e) Such protection schemes shall be capable of detecting and initiating clearance
of uncleared or small zone faults under both normal and minimum system
conditions.
(f) Under abnormal plant conditions, all primary system faults shall be detected
and cleared by at least one protection scheme on the User’s equipment.
Remote backup protection or standby protection may be used for this
purpose.
3.2.3.7 Protection alarm requirements
(a) Specific requirements and the interface point to which alarms shall be
provided will be mutually decided during the detailed design phase. These
alarms will be brought back to the Network Operator’s control centre via the
installed SCADA system supplied by the User in accordance with clause 3.2.5
or clause 1.1.1, as applicable.
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 (b) In addition, any failure of the User’s tripping supplies, protection apparatus
and circuit breaker trip coils shall be alarmed within the User’s installation and
operating procedures put in place to ensure that prompt action is taken to
remedy such failures.
3.2.3.8 Islanding of a User’s facilities from the power system
(a) Unless otherwise agreed by the Network Operator, a User shall ensure that
islanding of its Generation plant together with part of the Network Operator
power system, cannot occur upon loss of supply from the Network Operator’s
power system.
(b) Clause 3.2.3.8(a) should not preclude a design that allows a User to island its
own Generation and plant load, thereby maintaining supply to that plant,
upon loss of supply from the Network Operator’s power system.
(c) Islanding shall only occur in situations where Power and Water’s power
system is unlikely to recover from a major disturbance.
(d) Unless otherwise agreed by the Network Operator, the User shall provide
facilities to initiate islanding in the event of their system drawing more than
the agreed MW/MVAr demands from the Network Operator power system for
a specified time.
(e) Users shall co-operate to agree with the Network Operator the type of
initiating signal and settings to ensure compatibility with other protection
settings on the network and to ensure compliance with the requirements of
clause 2.2.
(f) Where a User does not wish to meet the requirements of clause 2.2,
appropriate commercial arrangements will be required between the User, the
Network Operator and/or another User(s) to account for the higher level of
access service.
3.2.3.9 Automatic reclose equipment
The installation and use of automatic reclose equipment in a User’s facility and in
the power system shall only be permitted with the prior written agreement of
Network Operator.
3.2.3.10 Maintenance of protection
(a) Users shall regularly maintain their protection systems at intervals of not more
than three years. Records shall be kept of such maintenance and the Network
Operator may review these. Refer also to clause 5.2.
(b) Each scheduled routine test, or any unscheduled tests that become necessary,
shall include both a calibration check and an actual trip operation of the
associated circuit breaker.

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 (c) All maintenance and testing of User owned protection shall be carried out by
personnel suitably qualified and experienced in the commissioning, testing
and maintenance of primary plant and secondary plant and equipment.
3.2.4 Design requirements for Users’ substations
The following requirements apply to the design, station layout and choice of
equipment for a substation.
(a) Safety provisions shall comply with requirements applicable and notified by
the Network Operator.
(b) Where required by the Network Operator appropriate interfaces and
accommodation shall be incorporated by the Users for metering,
communication facilities, remote monitoring and protection of plant that is to
be installed in the substation by the Network Operator.
(c) A substation shall be capable of continuous uninterrupted operation with the
levels of voltage, harmonics, unbalance and voltage fluctuation from all
sources as defined in clause 2 of this Code.
(d) Earthing of primary plant in the substation shall be in accordance with the
Electricity Supply Association of Australia Substation Earthing Guide, and shall
reduce step and touch potentials to safe levels.
(e) Synchronisation facilities or reclose blocking shall be provided if Generating
Units are connected through the substation.
(f) Secure electricity supplies of adequate capacity to provide for the operation
for at least eight hours of plant performing metering, communication,
monitoring, and protection functions, on loss of AC supplies, shall be provided.
(g) Plant shall be tested to ensure that the substation complies with the design
and specifications required by clause 3.2.3.10. Where appropriate, type test
certificates provided by the manufacturer satisfy this clause.
(h) The protection equipment required would normally include protection
schemes for individual items of plant, back-up arrangements, auxiliary DC
supplies and instrumentation transformers.
(i) Insulation levels of plant in the substation shall co-ordinate with the insulation
levels of the network to which the substation is connected without degrading
the design performance of the network.
(j) Prior to connection to the Network Operator’s power system, the User shall
have provided to the Network Operator a signed written statement to certify
that the equipment to be connected has been designed and installed in
accordance with:
(1) this Code;
(2) all relevant standards;
(3) all statutory requirements; and
Version 4 Page 29 of 188 December 2018
 (4) good electricity industry practice.
The statement shall have been certified by a Chartered Professional Engineer
with NPER-3 standing with the Institution of Engineers Australia, unless
otherwise agreed.
3.2.5 Remote monitoring and control requirements
(a) The Network Operator may require the User to:
(1) provide remote monitoring equipment (RME) to enable the Network
Operator to remotely monitor status and indications of the load facilities
where this is reasonably necessary in real time for control, planning or
security of the power system; and
(2) upgrade, modify or replace any RME already installed in a power station
provided that the existing RME is, in the reasonable opinion of the
Network Operator, no longer fit for purpose and notice is given in
writing to the relevant User.
(b) The RME provided, upgraded, modified or replaced (as applicable) under
subclause (a) shall conform to an acceptable standard as agreed by the
Network Operator and shall be compatible with the Network Operator’s
SCADA system, including the requirements of clause 4.9 of this Code.
(c) Input information to RME may include, but not be limited to, the following:
(1) Status indications
(i) relevant circuit breakers open/closed (double pole) within the
plant
(ii) relevant isolators within the plant
(iii) connection to the network
(2) Alarms
(i) protection fail
(ii) battery fail - AC and DC
(iii) Trip circuit supervision
(iv) Trip supply supervision
(3) Measured values
(i) active power load
(ii) reactive power load
(iii) load current
(iv) relevant voltages throughout the plant
(4) Sequence-of-event (SOE) points
(i) protection operation

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 (ii) circuit breaker status
(5) Such other input information reasonably required by the Network
Operator.
3.2.6 Communications equipment
(a) A User shall provide electricity supplies for any RME installed in relation to its
plant capable of keeping these facilities available for at least eight hours
following total loss of supply at the connection point for the relevant plant.
(b) A User shall provide communications paths (with appropriate redundancy)
between any RME installed at its plant to a communications interface at the
relevant plant and in a location reasonably acceptable to the Network
Operator.
(c) Communications systems between this communications interface and the
relevant control centre shall be the responsibility of the Network Operator
unless otherwise agreed.
(d) The cost of the communications systems shall be met by the User, unless
otherwise determined by the Network Operator.
3.2.7 Secure electricity supplies
Secure electricity supplies of adequate capacity to provide for the operation for at
least eight hours of plant performing metering, communication, monitoring, and
protection functions, on loss of AC supplies, shall be provided by a User.
3.2.8 Load shedding facilities
If reasonably required by the Network Operator, Users are to provide automatic
interruptible load to the Network Operator in accordance with clause 2.2.2.
3.2.8.1 Load to be available for disconnection
(a) It is a requirement for power system security that 75% of the power system
load at any time be available for disconnection:
(1) under the automatic control of under frequency relays; and
(2) under manual or automatic control from control centres; and/or
(3) under the automatic control of under voltage relays.
(b) In some circumstances, it may be necessary to have up to 90% of the power
system load, or up to 90% of the load within a specific part of the network,
available for automatic disconnection. The Network Operator will advise
Users if this additional requirement is necessary.
(c) Special load shedding arrangements may be required to be installed to cater
for abnormal operating conditions.

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 (d) Subject to clauses 4.3.4(c) and 4.3.4(d), arrangements for load shedding shall
be agreed between the Network Operator and User and can include the
opening of circuits in a network.
(e) The Network Operator shall specify, in the Access Agreement, control and
monitoring requirements to be provided by a User for load shedding facilities.
3.2.8.2 Installation and testing of load shedding facilities
Users shall, if reasonably required by the Network Operator:
(a) Provide, install, operate and maintain facilities for load shedding in respect of
any connection point.
(b) Co-operate with the Network Operator in conducting periodic functional
testing of the facilities, which shall not require load to be disconnected,
provided facilities are available to test the scheme without shedding load.
(c) Apply under frequency settings to relays as determined by the Power System
Controller.
(d) Apply under voltage settings to relays as determined by the Network
Operator.
3.2.9 Impact on power system performance
(a) Prior to a User’s facilities being connected to the power system, the impact on
power system performance due to the Users’ facilities is to be determined by
power system simulation studies as specified by the Network Operator.
(b) These studies may be performed by the User or a third party, in which case,
the Network Operator will require full details of the studies performed
including, without limitation:
(1) assumptions made;
(2) results;
(3) conclusions; and
(4) recommendations.
(c) The acceptance of studies performed by a User or a third party will be entirely
at the Network Operator’s discretion.
(d) Acceptance of power system studies by the Network Operator does not
absolve Users of responsibility/liability for damages or losses incurred by
others.
(e) The Network Operator reserves the right to perform its own studies (at the
User’s cost) and will provide details of such studies to the User.
(f) The Network Operator will make the final determination on the suitability of a
User’s facilities and the requirements to be fulfilled prior to and after the
facilities are connected, in accordance with this Code.

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3.2.10 Safety criteria
(a) As part of the planning process the safety risk should be considered for any
new developments and existing facilities which may have a significant impact
on safety. The safety risk is to be assessed in the planning process. Relevant
bodies should be informed, consulted and steps taken to ensure safety is
maintained to industry standards.
(b) The ESAA National Electricity Network Safety (NENS) Code shall be applied
and reference shall be made to the NENS Reference Guidelines.
3.2.11 Environmental criteria
(a) Environmental management of the transmission and distribution networks
will be in keeping with the ESAA Code of Environmental practice. This applies
in planning, construction, operation and decommissioning.
(b) Users shall inform and consult with relevant public bodies, community
interest groups and the general public, and shall avoid where economically
possible the use of land where conflicting uses or potential conflicting uses
exist.
3.2.12 Construction criteria
3.2.12.1 Overhead lines
Overhead lines and cable systems shall be designed and constructed to Australian
Standard HB C(b)1, ‘Guidelines for Design and Maintenance of Overhead
Distribution and Transmission lines’.
3.2.12.2 Underground cables
Cables shall be installed in a manner that takes into account the local
environmental and service conditions, the location of other utilities’ services and
the risk of damage from excavation. Installation practices shall be in accordance
with ESAA Code C(b)2, ‘Guide to the Installation of Cables Underground’.

3.3 Requirements for connection of Generators

The following collective clauses are directly mappable and have been adapted
from the National Electricity Rules v114 Schedule 5.2 for use in the Northern
Territory and are collectively referred to in this clause as clause3.3.
3.3.1 Outline of Requirements
(a) This clause 3.3 sets out details of additional requirements and conditions that
Generators must satisfy as a condition of connection of a generating system to
the power system.
(b) This clause 3.3 applies to :

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 (1) Prior to 1 July 2019, a generator that is required to be licensed by the
Utilities Commission and / or meets the registration thresholds outlined
in clause 19 of the System Secure Guidelines.
(2) After 1 July 2019, a generator that connects under the NT NER Chapter 5.
(c) This clause 3.3 does not apply to any generating system that is:
(1) subject to an exemption from registration; or
(2) eligible for exemption under any guidelines issued,
and which is connected or intended for use in a manner the Network Operator
considers is unlikely to cause a material degradation in the quality of supply to
other Network Users.
(d) This clause 3.3 also sets out the requirements and conditions which subject to
clause 3.3.5, are obligations on Generators:
(1) to co-operate with the relevant Network Operator on technical matters
when making a new connection; and
(2) to provide information to the Network Operator or Power System
Controller.
(e) The equipment associated with each generating system must be designed to
withstand without damage the range of operating conditions which may arise
consistent with the system standards.
(f) Generators must comply with the performance standards and any attached
terms or conditions of agreement agreed with the Network Operator or
Power System Controller in accordance with a relevant provision of clauses
2.2 to 2.6 inclusive.
(g) This clause 3.3 does not set out arrangements by which a Generator may
enter into an agreement or contract with the Power System Controller to:
(1) provide additional services that are necessary to maintain power system
security; or
(2) provide additional services to facilitate management of the market.
(h) This clause 3.3 provides for automatic access standards and the
determination of negotiated access standards which once determined, must
be recorded together with the automatic access standards in a connection
agreement and registered with the Power System Controller as performance
standards.
3.3.2 Application of Settings
A Generator must only apply settings to a control system or a protection system
that are necessary to comply with performance requirements of this clause 3.3 if
the settings have been approved in writing by the relevant Network Operator and,

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 if the requirement is one that would involve the Power System Controller (being a
negotiated access standard), also by the Power System Controller. A Generator
must not allow its generating unit to supply electricity to the power system
without such prior approval.
If a Generator seeks approval from the Network Operator to apply or change a
setting, then (except in the case of settings to be applied or changed by the
Generator in connection with an emergency frequency control scheme) approval
must not be withheld unless the Network Operator or, if the requirement is one
that would involve the Power System Controller (being a negotiated access
standard), the Power System Controller, reasonably determines that the changed
setting would cause the generating unit to not comply with the relevant
performance standard or cause an intra-regional power transfer capability to be
reduced.
If the Network Operator or, if the requirement is one that would involve the
Power System Controller (being a negotiated access standard), the Power System
Controller, reasonably determines that a setting of a generating unit's control
system or protection system needs to change to comply with the relevant
performance standard or to maintain or restore an intra-regional power transfer
capability, the Network Operator or involve the Power System Controller (as
applicable) must consult with the relevant Generator, and the Network Operator
may request in writing that a setting be applied in accordance with the
determination.
The Network Operator may also request a test to verify the performance of the
relevant plant with the new setting. The Network Operator must provide the
Power System Controller with a copy of its request to a Generator to apply a
setting or to conduct a test.
A Generator who receives such a request must arrange for the notified setting to
be applied as requested and for a test to be conducted as requested. After the
test, the Generator must, on request, provide both the Power System Controller
and the Network Operator with a report of a requested test, including evidence of
its success or failure. Such a report of a test is confidential information.
A Generator must not change a setting requested by the Network Operator
without its prior written agreement. If the Network Operator requires a Generator
to change a setting within 18 months of a previous request, the Network Operator
must pay the Generator its reasonable costs of changing the setting and
conducting the tests as requested.
3.3.3 Technical Matters to be Coordinated
(a) A Generator and the relevant Network Operator must use all reasonable
endeavours to agree upon relevant technical matters in respect of each new
or altered connection of a generating system to a network including:
(1) design at the connection point;
(2) physical layout adjacent to the connection point;
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 (3) primary protection and backup protection;
(4) control characteristics;
(5) communications facilities;
(6) insulation co-ordination and lightning protection (paragraph (b));
(7) fault levels and fault clearance;
(8) switching and isolation facilities;
(9) interlocking and synchronising arrangements; and
(10) metering installations as described in clause 10.
(b) A Generator must ensure that in designing a generating system’s electrical
plant, including any substation for the connection of the generating system to
the network, to operate at the same nominal voltage as at the connection
point:
(1) the plant complies with the relevant Australian Standards unless a provision
of this Code allows or requires otherwise;
(2) the earthing of the plant complies with the ENA EG1-2006: Substation
Earthing Guide to reduce step and touch potentials to safe levels;
(3) the plant is capable of withstanding, without damage the voltage impulse
levels specified in the connection agreement;
(4) the insulation levels of the plant are co-ordinated with the insulation levels
of the network to which the generating system is connected as specified in
the connection agreement; and
(5) safety provisions in respect of the plant comply with requirements
applicable to the participating jurisdiction in which the generating system is
located, as notified by the Network Operator.
(c) If no relevant Australian Standard exists for the purposes of paragraph (b)(1),
the Generator must agree with the Network Operator for the Generator to
comply with another relevant standard.
(d) Prior to connection to the Network Operator’s power system, the Users shall
have provided to the Network Operator a signed statement to certify that the
equipment to be connected has been designed and installed in accordance
with this Code, all relevant standards, all statutory requirements and good
electricity industry practice.
3.3.4 Provision of Information
(a) A Generator shall provide the data specified in clause 11.2.

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 (b) The Generator shall provide all other data reasonably required by the
Network Operator. This data shall include, without limitation, full models (and
all model parameters) of:
(1) the Generation Units;
(2) the excitation control systems;
(3) turbine/engine governor systems; and
(4) power system stabilisers;
(5) to enable the Network Operator to conduct dynamic simulations.
(c) These models shall be in a form which is compatible with the power system
analysis software used by the Network Operator (currently PSS/E from
Siemens PTI and PowerFactory) and shall be inherently stable.
(d) Details of the kinds of data that may be required are included in Attachment 3
of this Code, specifically:
(1) Schedule S3.1 - Generation Unit design data;
(2) Schedule S3.2 - Generation Unit setting data;
(3) Schedule S3.5 - Network and plant technical data; and
(4) Schedule S3.6 - Network plant and apparatus setting data.
3.3.5 Technical Requirements
The following technical requirements describe the automatic access standards for
new or modification of existing, generating units or generating systems seeking
connection to the network. A connection applicant may propose an alternative
negotiated access standard by applying the following:
(a) A negotiated access standard must:
(1) be set at a level that will not adversely affect power system security;
(2) be set at a level that will not adversely affect the quality of supply for other
Network Users.
(b) When submitting a proposal for a negotiated access standard, a Connection
Applicant must propose a standard that is as close as practicable to the
corresponding automatic access standard, having regard to:
(1) the need to protect the plant from damage;
(2) power system conditions at the location of the proposed connection; and
(3) the commercial and technical feasibility of complying with the automatic
access standard with respect to the relevant technical requirement.

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 (c) When proposing a negotiated access standard under paragraph (b), the
Connection Applicant must provide reasons and evidence to the Network
Operator and Power System Controller as to why, in the reasonable opinion of
the Connection Applicant, the proposed negotiated access standard is
appropriate, including:
(1) how the Connection Applicant has taken into account the matters outlined
in subparagraphs (b)(1) to (3); and
(2) how the proposed negotiated access standard meets the requirements of
paragraph (a).
3.3.5.1 Reactive Power Capability
(a) The automatic access standard is a generating system operating at:
(1) any level of active power output; and
(2) any voltage at the connection point within the limits established under
clause 15.2 (a) without a contingency event,
must be capable of supplying and absorbing continuously at its connection point
an amount of reactive power of at least the amount equal to the product of the
rated active power of the generating system and 0.55.
(b) A performance standard must record the agreed value for rated active power
and where relevant the method of determining the value.
(c) A performance standard for consumption of energy by a generating system
when not supplying or absorbing reactive power under an ancillary services
agreement is to be established under clause 3.6 as if the Generator were a
load.
3.3.5.2 Quality of Electricity Generated
(a) For the purpose of this clause 3.3.5.2 in respect of a synchronous generating
unit, AS 1359.101 and IEC 60034-1 are plant standards for harmonic voltage
distortion.
(b) The automatic access standard is a generating system when generating and
when not generating must not produce at any of its connection points for
generation:
(1) voltage fluctuation greater than the limits allocated by the Network
Operator under clause 2.4.1;
(2) harmonic voltage distortion greater than the emission limits specified by a
plant standard under paragraph (a) or allocated by the Network Operator
under clause 2.4.2; and
(3) voltage unbalance greater than the limits allocated by the Network
Operator in accordance with clause 2.4.3.

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 3.3.5.3 Generating Unit Response to Frequency Disturbance
(a) For the purposes of this clause 3.3.5.3:
normal operating frequency band and abnormal frequency band are
references to the widest range specified for those terms for any condition
(including an ‘island’ condition) in the frequency operating standards that
apply to the region in which the generating unit is located.
stabilisation time means the longest times allowable for the frequency of
the power system to remain outside the normal operating frequency band,
for any condition (including an ‘island’ condition) in the frequency
operating standards that apply to the region in which the generating unit is
located.
transient frequency limit and transient frequency time mean the values of
45 Hz and two seconds respectively, or such other values determined by
the Power System Controller.
(b) The automatic access standard is a generating system and each of its
generating units must be capable of continuous uninterrupted operation for
frequencies in the following ranges:
(1) the lower bound of the transient frequency limit for at least two seconds;
(2) the lower bound of the abnormal frequency excursion tolerance limits to
the lower bound of the operational frequency tolerance band for at least
the stabilisation time;
(3) the normal operating frequency band for an indefinite period;
(4) the upper bound of the operational frequency tolerance band to the upper
bound of the abnormal frequency excursion tolerance limits for at least the
stabilisation time,
unless the rate of change of frequency is outside the range of –4 Hz to 4 Hz per
second.
The automatic access standard is illustrated in the following diagram reflecting the
frequency standards outlined in clauses 2.2.1 and 2.2.2.

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 3.3.5.4 Generating System Response to Voltage Disturbances
(a) The automatic access standard is a generating system and each of its
generating units must be capable of continuous uninterrupted operation
where a power system disturbance causes the voltage at the connection
point to vary within the following ranges:
(1) over 130% of normal voltage for a period of at least 0.02 seconds after
T(ov);
(2) 125% to 130% of normal voltage for a period of at least 0.2 seconds after
T(ov);
(3) 120% to 125% of normal voltage for a period of at least 2.0 seconds after
T(ov);
(4) 115% to 120% of normal voltage for a period of at least 20.0 seconds
after T(ov);
(5) 110% to 115% of normal voltage for a period of at least 20 minutes after
T(ov);
(6) 90% to 110% of normal voltage continuously;
(7) 80% to 90% of normal voltage for a period of at least 10 seconds after
T(uv); and
(8) 70% to 80% of normal voltage for a period of at least 2 seconds after
T(uv),
(9) 0% of normal voltage for a period of at least 500 milli-seconds after T(uv)

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 where T(ov) means a point in time when the voltage at the connection point
first varied above 110% of normal voltage before returning to between 90%
and 110% of normal voltage, and T(uv) means a point in time when the voltage
at the connection point first varied below 90% of normal voltage before
returning to between 90% and 110% of normal voltage.
(b) The access standard must include any operational arrangements necessary
to ensure the generating system and each of its generating units will meet
its agreed performance levels under abnormal network or generating system
conditions.
3.3.5.5 Generating System Response to Disturbances Following Contingency Events
(a) In this clause 3.3.5.5 a fault includes a fault of the relevant type having a
metallic conducting path.
(b) The automatic access standard is:
(1) for a generating system and each of its generating units, the
requirements of paragraphs (c) and (d);
(2) for a generating system comprised solely of synchronous generating
units, the requirements of paragraph (e);
(3) for a generating system comprised solely of asynchronous generating
units, the requirements of paragraphs (f) to (i); and
(4) for a generating system comprised of synchronous generating units and
asynchronous generating units:
(i) for that part of the generating system comprised of synchronous
generating units, the requirements of paragraph (e); and
(ii) for that part of the generating system comprised of asynchronous
generating units, the requirements of paragraphs (f) to (i).

All generating systems

(c) A generating system and each of its generating units must remain in
continuous uninterrupted operation for any disturbance caused by:
(1) a credible contingency event;
(2) a three phase fault in a transmission system cleared by all relevant
primary protection systems;
(3) a two phase to ground, phase to phase or phase to ground fault in a
transmission system cleared in:
(i) the longest time expected to be taken for a relevant breaker fail
protection system to clear the fault; or
(ii) if a protection system referred to in subparagraph (i) is not installed,
the greater of the time specified in clause 2.9.4 Figure 5 (or if none is
specified, 450 milliseconds) and the longest time expected to be taken
for all relevant primary protection systems to clear the fault; or

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 (4) a three phase, two phase to ground, phase to phase or phase to ground
fault in a distribution network cleared in:
(i) the longest time expected to be taken for the breaker fail protection
system to clear the fault; or
(ii) if a protection system referred to in subparagraph (i) is not installed,
the greater of 1500 milliseconds and the longest time expected to be
taken for all relevant primary protection systems to clear the fault,
provided that the event is not one that would disconnect the generating unit
from the power system by removing network elements from service.
(d) A generating system and each of its generating units must remain in
continuous uninterrupted operation for a series of up to 15 disturbances
within any five minute period caused by any combination of the events
described in paragraph (c) where:
(1) up to six of the disturbances cause the voltage at the connection point to
drop below 50% of normal voltage;
(2) in parts of the network where three-phase automatic reclosure is
permitted, up to two of the disturbances are three phase faults, and
otherwise, up to one three phase fault where voltage at the connection
point drops below 50% of normal voltage;
(3) up to one disturbance is cleared by a breaker fail protection system or
similar back-up protection system;
(4) up to one disturbance causes the voltage at the connection point to vary
within the ranges under clause 3.3.5.4(a)(7) and (a)(8);
(5) the minimum clearance from the end of one disturbance and
commencement of the next disturbance may be zero milliseconds; and
(6) all remaining disturbances are caused by faults other than three phase
faults,
provided that none of the events would result in:
(7) the islanding of the generating system or cause a material reduction in
power transfer capability by removing network elements from service.

Synchronous generating systems

(e) Subject to any changed power system conditions or energy source
availability beyond the Generator’s reasonable control, a generating
system comprised of synchronous generating units, in respect of the types
of fault described in subparagraphs (c)(2) to (4), must supply to or absorb
from the network:
(1) to assist the maintenance of power system voltages during the fault,
capacitive reactive current of at least the greater of its pre-disturbance
reactive current and 4% of the maximum continuous current of the
generating system including all operating synchronous generating units
(in the absence of a disturbance) for each 1% reduction (from the level
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 existing just prior to the fault) of connection point voltage during the
fault;
(2) after clearance of the fault, reactive power sufficient to ensure that the
connection point voltage is within the range for continuous uninterrupted
operation under clause 3.3.5.4; and
(3) from 100 milliseconds after clearance of the fault, active power of at least
95% of the level existing just prior to the fault.

Asynchronous generating systems

(f) Subject to any changed power system conditions or energy source
availability beyond the Generator’s reasonable control, a generating
system comprised of asynchronous generating units, in respect of the types
of fault described in subparagraphs (c)(2) to (4), must have facilities
capable of supplying to or absorbing from the network:
(1) to assist the maintenance of power system voltages during the fault:
(i) capacitive reactive current in addition to its pre-disturbance level of
at least 4% of the maximum continuous current of the generating
system including all operating asynchronous generating units (in the
absence of a disturbance) for each 1% reduction of voltage at the
connection point below the relevant range in which a reactive
current response must commence, as identified in subparagraph
(g)(1), with the performance standards to record the required
response agreed with the Network Operator and Power System
Controller; and
(ii) inductive reactive current in addition to its pre-disturbance level of
at least 6% of the maximum continuous current of the generating
system including all operating asynchronous generating units (in the
absence of a disturbance) for each 1% increase of voltage at the
connection point above the relevant range in which a reactive
current response must commence, as identified in subparagraph
(g)(1), with the performance standards to record the required
response agreed with the Network Operator and Power System
Controller,
during the disturbance and maintained until connection point voltage
recovers to between 90% and 110% of normal voltage, or such other
range agreed with the Network Operator and Power System Controller,
except for voltages below the relevant threshold identified in paragraph
(h); and
(2) from 100 milliseconds after clearance of the fault, active power of at
least 95% of the level existing just prior to the fault.
(g) For the purpose of paragraph (f):
(1) the generating system must commence a response when the voltage is
in an under-voltage range of 85% to 90% or an over-voltage range of
110% to 115% of normal voltage. These ranges may be varied with the
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 agreement of the Network Operator and Power System Controller
(provided the magnitude of the range between the upper and lower
bounds remains at Δ5%); and
(2) the reactive current response must have a rise time of no greater than
40 milliseconds and a settling time of no greater than 70 milliseconds
and must be adequately damped.
(h) Despite paragraph (f), a generating system is not required to provide a
capacitive reactive current response in accordance with subparagraph
(f)(1)(i) where:
(1) the generating system is directly connected to the power system with
no step-up or connection transformer; and
(2) voltage at the connection point is 5% or lower of normal voltage.
(i) Subject to paragraph (h), despite the amount of reactive current injected
or absorbed during voltage disturbances, and subject to thermal limitations
and energy source availability, a generating system must make available at
all times:
(1) sufficient current to maintain rated apparent power of the generating
system including all operating generating units (in the absence of a
disturbance), for all connection point voltages above 115% (or
otherwise, above the over-voltage range agreed in accordance with
subparagraph (g)(1)); and
(2) the maximum continuous current of the generating system including all
operating generating units (in the absence of a disturbance) for all
connection point voltages below 85% (or otherwise, below the under-
voltage range agreed in accordance with subparagraph (g)(1)),
except that the Network Operator and Power System Controller may agree
limits on active current injection where required to maintain power system
security and/or the quality of supply to other Network Users.

General requirement

All generating systems

(j) The performance standard must include any operational arrangements to
ensure the generating system including all operating generating units will
meet its agreed performance levels under abnormal network or generating
system conditions.
(k) When assessing multiple disturbances, a fault that is re-established
following operation of automatic reclose equipment shall be counted as a
separate disturbance.

Asynchronous generating systems

(l) For the purpose of paragraph (f) :

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 (1) the reactive current contribution may be limited to 200% of the
maximum continuous current of a generating system, including its
operating asynchronous generating units;
(2) the reactive current contribution and voltage deviation described may
be measured at a location other than the connection point (including
within the relevant generating system) where agreed with the Network
Operator and Power System Controller, in which case the level of
injection and absorption will be assessed at that agreed location;
(3) the reactive current contribution required may be calculated using
phase to phase, phase to ground or sequence components of voltages.
The ratio of the negative sequence to positive sequence components of
the reactive current contribution must be agreed with the Network
Operator and Power System Controller for the types of disturbances
listed in this clause 3.3.5.5; and
(4) the performance standards must record all conditions (which may
include temperature) considered relevant by the Network Operator and
Power System Controller under which the reactive current response is
required.

Synchronous generating systems and units

(m) For a generating system comprised solely of synchronous generating units,
the reactive current contribution may be limited to 250% of the maximum
continuous current of the generating system.
(n) For a synchronous generating unit within a generating system (other than a
generating system described in paragraph (m)), the reactive current
contribution may be limited to 250% of the maximum continuous current
of that synchronous generating unit.
3.3.5.6 Quality of Electricity Generated and Continuous Uninterrupted Operation
The automatic access standard is a generating system including each of its
operating generating units and reactive plant, must not disconnect from the
power system as a result of voltage fluctuation, harmonic voltage distortion and
voltage unbalance conditions at the connection point within the levels specified in
clauses 2.4.1, 2.4.2 and 2.4.3.
3.3.5.7 Partial Load Rejection
The automatic access standard is a generation unit shall be capable of continuous
uninterrupted operation, during and following a load reduction which occurs in
less than 0.5 seconds, from a fully or partially loaded condition provided that the
load reduction is less than 50% of the Generation Unit’s nameplate rating and the
load remains above minimum load or as otherwise agreed between the Network
Operator and the relevant User and stated in the Access Agreement between
them.

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 3.3.5.8 Protection of Generating Units from Power System Disturbances
(a) The automatic access standard is:
(1) subject to paragraph (d), for a generating system or any of its generating
units that is required by a Generator or Network Operator to be
automatically disconnected from the power system in response to
abnormal conditions arising from the power system, the relevant
protection system or control system must not disconnect the generating
system for:
(i) conditions for which it must remain in continuous uninterrupted
operation; or
(ii) conditions it must withstand under this Code.
(b) The Network Operator or Power System Controller may require that an
access standard include a requirement for the generating system to be
automatically disconnected by a local or remote control scheme whenever
the part of the network to which it is connected has been disconnected,
forming an island that supplies a Customer.
(c) The access standard must include specification of conditions for which the
generating unit or generating system must trip and must not trip.
(d) Notwithstanding clauses 3.3.5.3, 3.3.5.4, 3.3.5.5, 3.3.5.6 and 3.3.5.7, a
generating system may be automatically disconnected from the power
system under any of the following conditions:
(1) in accordance with an ancillary services agreement between the
Generator and the Network Operator or Power System Controller;
(2) where a load that is not part of the generating system has the same
connection point as the generating system and the Network Operator
and Power System Controller agree that the disconnection would in
effect be under-frequency load shedding;
(3) where the generating system is automatically disconnected under
paragraph (a), clause 3.3.5.9 or by an emergency frequency control
scheme;
(4) where the generating system is automatically disconnected under
clause 3.3.5.10; or
(5) in accordance with an agreement between the Generator and the
Network Operator (including an agreement in relation to an emergency
control scheme under clause 2.6 to provide a service that is necessary to
maintain or restore power system security in the event of a specified
contingency event.)
(e) The Network Operator or Power System Controller is not liable for any loss
or damage incurred by the Generator or any other person as a
consequence of a fault on either the power system, or within the
Generator’s facility.

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 3.3.5.9 Protection Systems that Impact on Power System Security
(a) The automatic access standard is:
(1) primary protection systems must be provided to disconnect from the
power system any faulted element in a generating system and in
protection zones that include the connection point within the applicable
fault clearance time determined under clause 2.9.4 and 2.9.5;
(2) each primary protection system must have sufficient redundancy to
ensure that a faulted element within its protection zone is disconnected
from the power system within the applicable fault clearance time with
any single protection element (including any communications facility
upon which that protection system depends) out of service; and
(3) breaker fail protection systems must be provided to clear faults that are
not cleared by the circuit breakers controlled by the primary protection
system within the applicable fault clearance time determined under
clause 2.9.4 and 2.9.5
(b) In relation to an automatic access standard under this clause 3.3.5.9, the
Generator must provide redundancy in the primary protection systems
under paragraph (a)(2) and provide breaker fail protection systems under
paragraph (a)(3) if the Network Operator and Power System Controller
consider that a lack of these facilities could result in:
(1) a material adverse impact on power system security or quality of supply
to other Network Users; or
(2) a reduction in intra-regional power transfer capability,
through any mechanism including:
(3) consequential tripping of, or damage to, other network equipment or
facilities of other Network Users, that would have a power system
security impact; or
(4) instability that would not be detected by other protection systems in
the network.
(c) The Network Operator and the Generator must cooperate in the design
and implementation of protection systems to comply with this clause
3.3.5.9, including cooperation on:
(1) the use of current transformer and voltage transformer secondary
circuits (or equivalent) of one party by the protection system of the
other;
(2) tripping of one party's circuit breakers by a protection system of the
other party; and
(3) co-ordination of protection system settings to ensure inter-operation.
(d) The protection system design referred to in paragraphs (a) must:
(1) be coordinated with other protection systems;

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 (2) avoid consequential disconnection of other Network Users’ facilities;
and
(3) take into account existing obligations of the Network Operator under
connection agreements with other Network Users.
3.3.5.10 Protection to Trip Plant for Unstable Operation
(a) The automatic access standard is a generating system must have:
(1) for its synchronous generating units, a protection system to disconnect
it promptly when a condition that would lead to pole slipping is
detected, to prevent pole slipping or other conditions where a
generating unit causes active power, reactive power or voltage at the
connection point to become unstable as assessed in accordance with
the power system stability guidelines established under clause 16; and
(2) for its asynchronous generating units, a protection system to disconnect
it promptly for conditions where the active power, reactive power or
voltage at the connection point becomes unstable as assessed in
accordance with the guidelines for power system stability established
under clause 16.
3.3.5.11 Frequency Control
(a) For the purpose of this clause 3.3.5.11:

Droop means, in relation to frequency response mode, the percentage

change in power system frequency as measured at the connection point,
divided by the percentage change in power transfer of the generating
system expressed as a percentage of the maximum operating level of the
generating system. Droop must be measured at frequencies that are outside
the deadband and within the limits of power transfer.

(b) The automatic access standard is:

(1) a generating system’s power transfer to the power system must not:

(i) increase in response to a rise in the frequency of the power system as

measured at the connection point; or
(ii) decrease in response to a fall in the frequency of the power system
as measured at the connection point; and

(2) a generating system must be capable of operating in frequency

response mode such that it automatically provides a proportional:

(i) decrease in power transfer to the power system in response to a rise

in the frequency of the power system as measured at the connection
point; and
(ii) increase in power transfer to the power system in response to a fall
in the frequency of the power system as measured at the connection
point,
Version 4 Page 48 of 188 December 2018
 sufficiently rapidly and sustained for a sufficient period for the Generator to
be in a position to offer measurable amounts of all ancillary services for the
provision of power system frequency control.

(c) Each control system used to satisfy this clause 3.3.5.11 must be
adequately damped.
(d) The amount of a relevant market ancillary service for which the plant may
be registered must not exceed the amount that would be consistent with
the performance standard registered in respect of this requirement.
(e) For the purposes of subparagraph (b)(2):
(1) the change in power transfer to the power system must occur with no
delay beyond that required for stable operation, or inherent in the plant
controls, once the frequency of the power system as measured at the
connection point leaves a deadband around 50 Hz;
(2) a generating system must be capable of setting the deadband and droop
within the following ranges:

(i) the deadband referred to in subparagraph (1) must be set within the
range of 0 to ± 1.0 Hz. Different deadband settings may be applied
for a rise or fall in the frequency of the power system as measured at
the connection point; and
(ii) the droop must be settable within the range of 1% to 6%, or such
other settings as agreed with the Network Operator and Power
System Controller;

(3) nothing in subparagraph (b)(2) is taken to require a generating system

to operate below its minimum operating level in response to a rise in
the frequency of the power system as measured at the connection
point, or above its maximum operating level in response to a fall in the
frequency of the power system as measured at the connection point;
and
(4) the performance standards must record:

(i) agreed values for maximum operating level and minimum operating
level, and where relevant the method of determining the values, and
the values for a generating system must take into account its in-
service generating units; and
(ii) for the purpose of subparagraph (b)(2), the market ancillary services,
including the performance parameters and requirements that apply
to each such market ancillary service.

3.3.5.12 Impact on Network Capability

(a) The automatic access standard is a generating system must have plant
capabilities and control systems that are sufficient so that when
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 connected it does not reduce any intra-regional power transfer capability
below the level that would apply if the generating system were not
connected.
3.3.5.13 Voltage and Reactive Power Control
(a) The voltage and reactive power control automatic access standard is:
(1) The excitation control system of a synchronous Generation Unit shall be
capable of:
(i) limiting Generation Unit operation at all load levels to within
Generation Unit capabilities for continuous operation;
(ii) controlling the Generation Unit output to maintain the short-time
average Generation Unit output voltage at highest rated level (which
shall be at least 5% above the nominal output voltage and is usually
10% above the nominal output voltage);
(iii) maintaining adequate Generation Unit stability under all operating
conditions including providing power system stabilising action if
fitted with a power system stabiliser;
(iv) in the case of a rotating synchronous generator, the five second
ceiling excitation voltage shall be at least twice the excitation voltage
required to achieve maximum continuous rating at nominal voltage;
and
(v) providing reactive current compensation settable for boost or droop
unless otherwise agreed by the Network Operator.
(2) The excitation control system of a synchronous generation unit shall be
capable of:
(i) New synchronous Generation Units shall be fitted with fast acting
excitation control systems utilising modern technology. AC exciter,
rotating rectifier or static excitation systems shall be provided for
any new Generation Units with a rating greater than 10 MW or for
new smaller Generation Units within a power station totalling in
excess of 10 MW. Excitation control systems shall provide voltage
regulation to within 0.5% of the selected set point value.
(ii) New non-synchronous Generation Units must be fitted with fast
acting voltage and / or reactive power control systems, which must
utilise modern technology and be approved by the Network
Operator. Control systems must provide regulation to within 0.5%
of the selected set point value.
(iii) Unless agreed by the Network Operator, new synchronous
Generation Units shall incorporate power system stabiliser circuits
that modulate Generation Unit field voltage in response to changes
in power output and/or shaft speed and/or any other equivalent

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 input signal approved by the Network Operator. The stabilising
circuits shall be responsive and adjustable over a frequency range
that shall include frequencies from 0.1 Hz to 2.5 Hz.
(iv) The Network Operator may require power system stabiliser circuits
on synchronous Generation Units with ratings less than or equal to
10 MW or smaller synchronous Generation Units within a power
station with a total active power output capability less than or equal
to 10 MW (if power system simulations indicate a need for such a
requirement). Before commissioning of any power system stabiliser,
the Generator must propose preliminary settings for the power
system stabiliser, which must be approved by the Network
Operator.
(v) Power system stabilisers may also be required for non-synchronous
Generation Units. The performance characteristics of these
Generation Units with respect to power system stability must be
similar to those required for synchronous Generation Units. The
requirement for a power system stabiliser and its structure and
settings will be determined by the Network Operator from power
system simulations.
(vi) Before commissioning of any power system stabiliser, its
preliminary settings shall be agreed by the Network Operator. The
User shall propose these preliminary settings that should be derived
from system simulation studies and the study results reviewed by
the Network Operator.
(vii) The performance characteristics set out in Figure 7 are required for
AC exciter, rotating rectifier and static excitation systems.

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 Figure 7 – Synchronous Generator excitation system performance requirements

Performance Item Units Static A.C. Exciter Notes

Excitation or Rotating
Rectifier
Sensitivity:
A sustained 0.5% error between Open 200 200 1
the voltage reference and the loop minimum minimum
sensed voltage will produce an gain
excitation change of not less than (ratio)
1.0 per unit.
Field voltage rise time:
Time for field voltage to rise from second 0.05 0.5 2
rated voltage to excitation ceiling maximum maximum
voltage following the application
of a short duration impulse to the
voltage reference.
Settling time with the Generator second 2.5 5 3
synchronised following a maximum maximum
disturbance equivalent to a 5%
step change in the sensed
Generator terminal voltage.
Settling time with the Generator second 1.5 2.5 3
unsynchronised following a maximum maximum
disturbance equivalent to a 5%
step change in the sensed
Generator terminal voltage. Shall
be met at all operating points
within the Generator capability.
Settling time following any second 5 5 3
disturbance that causes an maximum maximum
excitation limiter to operate.
Notes:
1. One per unit is that field voltage required to produce nominal voltage on the air
gap line of the Generator open circuit characteristic (Refer IEEE Standard 115-
1983 – Test Procedures for Synchronous Machines).
2. Rated field voltage is that voltage required to give nominal Generator terminal
voltage when the Generator is operating at its maximum continuous rating. Rise
time is defined as the time taken for the field voltage to rise from 10% to 90% of
the increment value.
3. Settling time is defined as the time taken for the Generator terminal voltage to
settle and stay within an error band of ±10% of its increment value.

(viii) The performance characteristics required for the voltage or reactive

power control systems of all non-synchronous Generation Units are
specified in Figure 8.

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 Figure 8 – Non-synchronous Generator voltage or reactive power control system
performance requirements

Performance Item Units Limiting Notes

Value
Sensitivity: Open 200 1
A sustained 0.5% error between the reference loop gain minimum
voltage and the sensed voltage must produce an (ratio)
output change of not less than 100% of the
reactive power generation capability of the
Generation Unit, measured at the point of control.
Rise time: second 1.5 2
Time for the controlled parameter (voltage or maximum
reactive power output) to rise from the initial
value to 90% of the change between the initial
value and the final value following the application
of a 5% step change to the control system
reference.
Small disturbance settling time second 2.5 3
Settling time of the controlled parameter with the maximum
Generation Unit connected to the transmission or
distribution network following a step change in the
control system reference that is not large enough
to cause saturation of the controlled output
parameter. Must be met at all operating points
within the Generation Unit’s capability.
Large disturbance settling time second 5 3
Settling time of the controlled parameter following maximum
a large disturbance, including a transmission or
distribution network fault, which would cause the
maximum value of the controlled output
parameter to be just exceeded.
Notes:
1. A control system with both proportional and integral actions must be capable of
achieving a minimum equivalent gain of 200.
2. The controlled parameter and the point where the parameter is to be measured
must be agreed and included in the relevant Access Agreement.
3. Settling time is defined as the time taken for the controlled parameter to settle and
stay within an error band of ±10% of its increment value.

(ix) The Network Operator shall approve the structure and parameter
settings of all components of the excitation control system,
including the voltage regulator, power system stabiliser, power
amplifiers and all excitation limiters.
(x) The structure and settings of the excitation control system shall not
be changed, corrected or adjusted in any manner without prior
written notification to the Network Operator. The Network
Operator may require Generation Unit tests to demonstrate

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 compliance with the requirements of Figure 7 or Figure 8. The
Network Operator may witness such tests.
(xi) Settings may require alteration from time to time as advised by the
Network Operator or Power System Controller. The cost of altering
the settings and verifying subsequent performance shall be borne
by the User, provided alterations are not made more than once in
each 18 months for each Generation Unit. If more frequent
changes are requested the person making that request shall pay all
costs on that occasion.
(xii) Excitation limiters shall be provided for under excitation and over
excitation and may be provided for voltage to frequency ratio. The
Generation Unit shall be capable of stable operation for indefinite
periods while under the control of any excitation limiter. Excitation
limiters shall not detract from the performance of any stabilising
circuits and shall have settings applied which are co-ordinated with
all protection systems.
3.3.5.14 Active Power Control
(a) The active power control automatic access standard is a generating
system must have an active power control system capable of:
(1) For a scheduled generating unit or scheduled generating system:
(i) Maintaining and changing its active power output in accordance
with its dispatch instructions; and
(ii) Ramping its active power output linearly at a rate not less than 5%
of nameplate rating per minute; and
(iii) Receiving and automatically responding to AGC signals as updated
(nominal update rate of once per four seconds)
(b) Each control system used to satisfy the requirements of paragraph (a)
must be adequately damped.
(c) Settings may require alteration from time to time as advised by the
Network Operator or Power System Controller. The cost of altering the
settings and verifying subsequent performance shall be borne by the
User, provided alterations are not made more than once in each 18
months for each Generation Unit. If more frequent changes are
requested the person making that request shall pay all costs on that
occasion.
3.3.5.15 Inertia and Contingency FCAS
(a) The inertia and contingency FCAS automatic access standard is:
(1) A generator system must have an adequate inertia and Contingency
FCAS capability as defined by the characteristic below. The capability

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 must be able to be dispatched up to a point within the adequate zone as
shown, and can be achieved by any combination of partially loaded
generator unit(s), and/or additional plant (e.g. synchronous condensers,
energy storage system, etc), to achieve the required capability.
(2) Inertia offered or provided from non-synchronous (emulated) sources
needs to be assessed and accepted by the Power System Controller and
Network Operator.
(3) The inertia and FCAS capabilities will be accredited by the Power System
Controller using the specifications and evaluation framework outlined in
the System Secure Guidelines.
Figure 9 – Inertia vs C-FCAS Trade Off Requirements for New Generators

3.3.5.16 System Strength

(a) The system strength automatic access standard is a generating system
must not cause an adverse impact on system strength as defined in the
AEMO System Strength Impact Assessment Guidelines v1.0 July 2018 and
following an assessment by the Network Operator.
Subject to paragraph (a),
(1) a Network Operator must undertake system strength connection works
at the cost of the Connection Applicant if the full assessment
undertaken in accordance with the AEMO system strength impact
assessment guidelines indicates that the Connection Applicant's
proposed new connection of a generating facility or the Generator's
proposed alteration to a generating system will have an adverse system
strength impact, or
Version 4 Page 55 of 188 December 2018
 (2) to the extent that the adverse system strength impact referred to in
paragraph (a) is or will be avoided or remedied by a system strength
remediation scheme agreed or determined under this clause and
implemented by the Connection Applicant in accordance with its
connection agreement.
(i) A Connection Applicant proposing to install plant as part of a system
strength remediation scheme must include a description of the
plant, the ratings of the proposed plant (in MVA) and other
information (including models) reasonably required by the Network
Operator and Power System Controller to assess the system
strength remediation scheme.
3.3.6 Monitoring and Control Requirements
3.3.6.1 Remote Monitoring
(a) The remote monitoring standard is:
(1) The Network Operator will require users to provide remote monitoring
equipment (“RME”) to enable the Network Operator and the Power
System Controller to remotely monitor performance of a Generation
Unit (including its dynamic performance) where this is reasonably
necessary in real time for control, planning or security of the power
system; and
(2) Any RME provided, upgraded, modified or replaced (as applicable) shall
conform to an acceptable standard as agreed by the Network Operator
and shall be compatible with the Network Operator’s SCADA system and
the nomenclature standards of the Network Operator and as agreed to
by the Power System Controller
(3) Input information to RME may include, but not be limited to, the
following:
(i) Status indications:
a. Generation Unit Circuit Breaker Open/Closed
b. Remote Generation Load Control on/off
c. Generating Unit Operating Mode
d. Governor Limiting Operation
e. Connection to the network

(ii) Alarms:
a. Generation Unit Circuit Breaker Tripped by Protection
b. Prepare to off load

(iii) Protection Defective Alarms

(iv) Measure Values:

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 a. Gross active power output of each Generation Unit
b. Net station active power import or export at each connection
point
c. Gross reactive power output of each Generation Unit
d. Net station reactive power import or export at each connection
point
e. Generation Unit stator voltage
f. Generation Unit transformer tap position
g. Net station output of active energy (impulse)
h. Generation Unit remote Generation control high limit value
i. Generation Unit remote Generation control low limit value
j. Generation Unit remote Generation control rate limit value
k. For energy storage devices the available energy (in MWh)
l. Generation Unit present maximum active capability
m. Generation Unit forecasted maximum active capability

(v) Such other input information reasonably required by the Network

Operator or Power System Controller.
(4) A User is required to install remote control equipment (“RCE”) that is
adequate to enable the Power System Controller to remotely control:
(i) The active power output of any Generation Unit; and
(ii) The reactive power output of any Generation Unit.
(5) Unless agreed otherwise, the relevant User will be responsible for the
following actions at the request of the Network Operator or the Power
System Controller:
(i) Activating and de-activating RCE installed in relation to any
Generation Unit; and
(ii) Setting the minimum and maximum levels to which, and a
maximum rate at which, the Power System Controller will be able to
adjust the performance of any Generation Unit using RCE.
(6) A User shall provide electricity supplies for the RME and RCE installed in
relation to its Generation Unit capable of keeping these facilities
available for at least eight hours following total loss of supply at the
connection point for the relevant Generation Unit.
(7) The performance of the RME and RCE in terms of accuracy and reliability
shall meet the requirements of the Network Operator and Power System
Controller.
3.3.6.2 Communications Equipment
(a) The communications equipment standard is:
(1) A User shall provide communications paths (with appropriate
redundancy) between RME or RCE installed at any of its Generation
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 Units to a communications interface at the relevant power station and
in a location reasonably acceptable to the Network Operator.
(2) Communications systems between this communications interface and
the relevant control centre shall be the responsibility of the Network
Operator unless otherwise agreed,
(3) The User shall meet the cost of the communications systems, unless
otherwise determined by the Network Operator.
(4) Telecommunications between the Power System Controller and
Generators shall be established in accordance with the requirements set
down below for operational communications.
(i) Primary Speech Facility
(A) Each User shall provide and maintain equipment by means of
which routine and emergency control telephone calls may be
established between the User’s responsible Engineer/ Operator
and the Power System Controller.
(B) The facilities to be provided, including the interface requirement
between the Power System Controller’s equipment and the
User’s equipment shall be specified by the Network Operator.

(ii) Back-up Speech Facility

(A) Where the Network Operator advises a User that a back-up
speech facility to the primary facility is required, the Network
Operator will provide and maintain a separate telephone link or
radio installation. The costs of the equipment shall be recovered
through the charge for connection.
(B) The Network Operator shall be responsible for radio system
planning and for obtaining radio licenses for equipment used in
relation to the Network Operator networks.

3.3.7 Power Station Auxiliary Supplies

In cases where a generating system takes its auxiliary supplies via a
connection point through which its generation is not transferred to the
network, the access standards for the auxiliaries must be established under
clause 3.6 as a Load Customer.
3.3.8 Fault Current
(a) The fault current standard is:
(1) The contribution of the generating system to the fault current on the
connecting network through its connection point must not exceed the
contribution level that will ensure that the total fault current can be
safely interrupted by the circuit breakers of the connecting network and
safely carried by the connecting network for the duration of the
Version 4 Page 58 of 188 December 2018
 applicable breaker fail protection system fault clearance times, as
specified for the relevant connection point by the Network Operator;
(2) A generating system’s connected plant must be capable of withstanding
fault current through the connection point up to the higher of:
(i) The level specified by the Network Operator; or
(ii) The highest level of current at the connection point that can be
safely interrupted by the circuit breakers of the connecting network
and safely carried by the connecting network for the duration of the
applicable breaker fail protection system fault clearance times, as
specified by the Network Operator.
(3) A circuit breaker provided to isolate a generating unit or generating
system from the network must be capable of breaking, without damage
or restrike, the maximum fault currents that could reasonably be
expected to flow through the circuit breaker for any fault in the network
or in the generating unit or generating system, as specified in the
connection agreement.

3.4 Requirements for connection of Small Generators

3.4.1 Scope
(a) This clause 3.4.1 addresses the requirements for the connection of Small
Generation Units and groups of Small Generation Units.
(b) This clause 3.4.1 does not apply to the connection of Small Inverter Energy
Systems, in respect of which clause 3.5 applies.
3.4.2 Objectives
(a) The issues addressed by this clause 3.4.2 are:
(1) the possibility that Small Generation Units embedded in networks may
affect the quality of supply to other Users, cause reverse power transfer,
use up network capacity, create a network switching hazard and
increase risks for operational personnel;
(2) the possibility that a Small Generation Unit connected to a network
could become islanded on to a de-energised part of the network
resulting in safety and quality of supply concerns; and
(3) a simplified connection process for Small Generators.
3.4.3 Categorisation of facilities
(a) This clause 3.4.3 covers Small Generation Units of all types, whether using
renewable or non-renewable energy sources.
(b) Unless otherwise specified, technical requirements for Small Generation Units
will apply at the connection point, rather than at the Generator machine

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 terminals, except that the reactive power requirements for synchronous Small
Generation Units will apply at the Generator machine terminals.
(c) Connection points for small power stations are characterised as:
(1) high voltage connected: 3 phase, 11 kV or 22 kV; or
(2) low voltage connected: 1, 2 or 3 phase plus neutral, 230 V or 400 V.
(3) Where a Small Generation Unit is the only facility connected to a low
voltage network the Generator may choose to have the power station
assessed for compliance as if the power station was high voltage
connected. Prior to another User subsequently connecting to the same
low voltage network the Network Operator shall reassess the power
station for compliance with the requirements for low voltage connected
power stations and the Small Generator shall rectify any noncompliance
identified in the reassessment.
(d) The mode of operation of a Small Generation Unit in a small power station is
characterised as being in:
(1) continuous parallel operation with the network, and either exporting
electricity to the network or not exporting electricity to it;
(2) occasional parallel operation with the network, and either exporting
electricity to the network or not exporting electricity to it, including
Generation Units participating in peak lopping and system peak load
management for up to 200 hours per year;
(3) short term test parallel operation with the network, and either
exporting electricity to the network or not exporting electricity to it, and
having a maximum duration of parallel operation 2 hours per event and
24 hours per year; or
(4) bumpless (make before break) transfer operation, being:
(i) operation in rapid transfer mode where, when load is transferred
between the Generation Unit and the network or vice versa, the
Generation Unit is synchronised for a maximum of one second per
event; or
(ii) operation in gradual transfer mode where, when load is
transferred between the Generation Unit and the network or vice
versa, the Generation Unit is synchronised for a maximum of 60
seconds per event.
3.4.4 Information to be provided by a Small Generator
(a) A Small Generator shall provide all information in relation to the design,
construction, operation and configuration of that small power station as is
required by the Network Operator to ensure that the operation and
performance standards of the network, or other Users, are not adversely
affected by the operation of the power station.

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 (b) Details of the kinds of information that may be required for Small Generators
are included in clause 11.
3.4.5 Safety and reliability
The requirements imposed on a Small Generator by this clause 3.4.5 are intended
to provide minimum safety and reliability standards for the network and other
Users.
(a) A Small Generator shall design its facilities in accordance with applicable
standards and regulations, good electricity industry practice and the
manufacturers’ recommendations.
(b) The safety and reliability of the network and the equipment of other Users are
paramount and connection applications shall be evaluated accordingly.
(c) A Small Generator shall not connect or reconnect to the network if the safety
and reliability of the network or Users would be placed at risk.
(d) Where it is apparent that the operation of equipment installed in accordance
with the requirements of this clause may have an adverse impact on the
operation, safety or performance of the network, or on the quality of supply
to other Users, the Network Operator shall consult with the Users to reach an
agreement on an acceptable solution.
(e) Pursuant to clause 3.4.5(d), the Network Operator may require the Small
Generator to test or modify its relevant equipment.
(f) Unless otherwise agreed in the relevant Access Agreement, the Network
Operator may require a Small Generator not to operate equipment in
abnormal network operating conditions.
(g) Equipment directly connected to the connection point of a small power station
shall be rated for the maximum fault current at the connection point specified
in clause 2.8.
(h) A Small Generator shall ensure that the maximum fault current contribution
from a Generation Unit or small power station is not of a magnitude that will
allow the total fault current at the connection point to exceed the levels
specified in clause 2.8 for all normal operating conditions.
3.4.6 Small Generation Unit characteristics
(a) To assist in controlling network fault levels, Small Generators shall ensure that
Generation Units comply with the Network Operator’s requirements relating
to minimum fault current and maximum fault current contribution through a
connection point.
(b) If the connection or disconnection of a User’s small power station causes or is
likely to cause excessively high or low fault levels, this shall be addressed by
other technical measures specified in the relevant Access Agreement.

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3.4.7 Connection and operation
3.4.7.1 Main switch
(a) Each facility at which a Small Generation Unit in a small power station is
connected to the network shall contain one main switch provided by the User
for each connection point and one main switch for each Generation Unit,
where a Small Generation Unit shares a connection point with other Small
Generation Units or loads. For larger installations, additional connection
points and main switches or a dedicated feeder may be required.
(b) Switches shall be automatically operated, fault current breaking and making,
ganged switches or circuit breakers. The relevant facility may also contain
similarly rated interposed paralleling switches for the purpose of providing
alternative synchronised switching operations.
(c) At each relevant connection point there shall be a means of visible and
lockable isolation and test points accessible to the Network Operator’s
operational personnel. This may be a withdrawable switch, a switch with
visible contacts, a set of removable links or other approved means. It shall be
possible for the Network Operator’s operational personnel to fit safety locks
on the isolation point. Low voltage Small Generation Units with moulded case
circuit breakers and fault limiting fuses with removable links are acceptable
for isolation points in accordance with this sub clause.
3.4.7.2 Synchronising
(a) For a synchronous Small Generation Unit in a small power station, a Small
Generator shall provide automatic synchronising equipment at each Small
Generation Unit circuit breaker.
(b) Check synchronising shall be provided on all Small Generation Unit circuit
breakers and any other switching devices that are capable of connecting the
User’s generating equipment to the network unless otherwise interlocked to
the satisfaction of the Network Operator.
(c) Prior to the initial synchronisation of the Generation Unit(s) to the network,
the Small Generator and the Network Operator shall agree on written
operational procedures for synchronisation.
3.4.7.3 Safe shutdown without external supply
A Small Generation Unit shall be capable of being safely shut down without
electricity supply being available from the network.
3.4.8 Power quality and voltage change
(a) A Small Generator shall ensure that the network performance standards of
clause 2 are met when a small power station is connected by it to the network.
(b) The step voltage change at the connection point for connection and
disconnection shall comply with the requirements of clause 2.3.3. These

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 requirements may be achieved by synchronising individual Generation Units
sequentially. On low voltage feeders, voltage changes up to 5% may be
allowed in some circumstances with the approval of the Network Operator.
(c) The steady state voltage rise at the connection point resulting from export of
power to the network shall not exceed 2% and shall not cause the voltage
limits specified in clause 2.3.1 to be exceeded.
(d) When operating unsynchronised, a synchronous Small Generation Unit in a
small power station shall generate a constant voltage level with balanced
phase voltages and harmonic voltage distortion equal to or less than
permitted in accordance with either Australian Standard AS 1359 (1997)
‘General Requirements for Rotating Electrical Machines’ or a recognised
relevant international standard, as agreed between the Network Operator and
the User.
3.4.9 Remote control, monitoring and communications
(a) For Small Generation Units exporting 1 MW or more to the network the
Generator shall provide for:
(1) tripping of the Small Generation Unit remotely from the Network
Operator’s control centre;
(2) a close-enable interlock operated from the Small Network Operator’s
control centre; and
(3) remote monitoring at the control centre of (signed) MW, MVAr and
voltage.
(b) For Small Generation Units exporting less than 1 MW monitoring may not be
required.
(c) Where concerns for safety and reliability arise that are not adequately
addressed by automatic protection systems and interlocks, the Network
Operator may require the Small Generator to provide remote monitoring and
remote control of some functions in accordance with this clause 3.4.9.
(d) A Small Generator shall provide a continuous communication link with the
Network Operator’s control centre for monitoring and control for Small
Generation Units exporting 1 MW and above to the network. For Small
Generation Units exporting below 1 MW, non-continuous monitoring and
control may be required, for example, a bi-directional dial up arrangement.
(e) A Small Generator shall have available at all times a telephone link or other
communication channel to enable voice communications between a small
power station and the Network Operator’s control centre.
(f) For Small Generation Units exporting above 1 MW, a dedicated telephone link
or other dedicated communication channel may be required.

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3.4.10 Protection
3.4.10.1 General
(a) A Small Generator shall provide, as a minimum, the protection functions
specified in this clause in accordance with the aggregate rated capacity of
Small Generation Units in a small power station at the connection point.
(b) A Small Generator’s proposed protection system and settings shall be
approved by the Network Operator, who shall assess their likely effect on the
network and may specify modified or additional requirements to ensure that:
(1) the network performance standards specified in clause 2 are met;
(2) the power transfer capability of the network is not reduced; and
(3) the quality of supply to other Users is maintained. Information that may
be required by the Network Operator prior to giving approval is
specified in clause 11.
(c) A Small Generator’s protection system shall clear internal plant faults and
coordinate with the Network Operator’s protection system.
(d) The design of a Small Generator’s protection system shall ensure that failure
of any protection device cannot result in the network being placed in an
unsafe operating mode or lead to a disturbance or safety risk to the Network
Operator or to other Users. This may be achieved by providing back-up
protection schemes or designing the protection system to be fail-safe, for
example, to trip on failure.
(e) All protection apparatus shall comply with the IEC 60255 series of standards.
Integrated control and protection apparatus may be used provided that it can
be demonstrated that the protection functions are functionally independent
of the control functions, that is, failure or maloperation of the control features
will not impair operation of the protection system.
(f) All Small Generators shall provide under and over voltage, under and over
frequency and overcurrent protection schemes in accordance with the
equipment rating.
(g) All Small Generators shall provide earth fault protection for earth faults on the
network. All small power stations connected at high voltage shall have a
sensitive earth fault protection scheme.
(h) The earth fault protection scheme may be:
(1) earth fault; or
(2) neutral voltage displacement
depending on the connection type).
(i) No Small Generator may supply a de-energised network and all small power
stations shall provide protection against abnormal network conditions, as

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 specified in clause 3.2.3, on one or more phases. This protection against loss
of external supply may be:
(1) loss of mains;
(2) rate of change of frequency (ROCOF);
(3) vector surge;
(4) reverse power; or
(5) directional over current.
(j) All Small Generators that have an export limit shall have reverse power or
directional current limits set appropriate to the export limit.
(k) All Small Generators shall have loss of AC and DC auxiliary supply protection,
which shall immediately trip all switches that depend on that supply for
operation of their protection.
(l) Where synchronisation is time limited, the Small Generator shall be
disconnected by an independent timer.
(m) Small Generation Units that are only operated in parallel with the network
during rapid bumpless transfer shall be protected by an independent timer
that will disconnect the Generation Unit from the network if the bumpless
transfer successfully completed. Automatic transfer switches shall comply
with Australian Standard AS 60947.6.2 (2004). For the avoidance of doubt
Small Generation Units covered by sub-clause 3.4.10.1(m) need not comply
with sub sub-clauses (f) to (l) of clause 3.4.10.1. This exemption recognises
that the rapid bumpless transfer will be completed or the Generation Unit will
be disconnected by the disconnection timer before other protection schemes
operate. Protection of the Small Generation Unit when it is not operating in
parallel with the network is at the discretion of the Small Generator.
3.4.10.2 Pole slipping
Where it is determined that the disturbance resulting from loss of synchronism is
likely to exceed that permitted in clause 2.6, the Small Generator shall install a
pole slipping protection scheme.
3.4.10.3 Islanding protection and intertripping
(a) For sustained parallel operation (which excludes rapid or gradual bumpless
transfer), islanding protection schemes of two different functional types shall
be provided to prevent a Small Generation Unit energising a part of the
network that has become isolated from the remainder of the transmission or
network under all operating modes. The Small Generator shall demonstrate
that two different functional types of islanding protection schemes have been
provided.
(b) Small Generation Units designed for gradual bumpless transfer shall be
protected with at least one functional type of islanding protection scheme.

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 (c) Islanding protection shall operate within two seconds to ensure disconnection
before the first network reclosing attempt (typically five seconds). Relay
settings are to be agreed with the Network Operator. It should be assumed
that the Network Operator will always attempt to auto-reclose to restore
supply following transient faults.
(d) In cases where, in the opinion of the Network Operator, the risk of
undetected islanding of part of the network and the Small Generator’s facility
remains significant, the Network Operator may also require the installation of
an intertripping link between the Small Generator’s main switch(es) and the
feeder circuit breaker(s) in the zone substation or other upstream protection
device nominated by the Network Operator.
3.4.10.4 Protection of Small Generator’s equipment
(a) This clause 3.4.10.4 applies only to protection necessary to maintain power
system security. A Small Generator shall design and specify any additional
protection required to guard against risks within the Small Generator’s facility.
(b) Any failure of the Small Generator’s tripping supplies, protection apparatus or
circuit breaker trip coils required under clause 3.4.10 shall be alarmed within
the Small Generator’s facility and operating procedures put in place to ensure
that prompt action is taken to remedy such failures. As an alternative to
alarming, Small Generation Unit main switches may be tripped automatically.
3.4.11 Commissioning and testing
The Small Generator shall comply with the testing and commissioning
requirements for Small Generation Units connected to the network specified in
clause 7.
3.4.12 Technical matters to be coordinated
As an alternative to network augmentation, the Network Operator may require a
Generator to provide additional protection schemes to ensure that operating limits
and agreed import and export limits are not exceeded.

3.5 Requirements for connection of Small Inverter Energy Systems

The Network Operator is not able to enter an energy buyback agreement directly.
A User wishing to enter into such an agreement shall apply to a participating
retailer. It should also be noted that whereas this clause 3.5 covers connection
issues for Small Inverter Energy Systems of up to 30 kVA, the maximum capacity
that a retailer may be prepared to enter into an energy buyback agreement may
be less than this amount.

3.5.1 Scope
(a) Clause 3.5 addresses the particular requirements for the connection of Small
Inverter Energy Systems to the Network Operator’s low voltage network.

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 (b) For similarly rated non-Inverter Energy systems, the requirements of clause
3.4 for Small Generators apply.
(c) The scope of clause 3.5 is limited to technical conditions of connection.
3.5.2 Relevant standards
(a) The installation of primary energy systems shall comply with the relevant
Australian Standards and international standards.
(b) Inverter systems shall satisfy the requirements of Australian Standard
AS 4777 ‘Grid connection of energy systems via inverters’ as published and
revised. The following parts of this standard apply:
(1) AS 4777.1 – 2005 Part 1 Installation requirements.
(2) AS 4777.2 – 2005 Part 2 Inverter requirements.
(3) AS 4777.3 – 2005 Part 3 Grid protection requirements.
(c) The term ‘Inverter Energy system’ in these Rules has the same meaning as in
Australian Standard AS 4777.
(d) A type-test report or type-test certificate from an independent and
recognised certification body showing compliance of inverter plant with
Australian Standard AS 4777.2 (2005) shall be supplied to the Network
Operator.
(e) Should it be necessary to change any parameter of the equipment as installed
and contracted, approval shall be sought from the Network Operator.
Subsequently, the Network Operator shall determine whether a revised
application is required.
3.5.3 Metering installation
The User shall make provision for import and export metering in accordance with
the requirements of clause 10.4.
3.5.4 Safety
(a) Installations shall comply with the relevant Australian Standards and all
statutory requirements including Australian Standards AS/NZS 3000, AS/NZS
5033 and Power and Water’s Power Networks Service Rules and Power
Networks Installation Rules.
(b) All electrical installation, commissioning and maintenance work wherever
required shall be carried out by an electrical contractor licensed under the
Northern Territory Electrical Workers and Contractors Act, as in force at 25
November 2011.
3.5.5 Security of operational settings
Where operational settings are applied via a keypad or switches, adequate
security shall be employed to prevent tampering or inadvertent/unauthorised

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 changes to these settings. A suitable lock or password system shall be used. The
Network Operator shall approve changes to settings prior to implementation.
3.5.6 Circuit arrangements
3.5.6.1 Schematic diagram
A durable single-sided schematic-wiring diagram of the installation showing all
equipment and switches shall be affixed on the site adjacent the inverter system.
3.5.7 Protection
(a) A Small Inverter Energy System connected to the network shall be approved
by the Network Operator and meet the requirements of relevant standards in
accordance with clause 3.5.2 and the following requirements below.
(b) The User shall provide the information required by the Network Operator
prior to approval being given.
3.5.7.1 Islanding protection
The islanding function shall be automatic and shall physically remove the Small
Inverter Energy System from the network. The Islanding protection shall be
capable of detecting loss of supply from the network and disconnect the Small
Inverter Energy System from the network within two seconds.
3.5.7.2 Synchronising
Connection to the network shall be automated. The protective apparatus shall be
capable of confirming that the supply voltage and frequency is within limits for no
less than one minute prior to synchronisation.
3.5.7.3 Reconnection to network
Reconnection to the network shall be automated. The protective apparatus shall
be capable of confirming that the supply voltage and frequency are within limits
for no less than one minute prior to synchronisation.
3.5.7.4 Overcurrent protection
Overcurrent protection shall be provided at the isolating switch of a Small Inverter
Energy System in accordance with the equipment rating, unless otherwise agreed
with the Network Operator.
3.5.7.5 Voltage limits
(a) The Inverter voltage limits shall be set according to equipment capability and
Australian Standard AS 4777.
(b) The Small Inverter Energy System shall remain connected for voltage
variations within the limits of Figure 10 unless otherwise agreed with the
Network Operator. The network voltage range is based on 5-minute averages
of the RMS value.

Version 4 Page 68 of 188 December 2018

 Figure 10 - Low voltage limits for Small Inverter Energy Systems

Nominal voltage Lower limit Upper limit

230 V 226 V 254 V
400 V 390 V 440 V

(c) The Network Operator is not responsible for failure of the Small Inverter
Energy System to remain connected for the full range of voltage on the
network set out in Figure 10.
3.5.7.6 Frequency limits
(a) The Inverter frequency limits shall be set according to the equipment
capability and Australian Standard AS 4777.
(b) The Small Inverter Energy System shall remain connected for frequency
variations between 47.5 Hz and 52 Hz unless otherwise agreed with Network
Operator.
3.5.8 Commissioning and testing
3.5.8.1 Commissioning
(a) Commissioning may occur only after the installation of the metering
equipment.
(b) In commissioning equipment installed under clause 3.5.8, a User shall verify
that:
(1) The approved schematic has been checked and accurately reflects the
installed electrical system.
(2) All required switches present and operate correctly as per the approved
schematic.
(3) Signage and labelling comply with that specified in Power and Water’s
Service Rules.
(4) The installation is correct and fit for purpose.
(5) Operational settings are secure as specified.
(6) The islanding protection operates correctly and disconnects the Inverter
Energy system from the network within 2 seconds.
(7) The delay in reconnection following restoration of normal supply is
greater than one minute.
(c) Subsequent modifications to the inverter installation shall be submitted to
the Network Operator for approval.
3.5.8.2 Re-confirmation of correct operation
(a) The Network Operator may elect to inspect the proposed Small Inverter
Energy System from time to time to ensure continued compliance with these
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 requirements. In the event that the Network Operator considers that the
installation poses a threat to safety, to quality of supply or to the integrity of
the network it may disconnect the generating equipment.
(c) Small Inverter Energy System protection systems shall also be tested for
correct functioning at regular intervals not exceeding five years. The User shall
arrange for a suitably qualified person to conduct the tests. Results of tests
shall be certified by a competent person and supplied to the Network
Operator.

3.6 Requirements for connection of loads

The following requirements apply to the connection of loads to networks.
(a) These requirements and particular provisions may be waived for smaller Users
and Users that have no potential to affect other Users, at the discretion of the
Network Operator.
(b) Nothing in this clause 3.6 waives the requirements for all installations to
comply with the Network Operator’s Service and Installation Rules, Metering
Manual, Contractor’s Bulletins, and any requirement included in an Access
Agreement.
3.6.1 Connection point for a User
Connection points between a User’s facility and a network will be defined in the
Access Agreement.
3.6.2 Information
Before any new or additional equipment is connected, the User may be required
to submit information to the Network Operator in accordance with clause 11.
3.6.3 Design standards

Changes to the power system may result in the requirements for connected
equipment changing. For example, as additional plant is connected to the power
system fault levels will increase and the User’s plant may no longer be suitable for
connection to the system.

(a) A User’s installation shall comply with the relevant Australian Standards as
applicable at the time, good electricity industry practice and this Code,
including, but not limited to, the quality of supply standards as specified in
clause 2.4.
(b) All plant ratings shall co-ordinate with the equipment installed on the
Network Operator power system.
(c) Users will be responsible for ensuring that plant capabilities and ratings are
monitored on an ongoing basis to ensure continued suitability as conditions
on the power system change.

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 (d) A User will be responsible for the cost of any plant upgrades required at its
facilities as a result of changing power system conditions.
(e) If, after installation of a User’s facilities, it is found that the installation is
adversely affecting:
(1) the security or reliability of the power system;
(2) the quality of supply; or
(3) the installation does not comply with the Code or the relevant Access
Agreement;
the User shall be responsible for remedying the problem at the User’s cost,
and within a time frame reasonably required by the Network Operator.
3.6.4 Users’ protection systems that impact on power system security
(a) Where a User connection to the network may affect power system security,
the protection systems of the User’s connection shall comply with the
requirements of clause 3.2.3.
(b) Protection of the connection equipment solely for the User’s risks is at the
User’s discretion.
3.6.5 Thermal limits
The thermal ratings of the network components shall comply with the
specifications set out in clause 15.3 of the Network Planning Criteria.
3.6.6 Fault limits
The calculated fault levels in the networks shall not exceed 95% of the equipment
fault ratings set out in clause 15.4 of the Network Planning Criteria.

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3.6.7 Power factor requirements

The power factor of a load connection affects the required capacity of the network
to supply the load and the management of voltage conditions on the network.
Power factor improvement may be achieved by installing additional reactive plant
or reaching a commercial agreement with the Network Operator to install,
operate and maintain equivalent reactive plant as part of connection assets.

(a) Power factor ranges to be met by Users for their loads are shown in the Figure
11.
Figure 11 - Power factor requirements (Loads)

Supply Voltage Permissible Power factor Range

(nominal) (half-hour average, unless otherwise specified
by the Network Operator)
132 kV / 66 kV 0.95 lagging to unity
<66 kV 0.9 lagging to 0.9 leading

(b) The Network Operator may permit a lower lagging or leading power factor
where this will not reduce system security and/or quality of supply, or require
a higher lagging or leading power factor to achieve required power transfers.
(c) If the power factor falls outside the range in the table over any critical loading
period nominated by the Network Operator, the User shall, where required by
the Network Operator in order to economically achieve required power
transfer levels, take action to ensure that the power factor falls within range
as soon as reasonably practical.
(d) A User who installs static var compensator systems for either power factor or
quality of supply requirements shall ensure its control system does not
interfere with other normal control functions on the electricity network.
Adequate filtering facilities shall be provided if reasonably required by the
Network Operator to absorb any excessive harmonic currents.

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4 Power system operation support
This section 4 of the Network Technical Code establishes requirements relating to
the operation of the electricity network (including the operation of the network in
emergency situations). It applies to the Network Operator and all network Users.

4.1 [Deleted]
4.1.1 [Deleted]

4.2 [Deleted]
4.2.1 [Deleted]
4.2.2 [Deleted]
4.2.3 [Deleted]

4.3 [Deleted]
4.3.1 [Deleted]
4.3.2 Network Operator
(a) The Network Operator shall use its reasonable endeavours, including through
the provision of appropriate information to Users to the extent permitted by
law and under this Code, to ensure that:
(1) the power system;
(2) network equipment;
(3) network connections; and
(4) User equipment;
are specified, planned and developed in accordance with power system
security principles and good electricity industry practice.
(b) Where an obligation is imposed on the Network Operator under this clause of
the Code to arrange or control any act, matter or thing or to ensure that any
other person undertakes or refrains from any act, that obligation is limited to
a requirement for the Network Operator to use reasonable endeavours,
including to give such directions as are within its powers, to comply with that
obligation.
(c) If the Network Operator fails to arrange or control any act, matter or thing or
the acts of any other person notwithstanding the use of the Network
Operator’s reasonable endeavours, the Network Operator will not be taken to
have breached such obligation.
(d) The Network Operator shall make accessible to Users such information as:
(1) the Network Operator considers appropriate;

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 (2) the Network Operator is permitted to disclose in order to assist Users to
make appropriate market decisions related to open access to the
Network Operator’s networks; and
(3) the Network Operator is able to disclose to enable Users to consider
initiating procedures to manage the potential risk of any necessary
action by the Network Operator to restore or maintain power system
security.
(e) In making information available in accordance with clause 4.3.2(d), the
Network Operator shall use reasonable endeavours to ensure that such
information is available to those Users who request the information on an
equivalent basis.
(f) In the event that the Network Operator, in its reasonable opinion for reasons
of safety to the public, the Network Operator personnel, Users’ equipment or
the Network Operator equipment, needs to interrupt supply to any User, the
Network Operator will (time permitting) consult with the relevant User and as
applicable, the Power System Controller prior to executing that interruption.
(g) The Network Operator in consultation with the Power System Controller shall
arrange controls, monitoring and secure communication systems which are
appropriate in the circumstances to facilitate a manually initiated, rotational
load shedding and restoration process.
4.3.3 [Deleted]
4.3.4 Network Users
(a) All Users shall co-operate with and assist the Power System Controller in the
proper discharge of the Power System Controller’s power system security
responsibilities.
(b) All Users shall operate their facilities and equipment in accordance with any
reasonable direction given by the Power System Controller.
(c) All Users shall provide automatic interruptible load of the type described in
clause 3.2.8. The level of this automatic interruptible load will be a minimum
of 75% of their expected demand, or such other minimum interruptible load
level as may be periodically determined by the Network Operator in
accordance with clause 3.2.8.
(d) Users shall provide their interruptible load in manageable blocks spread over a
number of steps within under frequency bands from 49.25 Hz down to
48.50 Hz as nominated by the Power System Controller.

Version 4 Page 74 of 188 December 2018

4.4 [Deleted]
4.4.1 [Deleted]
4.4.2 [Deleted]

4.5 [Deleted]
4.5.1 Network voltage control
(a) The Network Operator shall determine the adequacy of the capacity to
produce or absorb reactive power in the control of the network voltages.
(b) The Network Operator shall assess and determine the limits of the operation
of the network associated with the avoidance of voltage failure or collapse
under credible contingency event scenarios.
(c) The limits of operation of the network shall be translated by the Network
Operator, into key location operational voltage settings or limits, power line
capacity limits, reactive power production (or absorption) capacity or other
appropriate limits to enable their use by the Power System Controller in the
maintenance of power system security.
(d) The determination referred to in clause 4.5.1(b) shall include a review of the
dynamic stability of the voltage of the transmission network.
(e) The limits determined in paragraph (c) shall be, subject to consultation,
included in the System Secure Guidelines.
(f) The Network Operator shall use its reasonable endeavours to arrange the
provision of reactive power facilities and power system voltage stabilising
facilities through:
(1) contractual arrangements for ancillary services with appropriate Users;
(2) obligations on the part of Users; or under their Access Agreements;
(3) provision of such facilities by the Network Operator.
(g) Without limitation, such reactive power facilities may include:
(1) synchronous Generator voltage controls usually associated with tap-
changing transformers; or Generator AVR set point control (rotor
current adjustment);
(2) synchronous condensers (compensators);
(3) static var compensators (SVC);
(4) shunt capacitors;
(5) shunt reactors;
(6) series capacitors.

Version 4 Page 75 of 188 December 2018

4.5.2 [Deleted]

4.6 [Deleted]
4.6.1 Network operations
(a) [Deleted]
(b) Users shall operate their equipment interfacing with the network in
accordance with the requirements of:
(1) this Code;
(2) any applicable Access Agreement or ancillary services agreement;
(3) the requirements of the System Control Technical Code and the Network
Operator’s Electrical Safety Manual; and
(4) the relevant power system operating procedures.
(c) Users shall ensure that network operations performed on their behalf are
undertaken by competent persons.
4.6.2 Switching of reactive power facilities
(a) [Deleted]
(b) Where prior arrangements have been made with matters associated with
powers system security support between the User and the Network Operator,
a User shall use reasonable endeavours to comply with such an instruction
given by the Network Operator or its authorised agent.
4.6.3 [Deleted]

4.7 Power system security operations

4.7.1 [Deleted]
4.7.2 [Deleted]
4.7.3 [Deleted]
4.7.4 [Deleted]
4.7.5 Managing electricity supply shortfall events
(a) If, at any time, there are insufficient supply options available to securely
supply total load in a region, as advised by the Power System Controller, the
Network Operator shall direct a User to take such steps as are reasonable to
immediately reduce its load.
(1) [Deleted]
(2) [Deleted]
(3) [Deleted]

Version 4 Page 76 of 188 December 2018

 (b) A User shall use all reasonable endeavours to comply with a notice given
under clause 4.7.5(a).
(c) [Deleted]
4.7.6 Directions by the Network Operator
(a) If the Network Operator requires a User to do any act or thing which is
considered reasonably necessary to ensure the security of the power system,
a User shall use all reasonable endeavours to comply within a reasonable
period of time with any such directions given to it by the Network Operator.
(b) If a User does not comply with a direction within a reasonable period of time
and as such a satisfactory operating state cannot be re-established, the
Network Operator may disconnect the User without further recourse.
(a) [Deleted]
(b) [Deleted]
4.7.7 Disconnection of Generation Units and/or associated loads
(a) Where, under this Code or the relevant Access Agreement the Network
Operator has the authority or responsibility to disconnect either a Generation
Unit or its associated load, then it may do so as described in clause 8.
(b) The relevant User and associated load shall provide all reasonable assistance
to the Network Operator for the purpose of such disconnection.
4.7.8 Emergency black start-up facilities
Generator Users shall ensure they have sufficient facilities available and operable
for their own black start-up requirements.
4.7.9 [Deleted]
4.7.10 Black system start-up
(a) [Deleted]
(b) If a User is providing black start-up facilities under an ancillary services
agreement with another User, then the local black system procedures for that
User shall be consistent with this Code and their Access Agreement.
(c) [Deleted]
(d) [Deleted]
(e) [Deleted]

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4.7.11 [Deleted]

4.8 [Deleted]
4.8.1 [Deleted]
4.8.2 [Deleted]
4.8.3 [Deleted]
4.8.4 [Deleted]
4.8.5 Agent communications
(a) A User may appoint an agent (called a ‘User Agent’) to coordinate operations
of one or more of its facilities on its behalf, but only with the prior written
consent of the Power System Controller.
(b) A User who has appointed a User Agent may replace that User Agent but only
with the prior written advice to and consent of the Power System Controller.
(c) The Power System Controller may only withhold its consent to the
appointment of a User Agent under clause 4.8.5(a), if it reasonably believes
that the relevant person is not suitably qualified or experienced to operate
the relevant facility at the interface with a network.
(d) For the purposes of this Code and any applicable Access Agreement acts or
omissions of a User Agent are deemed to be acts or omissions of the relevant
User.
(e) The Power System Controller and its representatives (including authorised
agents) may:
(1) rely upon any communications given by a User Agent as being given by
the relevant User; and
(2) rely upon any communications given to a User Agent as having been
given to the relevant User.
(f) The Power System Controller is not required to consider whether any
instruction has been given to a User Agent by the relevant User or the terms
of those instructions.

4.9 Nomenclature standards

The Network Operator and Users are to comply with clause 6.14 of the SCTC in
regard to nomenclature standards.
(a) [Deleted]
(b) [Deleted]
(c) [Deleted]
(d) [Deleted]

Version 4 Page 78 of 188 December 2018

 (e) [Deleted]
(f) [Deleted]
(g) [Deleted]
(h) [Deleted]

Version 4 Page 79 of 188 December 2018

5 Testing of plant and equipment
The testing of plant and equipment is required before connection to the network
and periodically thereafter to ensure that the network and connections can
continue to operate within the parameters of the network performance standards
set out in clause 2 and that equipment meets the requirements to be connected
to the network set out in clause 3.

5.1 Obligations to test plant or equipment

5.1.1 Network Operator obligations
(a) The Network Operator shall arrange, co-ordinate and supervise the conduct of
such appropriate tests as may be necessary to ensure that:
(1) the equipment at new connections to the network meets the
requirements set out in clause 3.
(2) the protection of the network is adequate to protect against damage to
power system plant and equipment. Such tests shall be performed
according to the requirements of clause 5.2.
(3) the power system capability and performance is adequate to meet
forecast operating conditions and power flows, as set out in clause 5.5.
(4) adequate reactive power devices are provided and available to control
and maintain power system voltages under both satisfactory operating
state and contingency event conditions;
(5) adequate devices are installed and available to maintain power system
stability.
(6) Users continue to comply with the conditions set out in Access
Agreements and that all Users’ connection equipment meets the
requirements to set out in clause 3 and 5.4.
(7) the testing of metering installations is carried out in accordance with
clause 10.6
5.1.2 Network Users’ obligations
(a) All network Users shall cooperate to permit the testing of their connection
equipment as required under clause 5.1.1.
(b) A Generator shall provide evidence that each Generation Unit complies with
the technical requirements of clause 3.3 and the relevant Access Agreement
as required by clause 5.4

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5.2 Routine testing of protection equipment
(a) Subject to clause 3.2.3.10, a User shall cooperate with the Network Operator
to test the operation of equipment forming part of a protection scheme
relating to a connection point at which that User is connected to a network
and the User shall conduct these tests:
(1) prior to the plant at the relevant connection point being placed in
service; and
(2) at intervals specified in the Access Agreement or in accordance with an
asset management plan agreed between the Network Operator and the
User.
(b) A User shall, on request from the Network Operator, demonstrate to the
Network Operator’s satisfaction the correct calibration and operation of the
User’ s protective devices.
(c) Each User shall pay the Network Operator’s reasonable costs and shall bear its
own costs of conducting tests under this clause 5.2.

5.3 Testing by Users of their own plant requiring changes to agreed operation
(a) A User proposing to conduct a test on equipment related to a connection
point, which requires a change to the operation of that equipment as
specified in the Access Agreement, shall give notice in writing to the Network
Operator of at least 15 business days except in an emergency.
(b) The notice to be provided under clause 5.3(a) is to include:
(1) the nature of the proposed test;
(2) the estimated, start and finish time for the proposed test;
(3) the identity of the equipment to be tested;
(4) the power system conditions required for the conduct of the proposed
test;
(5) details of any potential adverse consequences of the proposed test on
the equipment to be tested;
(6) details of any potential adverse consequences of the proposed test on
the power system; and
(7) the name of the person responsible for the coordination of the
proposed test on behalf of the Users.
(c) The Network Operator shall review the proposed test to determine whether
the test:
(1) could adversely affect the normal operation of the power system;
(2) could cause a threat to power system security;
(3) requires the power system to be operated in a particular way which
differs from the way in which the power system is normally operated; or
Version 4 Page 81 of 188 December 2018
 (4) could affect the normal metering of energy at a connection point;
(d) If, in the Network Operator’s reasonable opinion, a test could threaten public
safety, damage or threaten to damage equipment or adversely affect the
operation of the power system, the Network Operator may direct that the
proposed test procedure be modified or that the test not be conducted at the
time proposed.
(e) The Network Operator shall advise any other User who will be adversely
affected by a proposed test and consider any reasonable requirements of
those Users when approving the proposed test.
(f) The User who conducts a test under this clause 5.3 shall ensure that the
person responsible for the coordination of a test promptly advises Network
Operator when the test is complete.
(g) If the Network Operator approves a proposed test, the Network Operator shall
use its reasonable endeavours to ensure that power system conditions
reasonably required for that test are provided as close as is reasonably
practical to the proposed start time of the test and continue for the proposed
duration of the test.
(h) Within a reasonable period after any such test has been conducted, the User
who has conducted a test under this clause 5.3 shall provide the Network
Operator with a report in relation to that test including test results where
appropriate.

5.4 Tests to demonstrate Generator compliance

(a) Each User shall provide evidence to the Network Operator that each of its
Generation Units complies with the technical requirements of clause 3.3 and
the relevant Access Agreement.
(b) Each User shall provide facilities to carry out power system tests prior to
commercial operation in order to verify acceptable performance of each
Generation Unit, and provide information and data necessary for computer
model validation. These test requirements are detailed in Attachment 5.
(c) Other tests, if reasonably necessary, may be specified by the Network
Operator, and Users will be advised accordingly.
(d) Each User shall negotiate in good faith with the Network Operator to agree on
a compliance monitoring program, including an agreed method, for each of its
Generation Units to confirm ongoing compliance with the applicable technical
requirements of clause 3.3 and the relevant Access Agreement.
(e) If a performance test or monitoring of in-service performance demonstrates
that a Generation Unit is not complying with one or more technical
requirements of clause 3.3 and the relevant Access Agreement then the User
shall:
(1) promptly notify the Network Operator of that fact; and
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 (2) promptly advise the Network Operator of the remedial steps it proposes
to take and the timetable for such remedial work; and
(3) diligently undertake such remedial work and report at monthly intervals
to the Network Operator on progress in implementing the remedial
action; and
(4) conduct further tests or monitoring on completion of the remedial work
to confirm compliance with the relevant technical requirement.
(f) From the Code commencement date or from the date of access, whichever is
the later, Each User shall maintain records and retain them for a minimum of
7 years (from the date of creation of each record) for each of its Generation
Units and power stations setting out details of the results of all technical
performance and monitoring conducted under this clause 5.4 and make these
records available to Network Operator on request.
5.4.1 Tests of Generation Units requiring changes to agreed operation
(a) The Network Operator may, at intervals of not less than 12 months per
Generation Unit, require the testing by a User of any Generation Unit
connected to the network of the Network Operator in order to determine
analytic parameters for modelling purposes or to assess the performance of
the relevant Generation Unit. The Network Operator is entitled to witness
such tests and the Network Operator shall have reasonable grounds for
requiring such tests.
(b) Adequate notice of not less than 15 business days shall be given by the
Network Operator to the User before the proposed date of a test under clause
5.4.1(a).
(c) The Network Operator shall use its reasonable endeavours to ensure that
tests permitted under this clause 5.4.1 are to be conducted at a time which
will minimise the departure from the commitment that is due to take place at
that time.
(d) If not possible beforehand, a User shall conduct a test under this clause 5.4.1
at the next scheduled outage of the relevant Generation Unit and in any event
within 9 months of the request.
(e) A User shall provide any reasonable assistance requested by the Network
Operator in relation to the conduct of tests.
(f) Tests conducted under this clause 5.4.1 shall be conducted in accordance with
test procedures agreed between the Network Operator and the relevant User,
who shall not unreasonably withhold agreement to the test procedures
proposed for this purpose by the Network Operator.
(g) The Network Operator shall provide to a User such details of the analytic
parameters of the model derived from the tests referred to in this clause 5.4.1
for any of that User’s Generation Units as may reasonably be requested by the
User.
Version 4 Page 83 of 188 December 2018
 (h) Each User shall bear its own costs associated with tests conducted under this
clause 5.4.1 and no compensation is to be payable for financial losses incurred
as a result of these tests or associated activities.

5.5 Power system tests

(a) Tests conducted for the purpose of either verifying the magnitude of the
power transfer capability of networks or investigating power system
performance shall be coordinated and approved by the Network Operator.
The Network Operator or a User requesting such tests shall have reasonable
grounds for requiring such tests.
(b) The tests described in clause 5.5(a) may be conducted whenever:
(1) a new Generation Unit or facility of a Customer, User or a network
development is commissioned that is calculated or anticipated to
substantially alter power transfer capability through the network;
(2) setting changes are made to any governor system and excitation control
system, including power system stabilisers; or
(3) a test is required to verify the performance of the power system or to
validate computer models.
(c) The Network Operator shall notify all Users who could reasonably be expected
to be affected by the proposed test at least 15 business days before any test
under this clause 5.5 may proceed and to consider any reasonable
requirements of those Users when approving the proposed test.
(d) Operational conditions for each test shall be arranged by the Network
Operator and the test procedures shall be coordinated by an officer
nominated by the Network Operator who has authority to stop the test or any
part of it or vary the procedure within pre-approved guidelines if it considers
any of these actions to be reasonably necessary.
(e) Each User shall cooperate with the Network Operator when required in
planning, preparing for and conducting network tests to assess the technical
performance of the networks and if necessary conduct co-ordinated activities
to prepare for power system wide testing or individual, on-site tests of the
User’s facilities or plant, including disconnection of a Generation Unit.
(f) The Network Operator may direct operation of Generation Units by Users
during power system tests if this is necessary to achieve operational
conditions on the networks that are reasonably required to achieve valid test
results.
(g) The Network Operator shall plan the timing of tests so that the variation from
dispatch that would otherwise occur is minimised and the duration of the
tests is as short as possible consistent with test requirements and power
system security.

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 (h) Each User is to bear its own costs of conducting tests under this clause 5.5 and
no compensation is to be payable for financial losses incurred as a result of
these tests or associated activities.
(i) If the Network Operator has initiated the tests as part of a series of periodic
power system performance assessment studies, then the costs of the studies
will be borne by the Network Operator. If the tests demonstrate the need for
a User to install additional equipment in order to maintain or enhance power
system performance in accordance with this Code, then the User will be
responsible for the cost of installing the additional equipment.

5.6 Compliance with the Network Technical Code

5.6.1 Right of inspection and testing
(a) If the Network Operator has reasonable grounds to believe that equipment
owned or operated by a User may not comply with this Code or the Access
Agreement, the Network Operator may require testing of the relevant
equipment by giving notice in writing to the User.
(b) If a notice is given under clause 5.6.1(a) the relevant test is to be conducted at
a time agreed by the Network Operator.
(c) The User who receives a notice under clause 5.6.1(a) shall co-operate in
relation to conducting tests requested under clause 5.6.1(a).
(d) The cost of tests requested under clause 5.6.1(a) shall be borne by the
Network Operator, unless the equipment is determined by the tests not to
comply with the relevant Access Agreement, and/or this Code in which case all
reasonable costs of such tests shall be borne by the owner of that equipment.
(e) Tests conducted in respect of a connection point under this clause 5.6.1 shall
be conducted using test procedures agreed between the relevant User, which
agreement is not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed.
(f) Tests under this clause 5.6.1 shall be conducted only by persons with the
relevant skills and experience.
(g) If the Network Operator requests a test under this clause 5.6.1, the Network
Operator may appoint a representative to witness a test and the relevant User
shall permit a representative appointed under this clause 5.6.1(g) to be
present while the test is being conducted.
(h) Subject to clause 5.6.1(i), a User who conducts a test shall submit a report to
the Network Operator within a reasonable period after the completion of the
test and the report is to outline relevant details of the tests conducted,
including but not limited to the results of those tests.

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 (i) If a performance test or monitoring of in-service performance demonstrates
that equipment owned or operated by a User does not comply with this Code
or the relevant Access Agreement then the User shall:
(1) promptly notify the Network Operator of that fact; and
(2) promptly advise the Network Operator of the remedial steps it proposes
to take and the timetable for such remedial work; and
(3) diligently undertake such remedial work and report at monthly intervals
to the Network Operator on progress in implementing the remedial
action; and
(4) conduct further tests or monitoring on completion of the remedial work
to confirm compliance with the relevant technical requirement.
(j) The Network Operator may attach test equipment or monitoring equipment to
plant owned by a User or require a User to attach such test equipment or
monitoring equipment, subject to the provisions of clause 5.7.1 regarding
entry and inspection.
(k) In carrying out monitoring under clause 5.6.1(j), the Network Operator shall
not cause the performance of the monitored plant to be constrained in any
way.
5.6.2 Generator compliance with the Code
(a) If the Network Operator reasonably believes that a Generator is not complying
with one or more technical requirements of clause 3.3 and the relevant Access
Agreement, the Network Operator may instruct the User to conduct tests
within 25 business days to demonstrate that the relevant Generation Unit
complies with those technical requirements.
(b) If the tests provide evidence that the relevant Generation Unit continues to
comply with the technical requirement(s) Network Operator shall reimburse
the User for the reasonable expenses incurred as a direct result of conducting
the tests.
(c) If the Network Operator:
(1) is satisfied that a Generation Unit does not comply with one or more
technical requirements; and
(2) does not have evidence demonstrating that a Generation Unit complies
with the technical requirements set out in clause 3.3; or
(3) holds the reasonable opinion that there is or could be a threat to power
system security,
the Network Operator may direct the relevant User to operate the relevant
Generation Unit at a particular generated output or in a particular mode until
the relevant User submits evidence reasonably satisfactory to the Network
Operator that the Generation Unit is complying with the relevant technical
requirement.
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 (d) A direction under clause 5.6.2(c) shall be recorded by the Network Operator.

5.7 Inspection of plant and equipment

5.7.1 Right of entry and inspection
(a) The Network Operator or any of its representatives (including authorised
agents) may, in accordance with this clause 5.7.1, inspect a facility of a User
and the operation and maintenance of that facility in order to:
(1) assess compliance by the relevant User with its operational obligations
under this Code, or an Access Agreement, or an ancillary services
agreement; or
(2) investigate any possible past or potential threat to power system
security; or
(3) conduct any periodic familiarisation or training associated with the
operational requirements of the facility.
(b) If the Network Operator wishes to inspect the facilities of a User under clause
5.7.1(a), the Network Operator shall give that User at least 2 business days’
notice in writing of its intention to carry out an inspection. In the case of an
emergency condition affecting the power system which the Network Operator
reasonably considers requires access to the User’s facility, prior notice is not
required, however, the Network Operator shall notify the User as soon as
practical after deciding to enter the User’s facility of the nature and extent of
the Network Operator’s activities at the User’s facility.
(c) A notice given under clause 5.7.1 (b) shall include the following information:
(1) the name of the representative who will be conducting the inspection
on behalf of the Network Operator;
(2) subject to clause 5.7.1(h), the time when the inspection will commence
and the expected time when the inspection will conclude; and
(3) if associated with clause 5.7.1(a)(1) then the nature of the suspected
non-compliance with the Code or Access Agreement or ancillary services
agreement, or if associated with clauses 5.7.1(a)(2) or 5.7.1(a)(3) then
the relevant reasons for the inspection.
(d) The Network Operator may not carry out an inspection under clause 5.7.1
within 6 months of any previous inspection except for the purpose of verifying
the performance of corrective action claimed to have been carried out in
respect of a non-conformance observed and documented on the previous
inspection or for the purpose of investigating an operating incident in
accordance with clause 4.7.11.
(e) At any time when the representative of the Network Operator is in a Users’
facility, that representative shall:
(1) cause no damage to the facility;

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 (2) only interfere with the operation of the facility to the extent reasonably
necessary and approved by the relevant User (such approval not to be
unreasonably withheld or delayed);
(3) observe ‘permit to test’ access to sites and clearance protocols of the
operator of the facility, provided that these are not used by the facility
solely to delay the granting of access to site and inspection;
(4) observe the requirements of the operator of the facility in relation to
occupational health and safety and industrial relations matters, which
requirements are of general application to all invitees entering on or
into the facility, provided that these are not used by the facility solely to
delay the granting of access to site and inspection; and
(5) not ask any question other than as reasonably necessary for the
purpose of such inspection or give any direction, instruction or advice to
any person involved in the operation or maintenance of the facility
other than the operator of the facility or unless approved by the
operator of the facility.
(f) Any representative of the Network Operator conducting an inspection under
this clause 5.7.1 shall be appropriately qualified and experienced to perform
the relevant inspection. If so requested by the User, the Network Operator
shall procure that a representative of Network Operator (other than an
employee) gaining access under this Code or an Access Agreement enters into
a confidentiality undertaking in favour of the User in a form reasonably
acceptable to the User prior to gaining such access.
(g) The costs of inspections under this clause 5.7.1 shall be borne by the User if
the suspected non-compliance is later proved by tests.
(h) Any inspection under clause 5.7.1(a) shall not take longer than one day unless
the Network Operator seeks approval from the User for an extension of time
(such approval not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed).
(i) Any equipment or goods installed or left on land or in premises of a User after
an inspection conducted under this clause 5.7.1 do not become the property
of the relevant User (notwithstanding that they may be annexed or affixed to
the relevant land or premises).
(j) In respect of any equipment or goods left on land or premises of a User during
or after an inspection, a User:
(1) shall not use any such equipment or goods for a purpose other than as
contemplated in this Code without the prior written approval of the
owner of the equipment or goods;
(2) shall allow the owner of any such equipment or goods to remove any
such equipment or goods in whole or in part at a time agreed with the
relevant User with such agreement not to be unreasonably withheld or
delayed;

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 (3) shall not create or cause to be created any mortgage, charge or lien over
any such equipment or goods; and
(4) shall reimburse the owner of any such equipment or goods for
reasonable costs and expenses suffered or incurred by the owner due to
loss or damage to any such equipment or goods caused by the User.

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6 Control and protection settings
6.1 Protection of power system equipment
It is important to note that the requirements of this clause 6 are designed to
adequately protect the Network Operator’s power system. The requirements are
not necessarily adequate to protect Users’ plant and equipment.

6.1.1 Scope
(a) The requirements of clause 6.1 apply only to a User’s protection, which is
necessary to maintain power system security.
(b) Users’ protection schemes shall be located on Users’ equipment.
(c) Protection installed solely to cover risks associated with a User’s plant and
equipment is at the User’s discretion.
(d) The extent of a User’s plant and equipment that will need to conform to the
requirements of clause 6.1 will vary from installation to installation.
(e) The Network Operator will assess each User’s installation individually. Users
will be advised accordingly.
6.1.2 Power system fault levels
(a) The Network Operator shall determine the fault levels at all busbars of the
Network Operator’s network as described in clause 6.1.2(b);
(b) The Network Operator shall ensure that there is information available about
the network that will allow the determination of fault levels for normal
operation of the power system. The Network Operator will make available on
request the credible contingency events which the Network Operator
considers may affect the configuration of the power system so that the
Network Operator and Users can identify their busbars which could potentially
be exposed to a fault level which exceeds the fault current ratings of the
circuit breakers and other equipment associated with that busbar.
6.1.3 Power system protection co-ordination
The Network Operator shall use its reasonable endeavours to co-ordinate the
protection settings for equipment connected to the network. Users with
protection systems that impact power system security and reliability shall ensure
their settings co-ordinate with the Network Operator’s protection. Such Users
may not adjust settings without the Network Operator’s approval. Specific
requirements are described in clauses 6.1.6.4 and 11.2.2.
6.1.4 Short-term thermal ratings of the power system
(a) The Network Operator may act so as to use, or require or recommend actions
which use the full extent of the thermal ratings of network elements to
maintain power system security, including the short-term ratings (being time
dependent ratings), as defined by the Network Operator from time to time.
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 (b) The Power System Controller shall use its reasonable endeavours not to
exceed the network element ratings and not to require or recommend action
that causes those ratings to be exceeded.
6.1.5 Availability of protection
(a) All elements of protection schemes, including backup protection and
associated intertripping, shall be maintained so as to be available for service
at all times.
(b) For maintenance or repair purposes, one protection scheme forming part of a
protection system can be taken out of service for period of up to 24 hours
every 6 months.
(c) At the discretion of the Network Controller, longer periods of unavailability
may require the associated primary plant to be taken out of service in
accordance with clause 6.1.6.
(d) Except in an emergency, a User shall notify the Network Operator at least five
business days prior to taking a protection scheme out of service.
6.1.6 Partial outage of power protection systems
(a) Where there is an outage of one protection of a network element, the Power
System Controller shall determine the most appropriate action. Depending on
the circumstances the determination may be:
(1) to leave the network element in service for a limited duration;
(2) to take the network element out of service immediately;
(3) to install or direct installation of a temporary protection;
(4) to accept a degraded performance from the protection, with or without
additional operational measures or temporary protection measures to
minimise power system impact; or
(5) to operate the network element at a lower capacity.
(b) If there is an outage of both protection schemes on a network element and
the Power System Controller determines this to be an unacceptable risk to
power system security, the Power System Controller shall take the network
element out of service as soon as possible and advise any affected User
immediately this action is undertaken.
(c) Any affected User shall accept a determination made by the Network
Operator under this clause 6.1.6.
6.1.6.1 Sensitivity of protection
(a) All protection schemes shall have sufficient sensitivity to detect and correctly
clear all primary plant faults within their intended normal operating zones,
under both normal and minimum system conditions.
(b) Protection schemes shall discriminate with the Network Operator’s protection.
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 (c) Under abnormal plant conditions, all primary system faults shall be detected
and cleared by at least one protection scheme on the User’s equipment.
Remote backup protection or standby protection may be used for this
purpose.
(d) The protection will be considered to have sufficient sensitivity if it will detect
and correctly clear a fault when there is half the fault current that will flow for
the above conditions.
(e) In rural areas where the earth return impedance is high, sensitive earth fault
protection may also be required, in addition to the above backup and primary
protection.
6.1.6.2 Clearance of small zone faults
Small zone faults shall be detected and cleared by backup protection as specified
in clause 3.2.3.6.
6.1.6.3 Clearance of faults under circuit breaker fail conditions
Failure of a circuit breaker, due to either a mechanical or electrical fault, to clear a
fault shall, when reasonably required by the Network Operator, be detected and
the primary fault current shall be cleared by backup protection as specified in the
clause 3.2.3.6.
6.1.6.4 Details of proposed Users’ protection settings
Unless agreed otherwise, Users shall provide the Network Operator with full
details of proposed protection settings and setting calculations on all plant that
may impact on the Network Operator’s power system a minimum of 65 business
days prior to energisation of the protected primary plant. Refer to clause 7.1.3.
6.1.6.5 Coordination of protection settings
(a) The User shall ensure that all their protection settings coordinate with existing
Network Operator protection settings. Where this is not possible, the User
will be responsible for the cost of revising Network Operator settings and
upgrading Network Operator or other Users’ equipment, where required.
(b) Generally, Network Operator protection which discriminates on the basis of
time employs devices with standard inverse characteristics to BS EN 60255-
6:1995 with a 3 second curve at 10 times current and time multiplier of 1.0.
Note that this is the specification of the characteristic rather than the device
setting. Distance relay Zone 2 time is generally set to 400 msec and Zone 3
time to 1000 msec.
(c) Specific details of Network Operator protection are available on request.

6.2 Power system stability co-ordination

(a) The Network Operator shall use its reasonable endeavours to ensure that all
necessary calculations associated with the stable operation of the power
system as described in clause 2.6 and for the determination of settings of
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 equipment used to maintain that stability are carried out and to co-ordinate
these calculations and determinations.
(b) The Network Operator shall facilitate establishment of the parameters and
endorse the installation of power system devices that are approved by the
Network Operator to be necessary to assist the stable operation of the power
system.

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7 Commissioning and testing procedures
7.1 Commissioning
7.1.1 Requirement to inspect and test equipment
(a) A User shall ensure that any of its new or replacement equipment is inspected
and tested to demonstrate that it complies with relevant Australian
Standards, relevant international standards, this Code and any relevant Access
Agreement prior to or within an agreed time after being connected to a
network, and the Network Operator is entitled to witness such inspections
and tests.
(b) The User shall produce test certificates on request by the Network Operator
showing that the equipment has passed the tests and complies with the
standards set out in clause 7.1.1(a) before connection to the power system, or
within an agreed time thereafter.
7.1.2 Co-ordination during commissioning
A User seeking to connect to a network shall cooperate with the Network Operator
to develop procedures to ensure that the commissioning of the connection and
connected facility is carried out in a manner that:
(a) Does not adversely affect other Users or affect power system security or
quality of supply of the power system; and
(b) Minimises the threat of damage to any other Users’ equipment.
7.1.3 Control and protection settings for equipment
(a) Not less than 65 business days prior to the proposed commencement of
commissioning of any new or replacement equipment that could reasonably
be expected to alter performance of the power system, the User shall submit
to the Network Operator sufficient design information including proposed
parameter settings to allow critical assessment including analytical modelling
of the effect of the new or replacement equipment on the performance of the
power system.
(b) The Network Operator shall:
(1) consult with other Users as appropriate; and
(2) within 20 business days of receipt of the design information under
clause 7.1.3(a), notify the User of any comments on the proposed
parameter settings for the new or replacement equipment.
(c) If the Network Operator’s comments include alternative parameter settings
for the new or replacement equipment, then the User shall notify the
Network Operator within 20 business days that it either accepts or disagrees
with the alternative parameter settings suggested by the Network Operator.

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 (d) The Network Operator and the User shall negotiate parameter settings that
are acceptable to them both.
(e) The User and the Network Operator shall co-operate with each other to
ensure that adequate grading of protection is achieved so that faults within
the User’s facility are cleared without adverse effects on the power system.
(f) The User shall pay the Network Operator’s reasonable costs associated with
the assessment of the parameter settings under this clause 7.1.3.
7.1.4 Commissioning program
(a) Not less than 65 business days prior to the proposed commencement of
commissioning by a User of any new or replacement equipment that could
reasonably be expected to alter performance of the power system, the User
shall advise the Network Operator in writing of the commissioning program
including test procedures and proposed test equipment to be used in the
commissioning.
(b) The Network Operator shall, within 20 business days of receipt of such advice
under clause 7.1.4(a), notify the User either that it:
(1) agrees with the proposed commissioning program and test procedures;
or
(2) requires changes in the interest of maintaining power system security,
safety or quality of supply.
(c) If the Network Operator requires changes, then the parties shall co-operate to
reach agreement and finalise the commissioning program within a reasonable
period.
(d) A User shall not commence the commissioning until the commissioning
program has been finalised and the Network Operator shall not unreasonably
delay finalising a commissioning program.
(e) The User shall pay the Network Operator’s reasonable costs associated with
the assessment of the commissioning program under this clause 7.1.4.
7.1.5 Commissioning tests
(a) The Network Operator has the right to witness commissioning tests relating to
new or replacement equipment that could reasonably be expected to alter
performance of the power system or the accurate metering of energy,
including SCADA equipment.
(b) Prior to connection to the Network Operator’s power system, the User shall
have provided to the Network Operator a signed written statement to certify
that the equipment to be connected has been installed in accordance with:
(1) this Code;
(2) the relevant Access Agreement;

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 (3) all relevant standards;
(4) all statutory requirements; and
(5) good electricity industry practice.
(c) The statement shall have been certified by a professional engineer, as
approved by the Network Operator.
(d) The Network Operator shall, within a reasonable period of receiving advice of
commissioning tests, notify the User whose new or replacement equipment is
to be tested under this clause 7.1.5 whether or not it:
(1) wishes to witness the commissioning tests; and
(2) agrees with the proposed commissioning times.
(e) A User whose new or replacement equipment is tested under this clause 7.1.5
shall submit to the Network Operator the commissioning test results
demonstrating that a new or replacement item of equipment complies with
this Code or the relevant Access Agreement or both to the satisfaction of the
Network Operator.
(f) If the commissioning tests conducted in relation to a new or replacement item
of equipment demonstrates non-compliance with one or more requirements
of this Code or the relevant Access Agreement then the User whose new or
replacement equipment was tested under this clause 7.1.5 shall promptly
meet with the Network Operator to agree on a process aimed at achievement
of compliance of the relevant item with this Code.
(g) The Network Operator may direct that the commissioning and subsequent
connection of the User’s equipment should not proceed if the relevant
equipment does not meet the technical requirements specified in
clause 7.1.1.
(h) All commissioning and testing of User owned equipment shall be carried out
by personnel experienced in the commissioning of power system primary
plant and secondary plant.
(i) The User shall pay the Network Operator’s reasonable costs associated with
the witnessing of commissioning tests under this clause 7.1.5.
7.1.5.1 Commissioning of protection
(a) The Network Operator reserves the right to witness the commissioning tests
on any of the User’s protection that it deems to be important or critical for the
reliable operation and integrity of the Network Operator power system.
(b) The User shall pay Network Operator’s reasonable costs associated with the
witnessing of the commissioning tests.
(c) All commissioning and testing of User owned protection shall be carried out by
personnel suitably qualified and experienced in the commissioning, testing
and maintenance of primary plant and secondary plant and equipment.

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8 Disconnection and reconnection of plant and equipment
8.1.1 Voluntary disconnection
(a) Unless agreed otherwise and specified in an Access Agreement, a User shall
give to the Network Operator notice in writing of its intention to permanently
disconnect a facility from a connection point.
(b) A User is entitled, subject to the terms of the relevant Access Agreement, to
require voluntary permanent disconnection of its equipment from the power
system in which case appropriate operating procedures necessary to ensure
that the disconnection will not threaten power system security shall be
implemented in accordance with clause 8.1.2.
(c) The User shall pay all costs directly attributable to the voluntary disconnection
and decommissioning.
8.1.2 Decommissioning procedures
(a) In the event that a User’s facility is to be permanently disconnected from the
power system, whether in accordance with clause 8.1.1 or otherwise, the
Network Operator and the User shall, prior to such disconnection occurring,
follow agreed procedures for disconnection.
(b) The Network Operator shall notify other Users if it believes, in its reasonable
opinion, the terms and conditions of such an Access Agreement will be
affected by procedures for disconnection or proposed procedures agreed with
any other Users The parties shall negotiate any amendments to the
procedures for disconnection or the Access Agreement that may be required.
(c) Any disconnection procedures agreed to or determined under clause 8.1.2(a)
shall be followed by the Network Operator and all Users.
8.1.3 Involuntary disconnection (refer also to clause 4.7)
(a) The Network Operator may disconnect a User’s facilities from a network:
(1) during an emergency in accordance with clause 8.1.5;
(2) in accordance with relevant laws; or
(3) in accordance with the provisions of the User’s Access Agreement.
(b) In all cases of disconnection by the Network Operator during an emergency in
accordance with clause 8.1.5, the Network Operator is required to undertake
a review under clause 4.7.11 and the Network Operator shall then provide a
report to the User advising of the circumstances requiring such action.
8.1.4 Disconnection due to breach of an Access Agreement
(a) Subject to the relevant provisions the Network Operator may disconnect a
User’s facilities from a network if in the Network Operator’s reasonable
opinion, the User has breached a term of the Access Agreement and such
breach poses a threat to power system security. In such circumstances the
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 Network Operator will not be liable in any way for any loss or damage
suffered or incurred by the User by reason of the disconnection and the
Network Operator will not be obliged for the duration of the disconnection to
fulfil any agreement to convey electricity to or from the User’s facility.
(b) A User shall not bring proceedings against the Network Operator to seek to
recover any amount for any loss or damage described in clause 8.1.4(a).
(c) A User whose facilities have been disconnected under this clause 8.1.4 shall
pay charges in accordance with the Network Pricing and Charges Schedule as
if any disconnection had not occurred.
8.1.5 Disconnection during an emergency
Where the Network Operator may disconnect a User’s facilities during an
emergency under this Code or otherwise, then the Network Operator may:
(a) Request the relevant User to reduce the power transfer at the proposed point
of disconnection to zero in an orderly manner and then disconnect the User’s
facility by automatic or manual means; or
(b) Immediately disconnect the User’s facilities by automatic or manual means
where, in the Network Operator’s reasonable opinion, it is not appropriate to
follow the procedure set out in clause 8.1.5(a) because action is urgently
required as a result of a threat to safety of persons, hazard to equipment or a
threat to power system security.
8.1.6 Obligation to reconnect
The Network Operator shall reconnect a User’s facilities to a network at a
reasonable cost to the User as soon as practical if:
(a) Disconnection of the User during an emergency has taken place in accordance
with clause 8.1.5.
(b) A breach of this Code or Access Agreement giving rise to disconnection has
been remedied; or
(c) Where the breach is not capable of remedy, compensation has been agreed
and paid by the User to the affected parties or, failing agreement, the amount
of compensation payable has been determined in accordance with the
dispute resolution process described in clause 1.6 and that amount has been
paid; or
(d) Where the breach is not capable of remedy and the amount of compensation
has not been agreed or determined, assurances for the payment of
reasonable compensation have been given to the satisfaction of the Network
Operator and the parties affected; or
(e) The User has taken all necessary steps to prevent the re-occurrence of the
breach and has delivered binding undertakings to the Network Operator that
the breach will not reoccur.

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9 Operation of Generators connected to the network
9.1 Power system security related market operations
9.1.1 Dispatch related limitations
A User shall not, unless in the User’s reasonable opinion public safety would
otherwise be threatened or there would be a material risk of damaging
equipment or the environment:
(a) Dispatch any energy from a Generation Unit, except:
(1) in accordance with the procedures specified in this Code and its
Technical Requirements for connection; or
(2) in accordance with an instruction from the Power System Controller; or
(3) as a consequence of operation of the Generation Unit’s automatic load
following scheme approved by the Network Operator; or
(4) in accordance with a procedure agreed with the Network Operator; or
(5) in connection with a test conducted in accordance with the
requirements of this Code or a procedure agreed with by the Network
Operator.
(b) Adjust the transformer tap position or excitation control system voltage set-
point of a scheduled Generation Unit except:
(1) in accordance with an instruction from or by agreement with the
Network Operator; or
(2) in response to remote control signals given by the Network Operator or
its agent; or
(3) if, in the scheduled User’s reasonable opinion, the adjustment is
urgently required to prevent material damage to the User’s plant or
associated equipment, or in the interests of safety; or
(4) in connection with a test agreed with the Network Operator and
conducted in accordance with this Code or procedures agreed with the
Network Operator.
(c) Energise a connection point in relation to a User’s Generator unit without prior
approval from the Network Operator. This approval shall be obtained
immediately prior to energisation;
(d) Synchronise a scheduled Generation Unit to, or de-synchronise a scheduled
Generation Unit from, the power system without prior approval from the
Power System Controller except de-synchronisation as a consequence of the
operation of automatic protection equipment or where such action is urgently
required to prevent material damage to plant or equipment or in the interests
of safety;
(e) Change the frequency response mode of a scheduled Generation Unit without
the prior approval of the Network Operator; or
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 (f) Remove from service or interfere with the operation of any power system
stabilising equipment installed on that Generation Unit.
See also clauses 3.3 and 4.2 of Version 4.0 of the System Control Technical Code.
9.1.2 [Deleted]
9.1.3 [Deleted]

9.2 Users’ plant changes

A User shall, without delay, notify the Power System Controller of any event which
has changed or is likely to change the operational availability or load following
capability of any of its Generation Units, whether the relevant Generation Unit is
synchronised or not, as soon as the User becomes aware of the event.

9.3 Operation, maintenance and extension planning

Operation, maintenance and extension planning and co-ordination shall be
performed in accordance with this Code and any applicable Access Agreement.

9.4 [Deleted]

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10 Metering requirements [applicable until 1 July 2019]
This clause 10 applies to all Users at any revenue metering point through which
energy is transferred to or energy is taken from the Network Operator’s electricity
network.
This clause is superseded from 1 July 2019 by NT NER Chapter 7A.

10.1 Purpose of metering clause

(a) The purpose of clause 10 is to set out the rights and obligations of Users and
the Network Operator.
(b) Clause 10 sets out provisions relating to:
(1) revenue metering installations used for the measurement of active
energy and reactive energy, imported and/or exported;
(2) check metering installations;
(3) the collection of revenue metering data;
(4) the provision, installation and maintenance of equipment;
(5) the accuracy of revenue metering equipment;
(6) testing requirements;
(7) the security and rights of access to revenue metering data and
equipment; and
(8) the provision of revenue metering data.

10.2 Metering principles

The key metering principles are as follows:
(a) Each connection point shall have a revenue metering installation.
(b) The type of revenue metering installation at each revenue metering point is to
be determined by the Network Operator in accordance with the annual
amount of energy passing through that revenue metering point.
(c) The Network Operator will have responsibility for the provision and
installation of revenue metering unless the User elects to provide and install
the revenue metering, other than the revenue meters, which will be provided
and installed by the Network Operator.
(d) The Network Operator will install the revenue meters or the revenue metering,
and will commission and maintain the revenue metering.
(e) The Network Operator may offer to install a check meter, or check meters, or
check metering, and commission and maintain check metering on behalf of
the User.

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 (f) The Network Operator will own the revenue metering installation and the
User may be required to make a non-refundable contribution to the cost of
the installation.
(g) All costs associated with the auditing and maintenance of a revenue metering
installation will be borne by the User.
(h) The Network Operator shall ensure that the accuracy of each component of a
revenue metering installation complies with its accuracy class.
(i) Energy data is to be based on units of watt-hours active energy and var-hours
reactive energy.
(j) The Network Operator will make revenue metering data available to Each
User, subject to confidentiality requirements.
(k) The revenue meters used will make provision for signals comprising energy
usage information to be available via volt free relay contacts at the revenue
metering location.
(l) The specifications for the revenue metering voltage and current transformers
will make provision for secondary voltages and currents to allow the User to
readily install check metering, if required by the User.
(m) Historical revenue metering data is to be retained for a minimum of 7 years.
(n) The Network Operator will audit revenue metering when requested.

10.3 Responsibility for metering installation

10.3.1 Responsibility of the Network Operator
(a) No later than 20 business days after receiving a request for the provision of a
revenue metering installation, or a revenue metering installation and a check
metering installation from a prospective User, the Network Operator shall
provide a quotation and any conditions on which the offer is made
(b) The Network Operator will advise the User of its right to provide and install
certain revenue metering components in accordance with Attachment 4 and
the Network Operator‘s Metering Manuals, Underground Manual and
Overhead Line Manual.
(c) If the User accepts the offer, the Network Operator has the responsibility for
the provision, installation, commissioning and maintenance of the revenue
metering equipment in accordance with Attachment 4 and the Network
Operator’s metering manuals, Underground Manual and Overhead Line
Manual.
10.3.2 User elects to provide and install certain metering components
(a) If the User does not accept the offer made by the Network Operator to
provide a revenue metering installation, the User will be responsible for the
provision and installation of the revenue metering, except for the revenue
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 meters in accordance with Attachment 4 and the Network Operator’s
metering manuals and the check metering, if required by the User.
(b) The Network Operator will provide and install the revenue meters,
commission the installation and provide ongoing maintenance of the revenue
metering installation in accordance with Attachment 4 and the Network
Operator’s metering manuals.
10.3.3 Other responsibilities
(a) The Network Operator shall ensure that the revenue metering installation is
provided, installed and maintained in accordance with Attachment 4 and the
Network Operator’s metering manuals.
(b) The User, if providing and installing revenue metering equipment, shall ensure
that the equipment complies with Attachment 4 and the Network Operator’s
metering manuals.
(c) Prior to installation, the equipment that is involved in measurement of
energy, other than the check meters shall be submitted to the Network
Operator for testing for compliance with the Network Operator’s metering
manuals.

10.4 Metering installation arrangements

10.4.1 Metering installation components
(a) A revenue metering installation shall comply with the requirements of the
National Standards (Weight & Measures) Act in regard to being a measuring
device that is used for trade or legal purposes.
(b) A revenue metering installation shall:
(1) contain a measuring device for active and reactive energy and a visible
display of all revenue metering data as per Australian Standard AS1284;
(2) be accurate in accordance with Attachment 4;
(3) have electronic data transfer facilities;
(4) be secure in accordance with the Network Operator’s metering manuals;
(5) have electronic data recording facilities for active and reactive energy
flows;
(6) be capable of separately registering and recording energy import and
export where bi-directional energy flows occur;
(7) be capable of providing revenue metering data to a communication
system; and
(8) include a communication system for two way communications with the
Network Operator.

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 (c) A revenue metering installation will consist of combinations of, but is not
limited to, the following:
(1) current transformer;
(2) voltage transformers;
(3) secure and protected wiring;
(4) revenue meter panels on which the revenue meters and communication
equipment are mounted;
(5) communication equipment such as modem, Public Switched Telephone
Network connection, isolation, radio transmitter and receiver, data link,
or power line carrier equipment;
(6) test links and fusing;
(7) energy and status signals;
(8) summation equipment;
(9) revenue metering enclosure;
(10) marshalling boxes; and
(11) revenue metering unit.
(d) The revenue metering installation is exclusively for revenue metering other
than the provision of energy and status signals which may be provided to the
User for other purposes.
10.4.2 Metering for connection of Small Inverter Energy Systems
(a) A User with a Small Inverter Energy System shall make provision for both an
import and export meter.
(b) Should an additional meter be required for the export power meter, the User
may need to install an additional meter box or rearrange the existing meter
box to accommodate a second meter.
10.4.3 Use of meters
(a) Revenue metering data will be used by the Network Operator as the primary
source of billing data.
(b) Where appropriate check metering data is available, it will be used by the
Network Operator for:
(1) validation;
(2) substitution; and
(3) account estimation
of revenue metering data as required by clause 10.9.4.

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10.4.4 Metering type and accuracy
(a) The accuracy for a revenue metering installation and the requirements for a
revenue metering installation that shall be installed at each revenue metering
point shall be in accordance with Attachment 4 and the Network Operator’s
metering manuals.
(b) A check metering installation is not required, but if provided by a User it may
use the voltages and currents provided by the revenue metering voltage
transformers and current transformers. The check meter or check meters will
be of the same class as the revenue meters.
(c) If the User elects to provide separate current transformers and voltage
transformers they shall comply with clause 10.3.3.
10.4.5 Data collection system
(a) The Network Operator shall ensure that an appropriate communication
system is installed to each revenue metering installation.
(b) The Network Operator shall establish processes for the collection of revenue
metering data from each revenue metering installation for storage in a
revenue metering data base in accordance with the Network Operator’s
metering manuals.
(c) The Network Operator may obtain revenue metering data directly from a
revenue metering installation.
10.4.6 Payment for metering
(a) The User is responsible for payment of all costs associated with the provision,
installation, commissioning, maintenance, routine testing and inspection,
routine audits, downloading of revenue metering data, processing and
account resolution for a revenue metering installation.
(b) The cost of requisition testing and audits shall be borne by the party
requesting the test or audit, except where the revenue metering installation is
shown not to comply with this clause, in which case the Network Operator
shall bear the cost.

10.5 Register of metering information

(a) As part of the revenue metering database, the Network Operator shall
maintain a revenue metering register of all Users’ revenue metering
installations and check metering installations that provide tariff data.
(b) The revenue metering register for a particular User’s revenue metering
installation shall be made available to the User on request.

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10.5.1 Meter register discrepancy
(a) If a discrepancy is noted between the User’s installation and the revenue
metering register, the Network Operator shall correct the discrepancy within 2
days.
(b) If as a result of the correction of the revenue metering register it indicates that
the revenue metering installation or check metering installation does not
comply with the requirements of this clause, the Network Operator shall use
its reasonable endeavours to rectify the situation in regard to the revenue
metering installation. If the check metering installation does not comply with
the requirement of this clause, reference to it will be deleted from the
revenue metering register.

10.6 Testing of metering installation

(a) Testing of a revenue metering installation shall be carried out in accordance
with the Network Operator’s metering manuals.
(b) A User may request the Network Operator to arrange for the testing of any
User’s revenue metering installation and the Network Operator shall not
refuse any reasonable request.
(c) The User will have the right to be present at any such testing.
(d) The Network Operator shall arrange for sufficient audit testing of Users’
revenue metering installations to satisfy itself that each revenue metering
installation conforms to the requirements of this clause.
(e) The Network Operator shall have unfettered access to any User’s revenue
metering installation at any time for the purpose of testing the revenue
metering installation.
10.6.1 Actions in event of non-compliance
(a) If a revenue metering installation does not comply with the requirements of
this clause, the Network Operator shall as soon as practical advise the User
and arrange for the revenue metering installation to be made compliant with
the requirements of this clause.
(b) The Network Operator shall in conjunction with the User make appropriate
corrections to the revenue metering data to take account of any errors as a
result of the non-compliance found in 10.6.1(a).
10.6.2 Audits of metering data
(a) A User may request the Network Operator to conduct an audit to determine
consistency between the data held in the revenue metering database and the
revenue metering data held in the User’s revenue metering installation.
(b) If there is an inconsistency between the data held in a revenue metering
installation and the data held in the revenue metering database, the data held

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 in the revenue metering installation is to be taken as prima facie evidence of
the revenue metering data.

10.7 Rights of access to metering data

(a) The only persons entitled to have either direct or remote access to revenue
metering data from a revenue metering installation, the revenue metering
database or the revenue metering register in relation to a revenue metering
point are:
(1) the Network Operator; and
(2) the User whose account statement relates to energy measured at that
revenue metering point.
(b) Electronic access to revenue metering data from a revenue metering
installation shall only be provided where appropriate multi-level password
revenue meters are installed and the appropriate software is obtained by the
User.

10.8 Security of metering installations

10.8.1 Security of metering equipment
(a) The Network Operator is responsible for the security of the revenue metering
installation and will fit seals or other devices to prevent or disclose
unauthorised access.
10.8.2 Security controls
(a) The Network Operator is responsible for the security of revenue metering data
held in the revenue metering installation and shall prevent local or remote
access by suitable passwords and/or other security devices in accordance with
clause 10.8.1.
(b) The Network Operator shall keep records of electronic passwords secure.
(c) The Network Operator may allocate a “read-only” password to a User where
the revenue meters installed have provision for multi-level passwords.
10.8.3 Changes to metering equipment, parameters and settings
The Network Operator shall record all changes to revenue metering equipment,
parameters and settings.

10.9 Processing of metering data for settlement purposes

10.9.1 Metering databases
(a) The Network Operator will create, maintain and administer a revenue
metering database containing information for each User revenue metering
installation.

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 (b) The revenue metering database shall include original energy readings and
substitute calculated values where estimates may be required.
10.9.2 Remote acquisition of data
(a) The Network Operator is responsible for the remote acquisition of revenue
metering data and for storing and processing this data for settlement
purposes.
(b) If remote acquisition becomes unavailable, the Network Operator is
responsible for obtaining the relevant revenue metering data from the
revenue meters.
10.9.3 Periodic energy metering
Data relating to the amount of active and reactive energy passing through a
revenue metering installation is normally collated in trading intervals of between
28 and 35 days inclusive unless it has been agreed between the User and the
Network Operator that some other period will apply either on an ongoing or once-
off basis.
10.9.4 Data validation and substitution
(a) At commissioning, the Network Operator will validate, on-site, the data being
recorded by a revenue metering installation against the measurement of basic
parameters and the User’s estimation of load.
(c) Check metering data, where available, may be used by the Network Operator
to validate revenue metering data provided that the check metering data has
been appropriately adjusted for differences in revenue metering installation
accuracy.
(d) For the purpose of settlement, check metering data, if available, may be
substituted either in whole or part for some or whole of the revenue metering
readings.
(e) If a check meter is not available or metering data cannot be recovered from
the metering installation within the time required for settlements, then a
substitute value is to be prepared by the Network Operator using a method
agreed with the User.
10.9.5 Errors found in metering tests, inspections or audits
(a) If a revenue metering installation test, inspection or audit demonstrates that a
component of the revenue metering has errors in excess of those permitted
by its class and it is not possible to determine from other data when the error
occurred, the error will be deemed to have occurred at a time halfway
between the time the error was found and the time of the previous most
recent test or inspection which demonstrated that the installation compiled
with Attachment 4 and the Network Operator’s metering manuals.

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 (b) If a test or audit of a revenue metering installation demonstrates that a
component of a revenue metering system has an error less than 1.5 times the
error permitted for that component, then no substitution of readings is
required.
10.9.6 Load following and out of balance energy
The Network Operator shall forward metering data to the Power System Controller
for load following reconciliation and out of balance energy settlement.

10.10 Confidentiality
Revenue metering data and passwords are confidential data and are to be treated
as confidential information.

10.11 Meter time

(a) All revenue metering installation clocks are to be referenced to Australian
Central Standard Time and maintained to a standard of accuracy as required
by Australian Standard AS 1284.

(b) The revenue metering database shall be set within an accuracy of ±10 seconds
of Australian Central Standard Time.

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11 Information requirements for network connection
11.1 Scope
(a) The following information requirements apply to the connection of Users to
the Power and Water networks.
(b) The Network Operator is obliged to obtain sufficient information in respect of
a network connection to enable the Network Operator to ensure that the
relevant User connection will not prevent the network performance standards
in clause 2 of the Code from being met.
(c) If, in the opinion of the Network Operator, additional information for a
particular User connection is required to ensure the network performance
standards in clause 2 of the Code are met, the User shall supply the additional
information.
(d) The User shall provide all data reasonably required by the Network Operator.
(e) Particular provisions may be waived for smaller Users and Users that have no
potential to affect other Users, at the discretion of the Network Operator, in
accordance with the derogation provisions of clause 12.
(f) Nothing in this section waives the requirements for all installations to comply
with the Network Operator’s Service and Installation Rules, Metering Manual,
Contractor’s Bulletins, and any requirement included in an Access Agreement.

11.2 Information to be provided by all network Users

11.2.1 Information on connected plant
(a) Before any new or additional equipment is connected, the User may be
required to submit the following kinds of information to the Network
Operator:
(1) a single line diagram with the protection details;
(2) metering system design details for equipment being provided by the
User;
(3) a general arrangement locating all the equipment on the site;
(4) a general arrangement for each new or altered substation showing all
exits and the position of all electrical equipment;
(5) type test certificates for all new switchgear and transformers, including
measurement transformers to be used for metering purposes in
accordance with clause 10 (metering) of this Code;
(6) the proposed methods of earthing cables and other equipment to
comply with the Electricity Supply Association of Australia Substation
Earthing Guide, or Australian Standard AS3000, or both, as appropriate;
(7) plant and earth grid test certificates from approved test authorities;

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 (8) a primary/secondary injection test of protection and trip test certificates
on all circuit breakers;
(9) certification that all new equipment has been inspected before being
connected to the supply;
(10) operational procedures;
(11) calculated maximum demand of the installation;
(12) details of potentially disturbing loads; and
(13) SCADA arrangements.
(b) Details of the kinds of data that may be required are included in
Attachment 3.
11.2.2 Details of proposed Users’ protection
(a) Unless otherwise agreed by the Network Operator, Users shall provide the
Network Operator with full details of proposed protection designs,
together with all relevant plant parameters, a minimum of 12 months prior
to energisation of the protected primary plant.
(b) The Network Operator shall provide comments on a User’s proposed
protection designs within 65 business days, unless otherwise agreed.
11.2.3 Requirements where a critical fault clearance time exists
(a) Where a critical fault clearance time exists, Users shall maintain a record of
design fault clearance times for all circuit breakers within their plant.
(b) Records of design fault clearance times shall be made available to the
Network Operator on request.

11.3 [Deleted]
11.4 Information to be provided by Users with Small Generators
(a) A User with a Small Generator shall provide the data specified in clause 11.2.
(b) A Small Generator shall provide all information in relation to the design,
construction, operation and configuration of that small power station as is
required by the Network Operator to ensure that the operation and
performance standards of the network, or other Users, are not adversely
affected by the operation of the power station.
(c) In order to assess the impact of the equipment on the operation and
performance of the network or on other Users, the Network Operator may
require a Small Generator to provide data on:
(1) power station and Generation Unit aggregate real and reactive power;
and
(2) flicker coefficients and harmonic profile of the equipment, where
applicable and especially for wind power and inverter connected
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 equipment. Data on power quality characteristics, including flicker and
harmonics, in accordance with IEC 61400- 21 shall be provided for all
wind turbines.
(d) Net import / export data shall be provided in the form of:
(1) a typical 24 hour power curve measured at 15 minute intervals (or
better if available); and
(2) details of the maximum kVA output over a 60 second interval, or such
other form as specified in the relevant Access Agreement.
(e) When requested by the Network Operator, a Small Generator shall provide
details of the proposed operation of the equipment during start-up, shut-
down, normal daily operation, intermittent fuel or wind variations and under
fault or emergency conditions.
(f) Details of the kinds of data that may be required are included in Attachment 3
of this Code, specifically:
(1) Schedule S3.3 - Generator data for Small Generation Units;
(2) Schedule S3.5 - Network and plant technical data; and
(3) Schedule S3.6 - Network plant and apparatus setting data.

11.5 Information to be provided by Users with Small Inverter Energy Systems

A Small Inverter Energy System may be installed as an addition to an existing load
connection, in conjunction with a new load connection or as a stand-alone
Generation system.

(a) A User with a Small Inverter Energy System shall provide the data specified in
clause 11.2.
(b) Details of the kinds of data that may be required from a User with a Small
Inverter Energy System are included in Attachment 3 of this Code, specifically:
(1) Schedule S3.4 - Technical data for Small Inverter Energy Systems;
(2) Schedule S3.5 - Network and plant technical data;
(3) Schedule S3.6 - Network plant and apparatus setting data; and
(4) Schedule S3.7 - Load characteristics at connection point.

11.6 Information to be provided by Users with loads

(a) A User with a Load shall provide the data specified in clause 11.2.
(b) Details of the kinds of data that may be required from a User with a Load are
included in Attachment 3 of this Code, specifically:
(1) Schedule S3.5 - Network and plant technical data;
(2) Schedule S3.6 - Network plant and apparatus setting data; and
(3) Schedule S3.7 - Load characteristics at connection point.
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12 Derogations from the Code
12.1 Purpose and application
(a) This clause 12 prevails over all other clauses of this Code.
(b) Derogations of Users are:
(1) those provisions of the other clauses of the Code which shall not apply
either in whole or part to particular Users or potential Users or others in
relation to their facilities for a fixed or indeterminate period;
(2) any provisions which substitute for those provisions which are not to
apply; and
(3) applicable only to that particular User or potential User.
(c) Derogations are for the purpose of:
(1) enabling Users to effect an orderly transition to the provisions of the Code
from those provisions currently applying;
(2) providing specific exemptions from the Code for pre-existing
arrangements which the Network Operator determines shall continue
beyond a specific transition period; and
(3) providing specific exemptions from the Code for future arrangements that
the Network Operator determines to be acceptable.
(d) Applications for derogations shall be submitted to and processed by the
Network Operator in accordance with the Electricity Networks (Third Party
Access) Act 2011.

12.2 Networks and facilities pre and post 1 April 2019

(a) Users of plant and equipment in the Network and all facilities connected to
this network existing at 1 April 2019 are required:
1) as a minimum, to demonstrate compliance with the version of this Code
in force prior to 1 April 2019 (Version 3.1); and
2) to document the performance capability of the plant and equipment
using an agreed methodology and within the timeframe agreed between
the User and Network Operator.
The relevant User shall be responsible for demonstrating compliance and
remedying any non-compliance at the User’s cost.
(b) Users of plant and equipment meeting the requirements of paragraph (a) will
be deemed to comply with this Code.
(c) Users modifying plant and equipment are required to meet the requirements
of this Code

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Part C Network Planning Criteria
Power and Water is the major custodian and operator of the power networks
within the Northern Territory. Power and Water is responsible for the network
security, reliability and quality of supply to all network Users. Power and Water’s
technical requirements are intended to ensure that a high reliability of service is
maintained when additions and changes to the networks or Users’ installations
are made. Technical requirements are based on the rules, criteria and limits
included in the Technical Code and these Network Planning Criteria.
The Network Planning Criteria provide for the requirements of the legislated Third
Party Access regime, which permits network customers to use Power and Water’s
regulated networks to enable contracted trade between Generator Users and
customer Users.
The purpose of Network Planning Criteria is to strike a balance between each
User’s need for a safe, secure, reliable, high quality electricity supply and the
desire for this service to be provided at minimal cost. At the same time,
environmental and social considerations shall be taken into account.

13 Introduction
(a) Additions to and reinforcement of the networks in the form of additional:
(1) Transmission lines and distribution feeders;
(2) Transformers;
(3) Generators;
(4) Loads; and
(5) Capacitors or reactors;
will produce an impact on the existing networks and customers.
(b) This Part C presents the Planning Criteria applied to ensure that Power and
Water’s networks:
(1) Provide a high quality electricity supply;
(2) Provide a reliable electricity supply;
(3) Provide a secure electricity supply;
(4) Meet safety standards;
(5) Meet environmental standards;
(6) Optimise equipment utilisation; and
(7) Optimise network losses.
(c) The philosophy of network planning and the rationale behind the Planning
Criteria are discussed in clause 13.1 of this document.
(d) The guidelines for network planning, which are provided in this document,
outline the range of technical and environmental Planning Criteria.
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13.1 Network design philosophy
(a) The Planning Criteria are used to assess the supply system capacity and
determine the need for and timing of:
(1) Generation support;
(2) Demand management;
(3) Network reinforcement; or
(4) Network re-configuration;
to meet customers’ demand for electricity.
(b) Network reinforcement plans may then be developed which will satisfy the
Planning Criteria and environmental constraints.

13.2 Amendments to the Planning Criteria

(a) Any User may propose an amendment to the Planning Criteria.

(b) A proposal to amend the Planning Criteria shall be made in writing by the User
to the Network Operator and shall be accompanied by:
(1) the reasons for the proposed amendment to the Planning Criteria; and
(2) an explanation of the effect on Users of the proposed amendment to the
Planning Criteria.
(c) The Network Operator shall review the proposed amendment to the Planning
Criteria and within 30 days advise the User or electricity entity:
(1) whether the proposed amendment to the Planning Criteria is accepted or
rejected; and
(2) the reasons for the acceptance or rejection of the proposed amendment
to the Planning Criteria.
(d) The Network Operator shall review the operation of the Planning Criteria at
intervals of no more than 5 years and may seek submissions from Users and
the Utilities Commission during the course of the review.

(e) The Network Operator may amend this Planning Criteria in accordance with
the legislative provisions.

13.3 132 kV and 66 kV networks

The traditional planning philosophy for a meshed network has been that the loss
of any one component of the network at a time of peak load will not result in the
loss of supply to any customers. This is the ‘n-1’ criterion, which can result in
imprudent capital expenditure if the frequency and consequences of breaching
the criterion are not considered. Prudent capital expenditure involves the
application of risk management techniques. This requires a consideration of the
probability of an event occurring and the consequences of its occurrence, for
example the impact on customers. If the probability of the event is low and the
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 consequences acceptable, it may be considered justified to delay system
reinforcement beyond the date indicated by the n-1 criterion and peak loading.

(a) Power and Water designs its 132 kV and 66 kV systems as meshed networks.
(b) There may be radial 132 kV and 66 kV lines extending from the meshed
network to many rural and developing areas.
(c) Generators are connected to the networks at voltages of 132 kV and 66 kV.
The technical characteristics of Generator connections may be negotiated
with the Generator provided that the network performance standards of
clause 2 of the Network Technical Code are maintained.

13.4 Distribution networks

Power and Water designs its distribution networks as radial systems.
13.4.1 CBD area
(a) In the Darwin central business district, five 11 kV switching stations supply a
network of underground HV feeder rings, with open points approximately
mid-way between switching stations 1.
(b) The switching stations are remotely controlled, but the intermediate switches
used to transfer load and restore supply in the event of a supply contingency
are operated manually.
13.4.2 Urban areas
(a) In urban areas the lower density of Users generally results in an open, meshed
network of HV feeders run radially with open points.
(b) This operating mode minimises fault levels and simplifies technical and
operational requirements.
(c) In these situations the extent of the loss of supply can be minimised by the
use of reclosers and sectionalisers to limit the impact of faults and the speed
of restoration improved through the use of fault indicators to locate faults.
13.4.3 Rural areas
(a) In rural areas the distribution network is generally radial and interconnection
to reduce supply restoration times is often not possible.
(b) In normal circumstances the loss of a component of the network will result in
the loss of supply to a number of Users until the network is reconfigured or
repaired.

1
Power and Water’s High Voltage (HV) networks operate at voltage levels of 22 kV in rural areas and
11 kV in urban areas.

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13.4.4 Enhanced security of supply
(a) The Network Operator will provide for the reasonable request of a User
requiring additional security of supply above the standard design philosophy.
(b) Additional costs incurred in providing the additional security of supply would
ordinarily be charged to the User.
(c) In some circumstances, on-site standby Generation may be the only economic
or practical alternative to improve supply security.
13.4.5 Embedded generation
(a) The distribution network is not designed to support the islanded operation of
embedded Generators and Power and Water’s distribution equipment is not
normally fitted with synchronising equipment.
(b) Embedded Generation Units, including small solar photo-voltaic and wind
Generators at network Users’ premises shall be of a design that automatically
disconnects from the network if the distribution feeder that they are
connected to is separated from the remainder of the power system.
(c) The requirements concerning the connection of Small Generators and Small
Inverter Energy Systems are set out in clauses 3.4 and 3.5 of the Network
Technical Code.

13.5 Process to assess the need for network reinforcement

(a) Network capacity and the need for network reinforcement are assessed by
comparing the Planning Criteria with network performance for:
(1) Increasing load levels;
(2) Changing load demand patterns;
(3) Particular load characteristics; and
(4) Reliability.
(b) To satisfy the performance levels, be they reliability, security, or quality levels,
least cost and effective plans are developed. The extent of the network
reinforcement works is dependent on:
(1) The load forecast;
(2) The anticipated maximum demands of all Users;
(3) Special conditions of the User’s load;
(4) The anticipated minimum demand of other Users;
(5) Users’ load profiles;
(6) The availability of non-network alternatives to network reinforcement;
and
(7) The age and condition of existing assets.

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 (c) Economic analysis is used in assessing network reinforcement requirements
and serves four functions as it:
(1) Indicates the return to Power and Water of proposed capital
investment;
(2) Helps to choose between options;
(3) Helps rank the project with other projects generated throughout Power
and Water; and
(4) Ensures the equitable allocation of costs between Users.
(d) In some cases, network reinforcement works may also be justified on an
economic basis where there are immediate benefits in return for capital
invested, eg. network loss optimisation.

13.6 The process of developing network concept plans

(a) Power and Water, in developing network concept plans for the long-term
development of the network, uses ultimate load horizon planning.
(b) In this methodology Power and Water considers the following information in
assessing the ultimate load for an area:
(1) Department of Lands Planning and Environment land use structure plans;
(2) Australian Bureau of Statistics censuses;
(3) Consultants’ reports on population growth in the major centres;
(4) Any relevant town planning schemes;
(5) Local Government advice on future planning proposals;
(6) Geographic features and their associated design limitations; and
(7) Any environmental constraints, including vegetation and ecology
limitations.
(c) This information is combined with any other available future load information
to produce an ultimate load assessment for an area and on the basis of this a
network concept plan is developed.

13.7 Planning Criteria

Planning Criteria are a set of standards applied to maintain appropriate levels of
network security and reliability. They are used as a planning and design tool to
protect the interests of all network Users in terms of reliability and quality of
supply. The criteria are also applied to protect all networks against instability.

13.8 Network development

The Network Operator is required to ensure that non-network alternatives to the
reinforcement of the network are considered on an equivalent basis to network
reinforcement and adopted where they can economically meet the network

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 performance standards in clause 2 of the Network Technical Code and the supply
contingency criteria in clause 14 of the Network Planning Criteria.
Non-network alternatives may include, without limitation, the following programs
and technologies:
 Pricing signals to influence customer demand;
 Direct control of customer demand;
 Installation of power factor correction;
 Installation of embedded generation.
Non-network alternatives may involve agreements between the Network
Operator and third parties for the provision of support to the network in specified
contingency conditions.
13.8.1 Annual planning review
The Network Operator shall annually:
(a) Prepare a forecast of loads and generation for the system for a period of at
least 5 years.
(b) Conduct a planning review of the adequacy of existing connection points and
the capacity of the transmission and distribution networks to meet forecast
load demands and generation demands.
(c) Consider the potential for augmentations, or non-network alternatives to
augmentations, that are likely to provide economic benefit to all network
Users.
(d) Identify where network investments are likely to be required and classify
those investments as:
(1) a small network investment; or
(2) a large network investment.
(e) Prepare a Network Management Plan containing, amongst other things,
network limitations and potential non-network and network solutions for
small network investments and large network investments in a form suitable
for public dissemination.
(f) The Network Management Plan shall be made available on Power and
Water’s web site and made available to the interested parties established in
clause 13.8.2(a) or to any person, upon application.
13.8.2 Non-network alternatives to network augmentation
(a) The Network Operator shall establish and maintain a list of interested parties
that may be prepared to provide non-network alternatives to augmentation of
the network.

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 (b) The Network Operator shall carry out a screening test to determine whether
demand management or other non-network alternatives are likely to be viable
for each network investment identified in clause 13.8.1(d).
(c) Where demand management or other non-network alternatives are not likely
to be viable for a network investment the Network Operator shall carry out
analysis of the network reinforcement in accordance with clause 13.9.
(d) Where demand management or other non-network alternatives are likely to
be viable for a large network investment, the Network Operator shall:
(1) publish a report detailing the circumstances of the large network
investment and the outcome of the demand management screening test
in clause 13.8.2(b);
(2) advise interested parties of the large network investment;
(3) seek expressions of interest in providing a non-network alternative.
(e) If no expression of interest in providing a non-network alternative to a large
network investment has been received within 60 business days the Network
Operator shall carry out analysis of the network reinforcement in accordance
with clause 13.9.
(f) Where demand management or other non-network alternatives are likely to
be viable for a small network investment, the Network Operator shall inform
interested parties of the outcome of the screening test in clause 13.8.2(b) and
request expressions of interest in providing a non-network alternative.
(g) If no expression of interest in providing a non-network alternative to a small
network investment has been received within 30 business days the Network
Operator shall carry out analysis of the network reinforcement in accordance
with clause 13.9.
(h) The Network Operator shall carry out the analysis of non-network alternatives
provided by interested parties under clauses 13.8.2(d) and 13.8.2(f) in
accordance with clause 13.9.

13.9 Investment analysis and reporting

In determining the preferred option for a new large network investment, the
Network Operator shall:
(a) Analyse the proposed large network investment using financial parameters
consistent with the most recent Network regulatory determination.
(b) Analyse non-network alternatives and network reinforcement alternatives on
the same basis.
(c) Determine on a present value basis the least-cost non-network or network
reinforcement alternative that meets the requirements of the network
performance standards in clause 2 of the Code and the supply contingency
criteria in clause 14 of the Network Planning Criteria.
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 (d) Include in the investment analysis an estimate of system benefits where they
are likely to be material to the outcome of the analysis, including, but not
limited to:
(1) Electrical losses;
(2) Changes in the level of involuntary load curtailment;
(3) Fuel and generation costs;
(4) Ancillary services provided to the system (for example, voltage support,
spinning reserve, black start).
(e) The level of analysis undertaken in relation to system benefits in clause
13.9(c) shall be proportionate to the size and scale of the proposed new
network investment.
(f) Determine and assess any non-quantifiable economic benefits of alternative
investment options.
(g) Determine the preferred non-network or network investment alternative.
(h) Prepare a report on the network investment analysis in clause 13.9(a) to (g).

14 Supply contingency criteria

(a) Supply contingency criteria relate to the ability of the supply system (network
and Generation) to be reconfigured after a fault, so that the supply to
customers is restored. The criteria apply to Generation used to support the
network and to the network interconnections to Generators.
(b) The following definitions apply.

14.1 Load areas

(a) The load areas that have been identified for the purpose of the supply
contingency criteria are set out in Figure 12.
Figure 12 - Definition of load types

Load type Definition

CBD Any area within a city or town that is zoned as CBD in the
Northern Territory Planning Scheme.
Urban An area in which the majority of the land is zoned for
residential and/or commercial and/or industrial use within a
major centre in the Northern Territory and is not CBD.
Non-urban Areas that are not Urban and not within a CBD but which
are within a 50km radius of a CBD.
Remote Areas outside a 50km radius from a CBD.

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 (b) A distinction has been made between the supply contingency criteria
applicable to CBD and Urban load areas, and those applicable to Non-urban
and Remote load areas.
(c) A supply contingency may involve the unplanned failure of an element of
network equipment or the failure of a Generator used to support the network
at a particular location.

14.2 Supply contingencies

(a) A single supply contingency (first contingency) may involve the unplanned
failure of an element of network equipment (a cable, line or transformer), or
the failure of a Generator used to support the network or supply loads at a
particular location.

A second contingency provision has been included, which is similar to that in the
CBD areas of most other Australian capital cities. Other CBDs currently are
planned to provide second contingency capability at the subtransmission and zone
substation level, as follows:
• Brisbane: in one hour;
• Melbourne: in 30 minutes; and
• Sydney: in one hour.
The longer time permitted for restoration of the Darwin CBD system recognises
that manual switching of load on the CBD HV network would be necessary to
restore capability.
(b) A second supply contingency involves the concurrent failure of two elements,
which could comprise network equipment or Generators.
(c) In addition, at the discretion of the Network Operator, certain high impact but
low risk failures such as the failure of a single zone substation HV busbar, or
the failure of a both circuits of a double circuit line, shall be considered as
second contingency events.

14.3 Equipment capacities

Circuit capacities to be used in determining supply adequacy are the appropriate
cyclic ratings for network equipment.

14.4 Forecast demand

(a) The forecast area demand used for determining supply adequacy is the
coincident maximum demand for the load area, feeder or transformer
concerned, with a 50% Probability of Exceedence.
(b) In calculating the maximum demand in clause 14.4(a), allowance shall be
made for the coincident effect of demand reductions in the load area arising
from:
(1) Any demand management initiative controlled by Power and Water;

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 (2) Any customer contracted to Power and Water to reduce demand upon
request;
(3) The net effect of any embedded Generation used to provide a demand
reduction under an agreement with Power and Water; and
(4) Small scale embedded Generation such as solar PV installations.

14.5 Radial supply arrangements

(a) Where restoration of supply requires reinstatement or repair, a secure supply
having an alternative path is not provided. Restoration targets are set out in
Figure 13.
Figure 13 – Radial supply restoration targets

Radial supply contingency Restoration target

For failure of a substation transformer ≤ 36 hours
For failure of a subtransmission line ≤ 6 hours (loads greater than 5MVA)
For failure of a subtransmission line ≤ 12 hours (loads less than 5MVA)

(b) The restoration times in Figure 13 are Power and Water’s internal targets.
They do not represent customer guarantees.
(c) Actual restoration times will be based on ensuring staff safety and being able
to access and address the asset related issues.

14.6 Supply contingency criteria

The supply contingency criteria in the Network Planning Criteria have been
designed to facilitate the Network Operator providing the specified response in
the most appropriate and economical manner for the particular circumstances.
The response to ensuring that the supply contingency criteria are met may include
one or more of the following responses:
 Augmentation of the network;
 Reduction of demand on the network using demand management;
 Connection of generation within the load area concerned;
 Commercial arrangements with generators to provide demand support in
contingency conditions;
 Enhanced operational response;
 Enhanced control of network configuration;
 Contingency planning, using strategically positioned spare equipment or
mobile equipment such as generators and transformers.

(a) The supply contingency criteria in this clause 14.6 apply to loads and to groups
of loads supplied by the network at various voltage levels and locations.

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 (b) In determining the relevant supply contingencies to loads and groups of loads,
the potential unavailability of:
(1) elements of the network that normally supply those loads;
(2) the generators that normally supply those loads; and
(3) the associated generator connections;
shall all be considered.
(c) The relative likelihood (frequency) of supply contingencies shall also be
considered by the Network Operator. The Supply Contingency Criteria
requires that:
(1) The equipment that comprises elements of the system for the supply to
loads and groups of loads shall be operated and maintained in such a way
that the frequency of equipment unavailability is consistent with good
industry practice; and
(2) The expected frequency of supply contingencies shall be considered by
the Network Operator when developing options to maintain compliance
with the Supply Contingency Criteria.
(d) The Network Operator shall aim to meet reliability of supply objectives
established by the Regulator.
(e) Where the availability of generation is a factor in meeting the contingency
criteria in a particular load area the Network Operator is required to consult
with the relevant Generators to make appropriate allowance for Generation
Unit maintenance.
(f) The Network Operator may enter into commercial arrangements with a
Generator to provide demand support in supply contingency conditions.
(g) The Planning Criteria in Figure 14 apply for the specified supply contingencies
in CBD and Urban areas.
(h) The Planning Criteria in Figure 15 apply for Non-Urban and Remote areas.
(i) The Planning Criteria in Figure 14 and Figure 15 apply to each load segment
within the loads or groups of loads to which the associated Planning Criterion
applies.

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Figure 14 - Supply contingency criteria - CBD and Urban areas

Class Forecast Minimum demand to be met after: Notes

of area First supply Second supply
supply demand contingency contingency
A Up to 1MVA Within 8 hours: area No special provision Area demand is normally supplied from one source. Restoration of
demand supply requires reinstatement or repair.
Includes most HV customer connections and distribution substations.
Where a single transformer supplies demand, the area demand may
cover the transformer cyclic capacity.
B Over 1 MVA (a) Within 3 hours: Area demand is normally supplied from one source and may have partial
and up to area demand less to full supply available from an alternative source.
5 MVA 1 MVA Includes most HV feeders, allows for manual field switching.
(b) Within 8 hours:
area demand
C Over 5 MVA (a) Within 60 Area demand is normally supplied from one or more source and will have
and up to minutes: area partial to full supply from an alternative source.
50 MVA demand Will include many HV feeders and all zone substations.
Area demand will be restored with automatic or manual switching of
alternative sources of supply.
D Over 50 MVA (a) Immediate (b) Within time to Area demand will normally be supplied by more than two alternative
restoration of restore planned circuits with high level automatic and supervisory switching.
area demand outage: area The time permitted for restoration of supply to the Darwin CBD following
demand a second contingency recognises that manual switching of load on the
(c) Within 5 hours: area CBD HV network would be necessary.
demand The second contingency provision is not intended to restrict the period
during which maintenance can be scheduled. The provision for a second
circuit outage assumes that normal maintenance would be undertaken
when demand is less than peak.

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Figure 15 - Supply contingency criteria - Non-Urban and Remote areas

Class Forecast Minimum demand to be met after: Notes

of area First supply Second supply
supply demand contingency contingency
E Up to 1MVA Within 12 hours: area No special provision Area demand is normally supplied from one source. Restoration of
demand supply requires reinstatement or repair.
Includes most rural spur connections, HV customer connections and
distribution substations.
Where a single transformer supplies demand, the area demand may
cover the transformer cyclic capacity.
F Over 1 MVA (a) Within 6 hours: Area demand is normally supplied from one source and will have partial
and up to area demand less to full supply available from an alternative source. Full restoration of
5 MVA 1 MVA supply may require reinstatement or repair.
(b) Within 12 hours: Includes most HV feeders, allows for manual field switching.
area demand
G Over 5 MVA (a) Within 3 hours: Area demand is normally supplied from more than one source and will
and up to area demand have full supply from an alternative source.
15 MVA (b) Within 36 hours: Includes many zone substations.
area demand Area demand will be restored with manual switching of alternative
sources of supply. Where area demand supplied from a single source (b)
will apply.
H Over 15 MVA (a) Within 30 Area demand is normally supplied from more than one source and will
and up to minutes: area have full supply from an alternative source.
50 MVA demand Will cover larger zone substations.
(b) Within 36 hours: Area demand will be restored with automatic or remote manual
area demand switching of alternative sources of supply. Where area demand supplied
from a single source (b) will apply.

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15 Steady state criteria
(a) The steady state criteria define the adequacy of the network to supply the
energy requirements of Users within the equipment ratings, frequency and
voltage limits, taking account of planned and unplanned outages.
(b) The steady state criteria apply to the normal continuous behaviour of a
network and also cover post disturbance behaviour once the network has
settled.
(c) In planning a network it is necessary to assess the reactive power
requirements under both extremes of light and heavy load, to ensure that the
reactive demand placed on the Generators, be it to absorb or generate
reactive power, does not exceed the capability of the Generators and that
system voltage levels remain within equipment ratings.
(d) Network frequency will fall if there is insufficient total Generation to meet
demand. Although the reduction in frequency will cause a reduction in power
demand, it is unlikely that this will be sufficient and in the event of a shortfall
of Generation, loads shall be disconnected until the frequency rises to an
acceptable level.
(e) In the following sub-clauses, the various components of the steady state
Planning Criteria are defined.

15.1 Real and reactive generating limits

(a) Limits to the VAr Generation and absorption capability of Generators shall not
be exceeded.
(b) Generators shall be specified and maintained so as to be capable of operating
within the normal range of system voltage at their point of connection.

15.2 Steady state power frequency voltage

The range of steady-state voltage at different voltage levels of the power system
under normal operating conditions is set out in this clause.
The Australian Standard for low voltage was altered in 2000. Australian Standard
AS 60038-2000 establishes a revised nominal voltage of 230/400 V (single/three
phase), to match the European standard set out in IEC 60038:1983.
Australian Standard AS 6038-2000 notes that 240/415 V systems shall evolve
towards the new standard and a revised supply voltage range. Power and Water
is participating in an Energy Networks Association review of issues associated with
the potential migration from a nominal mid- range voltage of 240 V to 230 V.

(a) For voltages of 11 kV or more, the network shall be planned and designed to
maintain a continuous network voltage at a User’s connection not exceeding
the design limit of 110% of nominal voltage and not falling below 90% of
nominal voltage during normal and maintenance conditions.

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 (b) The network shall be designed to maintain the low voltage steady state levels
within the range set out in Figure 16 for credible contingency events. These
are referenced to the nominal voltage of 230/400 V.
Figure 16 – Supply voltage range

System condition Lower range Upper range

Normal conditions - 2% + 11%
Planned maintenance conditions - 4% + 13%
Unplanned outage conditions - 6% + 15%

(c) The power frequency voltage may vary outside the ranges set out in this
clause 15.2 as a result of a non-credible contingency event.

15.3 Thermal rating criteria

(a) It should be noted that the thermal rating limits of equipment might not
determine the capability of the network in a particular situation. Other
factors such as the voltage drop or rise, voltage stability or system stability
may impose a lower limit in certain circumstances.
(b) The thermal ratings of network components shall not be exceeded under
normal or emergency operating conditions when calculated on the following
basis:
(1) Transformers: Manufacturer’s name plate rating, unless specific
modelling has been carried out to determine a cyclic
rating for the anticipated cyclic loading and ambient
temperature conditions.
(2) Switchgear: Manufacturer’s name plate rating.
(3) Overhead Lines: Rating calculated in accordance with ESAA Code
D(b)5, and based on:
(i) ambient temperature of 35°C in the northern part of the Territory,
and 40°C (summer) or 25°C (winter) in the southern part;
(ii) wind speed being 0.5 m/s;
(iii) solar radiation being 1000W/m2 (weathered surface); and
(iv) conductor design clearance temperature as defined in ESAA
Code C(b)l.
(4) Cables: Normal cyclic rating, calculated using the Neher
McGrath methodology; with
(i) maximum operating temperatures of 90°C for XLPE cables;
(ii) 70°C for 11 kV paper insulated cable;
(iii) 65°C for 11 kV paper insulated, belted cable and 22 kV paper
insulated cables and;

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 (iv) during an emergency, for a period of up to 12 hours, the maximum
allowable operating temperature for paper insulated cables may be
increased to 80°C and for XLPE insulated cables to 120°C.
It should be noted that the thermal rating limits of equipment might not
determine the capability of the network in a particular situation. Other factors
such as the voltage drop or rise, voltage stability or system stability may impose a
lower limit in certain circumstances.

15.4 Fault rating criteria

For safety reasons, the fault rating of any equipment shall not be less than the
fault level in that part of the network at any time and for any normal network
configuration.
As the system configuration is changed, fault levels may increase over time. New
connections to the network shall therefore be designed with equipment fault level
ratings reflecting modern standards that may exceed existing fault levels.

(a) The minimum fault levels for equipment to be connected to Power and
Water’s networks are set out in Figure 17.
Figure 17 – Network equipment fault level ratings

Network voltage level Fault level rupturing capacity

415 V 31.5 kA where supplied from one transformer; or
63 kA where supplied from two transformers in
parallel
11 kV 25 kA in metropolitan areas;
20 kA in rural areas
22 kV 15 kA
66 kV 31 kA
132 kV 31 kA

(b) Equipment owned by Power and Water and Users connected to the network
shall be designed to withstand these fault levels for 1 second.
16 Stability criteria
(a) A power system is stable if it returns to a steady-state or equilibrium
operating condition following a disturbance. This criterion shall hold true for
all loading conditions and Generation schedules, under normal operating
conditions, following the loss of any item of plant, and for the most severe
credible faults.
(b) In the planning and operation of a power system, it is important to consider
the potential emergence of a variety of stability problems.

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 (c) The Network Planning Criteria are designed to ensure that the network has a
high probability of returning to stable conditions, following all credible
network disturbances.
(d) The stability of a power system can be classified into a number of categories
to facilitate the analysis of stability problems, the identification of
contributing factors, and the development of measures to control or prevent
instability. Instability can take many different forms and is influenced by a
wide range of factors.
(e) Two broad categories of stability are considered:
(1) Angle stability, which mainly involves the dynamics of Generators and
their associated control systems. Angle stability can be further
categorised into transient stability and small-signal or steady-state
stability. Frequency stability is closely related to angle stability.
(2) Voltage stability, which mainly involves the dynamic characteristics of
loads and reactive power compensation. Voltage collapse is perhaps the
most widely recognised form of voltage instability.
16.1 Transient stability
Transient stability is the inherent ability of a power system to remain stable and
maintain network synchronism when subjected to severe disturbances such as
three-phase faults on power lines, loss of Generation, loss of a large load or other
failures. Such large disturbances need to be cleared in order to prevent network
instability and physical damage to plant.
Transient stability is assessed on the basis of the first angular swing following a
solid three phase fault or single phase-to-ground fault on one circuit at the most
critical location that is cleared by the faster of the two protection schemes with all
intertrips assumed in service.

16.1.1 Transient stability criteria

(a) Transient stability is based on the relative rotor angle swing between two or
more groups of synchronous machines when subjected to a disturbance.
Relative rotor angle swings in excess of 90° may lead to the situation where
the rotor angle does not return and increases beyond 180°, resulting in pole
slipping or synchronous instability. Transient stability of the power system
shall be maintained. To ensure transient stability is maintained, due
consideration during system studies shall be given to the following:
(1) the maximum allowable relative rotor angle swing between any two or
more groups of Generators on the network shall not exceed 180° (after
allowing for a safety margin consistent with good electricity industry
practice);
(2) the transient voltage dip limit as specified in clause 16.2.6; and
(3) the possibility of delayed clearance of faults on the network.

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 (b) The most severe disturbance is to be selected from the following fault types
to determine the stability of the power system (with due regard to be taken of
reclosing onto a fault):
(1) a three-phase-to-earth fault;
(2) a single phase to earth fault cleared by backup protection;
(3) high speed single phase auto-reclosing and
(4) sudden disconnection of any plant, including a Generation Unit.
(c) If the rotor angles between one (or a group) of synchronous machines and the
rest of the Generation Units on the network reaches and/or exceeds 180°, a
“pole slip” occurs. This results in loss of synchronism or synchronous
instability.
16.1.2 Rotor angle swing
(a) In general, an initial Generator rotor angle swing which does not exceed 120°
and with XT ≤ 1.0 p.u. is considered stable.
(b) A rotor angle swing exceeding 120° has only a small margin before pole
slipping, and an initial rotor swing angle which is higher than 120° may result
in a pole slip or repeated pole slipping which is considered unstable.
(c) The relative rotor angle concept of synchronous instability is based on the
rotor angle between two synchronous machines. In the case of two or more
Generation groups containing various Generators a correlated effect on the
network, like transient voltage dip limits, shall be used to prevent
synchronous instability.
(d) Rotor angle swings in excess of 120° or transient voltage dips in excess of 25%
can result in the following detrimental effects on the network:
(1) Network voltage collapse; and
(2) Motor load loss on undervoltage.
(e) Such impacts on a network are not acceptable and enforceable limits need to
be used to prevent them.
16.1.3 Fault clearance time
(a) One of the major factors affecting transient stability is the fault clearance
time. The critical fault clearance time is the longest time that a fault can be
allowed to remain on the network whilst maintaining network stability.
Protection shall be installed to ensure that the critical fault clearance times
are achieved.
(b) A three-phase fault or a single-phase to ground fault (whichever is the more
severe criterion), cleared by the primary protection, is selected by Power and
Water as the basis for establishing transient stability. These faults shall be
cleared within the critical fault clearance time.

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 (c) Transient stability shall be maintained for faults cleared by the tripping of any
network element or a Generator under the worst possible network load or
Generation pattern.
(d) Any plant leading to network instability shall be separated from the healthy
network.
16.1.4 Rotor angle swing and transient voltage dip
(a) Rotor angle swing is not a practical parameter to be in field measured, but a
measurable impact on Users is the transient voltage dip (TVD) resulting from
real power swings.

(b) Any Generator connected to the distribution network shall not cause the
Transmission voltage to exceed the transient voltage dip criteria defined in
the Network Technical Code.

16.1.5 Pole slip protection

(a) The function of pole slip protection is to remove an unstable Generator from
the network and prevent the disturbance from causing problems with other
Users. Pole slip protection only removes the pole-slipping Generator from the
network after the machine has slipped at least one pole.
(b) Pole slip protection is to be installed on all Generation Units where
simulations show that pole slipping is likely following any credible plant
outage or fault.
16.1.6 Small-signal stability
(a) A power system is small-signal stable for a particular steady-state operating
condition if, following any small disturbance, it reaches an equilibrium
condition which is identical or close to the pre-disturbance condition. Small
disturbances include the continuously changing system load, OLTC operations,
and minor switching operations.
(b) Small-signal instability may be oscillatory, where undamped rotor angle
oscillations grow to dangerous magnitudes, or monotonic, where rotor angle
differences increase in one direction. In either case Generation Units can fall
out of synchronism with each other and pole slipping can occur.
(c) Small-signal stability is assessed on the basis of the damping design criterion
which states that “System damping is considered adequate if, at any credible
operating point, after the most critical single contingency, simulations indicate
that the halving time of the least damped electromechanical mode of
oscillation is not more than 5 sec. (The 5 sec. halving time corresponds to a
damping constant of 0.14 Nepers/sec.).”
(d) Statistical effects shall be taken into account when analysing test results.

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16.1.7 Oscillation damping
(a) All electromechanical oscillations resulting from any small or large disturbance
in the power system shall be well damped and the power system shall return
to a stable operating state.
(b) The damping ratio of the oscillations should be at least 0.5. For inter-area
oscillation modes, lower damping ratios may be acceptable but the halving
time of such oscillations should not exceed five seconds.
16.1.8 Power system stabilisers
(a) Power system simulation studies may indicate the possibility of insufficient
damping on the system, and that the best solution to this problem would be
the installation of power system stabilisers. These are to be installed on those
Generation Units where they will be most effective in improving overall
system damping.
(b) The stabilising circuits shall be responsive and adjustable over a wide range of
frequency range, which shall include frequencies from 0.1 Hz to 2.5 Hz. The
PSS settings shall be optimised to provide maximum damping.

16.2 Voltage stability criteria

16.2.1 Voltage stability limits
(a) All necessary steps should be taken to ensure that voltage collapse does not
occur for the most onerous outage of a transmission element under credible
Generation schedules under full load conditions. It should also be assumed
that 3% of the installed capacitors are unavailable. Voltage collapse is
associated with a deficit of reactive power. Adequate reactive reserves based
on power system studies should be provided (see notes below).
Notes:
(1) The system load to be used in studies is the 1 in 10 year probability
forecast.
(2) All Generation with the exception of one unit is to be taken as available
with none of the MVAr limits to be exceeded.
(b) Voltage stability is a function of the dynamic characteristics of system loads.
A power system at a given operating state and subject to a given disturbance
is voltage stable if post-disturbance voltages at every point on the system
reach equilibrium within satisfactory limits. Disturbances may be small or
large, and time frames may vary from tenths of a second to several hours.
(c) Voltage instability most commonly results in voltage collapse, but may give
rise to excessively high voltage levels under some conditions.
(d) Adequate and appropriate reactive power compensation shall be provided to
ensure that the power system is protected against all forms of voltage

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 instability. This can include the use of shunt and series capacitors and / or
reactors, SVCs, synchronous condensers, etc.
16.2.2 Voltage collapse
(a) A power system undergoes voltage collapse if post-disturbance voltages are
below acceptable limits. Voltage collapse may be total (blackout) or partial.
(b) The possibility of an actual voltage collapse depends upon the nature of the
load. If the load is stiff (constant power, such as a synchronous motor) the
collapse is aggravated. If the load is soft, eg. heating, the power absorbed by
the load falls off rapidly with voltage and the situation is alleviated.
16.2.3 Resonance conditions
(a) Voltage oscillations can arise within a power system as a result of resonance
conditions. Resonance effects are generally caused by a series resonance
between a capacitance and an inductance, for example a capacitor bank and
the inductive reactance of a transmission line or transformer.
(b) Network resonant frequencies can exist above and below synchronous
frequency and a latent resonance can be excited by a variety of network
disturbances (large or small).
(c) If resonance is excited following a network disturbance, then oscillations
appearing as network voltage amplitude modulations can arise.
(d) If the damping mode of the network at the resonant frequency is positive then
the network will absorb the oscillation. However, if the damping is negative,
the oscillations will build up and lead to supersynchronous (>50 Hz) or
subsynchronous (<50 Hz) instability.
(e) If corrective action (typically in the form of load shedding) is not taken, then
this form of oscillation can lead to extensive damage to network and customer
equipment.
(f) Locations with a low fault level and a weak electrical connection (usually with
impedance higher than 1.0 p.u. to the source) are prone to sub-synchronous
oscillations or resonance.
16.2.4 Transient over-voltages
Transient over-voltages can arise from normal switching operations and external
influences such as lightning strikes. Surge diverters are used where necessary to
ensure that the transient over-voltage seen by an item of network plant is limited
to its rated lightning impulse withstand voltage level.
16.2.5 Temporary over-voltages
Temporary AC over-voltages should not exceed the time duration limits given in
Australian Standard AS2926 – 1987 unless specific designs are implemented to
ensure the adequacy and integrity of equipment on the power system, and that
the effects on loads have been adequately mitigated.
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16.2.6 Transient voltage dip criteria (TVD)
After clearing a system fault the voltage should not drop below 75% and shall not
be below 80% for more than 0.4 seconds during the power swing that follows the
fault. The maximum transient voltage dip is 25% and the maximum duration of
voltage dip exceeding 20% is 20 cycles (400ms).

16.3 Frequency stability criteria

(a) The frequency stability criterion relates to the recovery times for excursions of
the system frequency from the steady state limits.
(b) The rate of change of frequency for each of the regulated power systems is
defined as:
Darwin – Katherine ± 4 Hz/ Sec
Alice Springs ± 4 Hz/ Sec
Tennant Creek ± 4 Hz/ Sec
(c) To cover for a loss of Generation Facilities there are two measures applied to
bring back the falling frequency:
(1) Spinning reserve; and
(2) Under frequency load shedding (UFLS).
(d) Under frequency load shedding relays are installed at zone substations to shed
load at pre-determined levels of frequency at or below 49.25 Hz following loss
of a major Generation Unit or its interconnection.
(e) Following loss of Generation Facilities, system frequency, depending on
spinning reserve, may still decline to such levels that the UFLS automatic
scheme will be used to reduce network load in order to help the frequency
recovery.
(f) It is a requirement for power system security that 75% of the power system
load at any time be available for disconnection under:
(1) The automatic control of under frequency relays; and
(2) Manual or automatic control from control centres; and/or
(3) The automatic control of undervoltage relays.
(g) In some circumstances, it may be necessary to have up to 90% of the power
system load, or up to 90% of the load within a specific part of the network,
available for automatic disconnection. Power and Water will advise Users if
this additional requirement is necessary.
(h) Special load shedding arrangements may be required to be installed to cater
for abnormal operating conditions.
(i) The settings for under-frequency load shedding in the various regions
throughout the Northern Territory are given in Figure 3of this Code.

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17 Quality of supply criteria
(a) Quality of supply criteria regulate the voltage and current waveforms in the
network and criteria are established for the following aspects:
(1) Voltage fluctuation;
(2) System Frequency;
(3) Harmonic distortion;
(4) Voltage unbalance; and
(5) Network reliability.
(b) The networks are analysed to ensure satisfactory performance, in accordance
with the quality of supply criteria, whenever a new User is connected or a
complaint from an existing User is received.
(c) The aspects of quality of supply that are analysed are:
(1) Steady state voltage;
(2) Voltage fluctuation; and
(3) Network frequency, on isolated regional networks.
(d) Harmonic voltage and current and voltage unbalance will be analysed
depending on the nature of the load of the new User being connected.

17.1 Voltage fluctuation criteria

A voltage disturbance is where the voltage shape is maintained but the voltage
magnitude varies and may fall outside the steady state supply voltage range set
out in clause 15.2 of the Network Planning Criteria.
(a) Short duration voltage disturbances with durations of up to one minute are
termed voltage sags and swells.
(b) Short duration voltage disturbances generally arise from faults on the network
and may not be able to be economically eliminated.

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17.1.1 Temporary over-voltages
(a) As a consequence of a credible contingency event, the voltage of supply at a
connection point should not rise above its normal voltage by more than a
given percentage of normal voltage for longer than the corresponding period
shown in Figure 18 for that percentage.
Figure 18 – Over voltage limit for contingency events
35.0%

30.0%

25.0%
Percent overvoltage

20.0%

15.0%

10.0%

5.0%

0.0%
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Time period (seconds)

(b) Users’ equipment shall also be designed to withstand these voltage levels.
(c) As a consequence of a contingency event, the voltage of supply at a
connection point could fall to zero for any period.
17.1.2 Step changes in voltage levels
(a) Step changes in the power system voltage levels may take place due to
switching operations on the network. The step changes in voltage shall not
exceed the limits set out in Figure 19.

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 Figure 19 – Step change voltage limits

Cause Pre-tap- Post-tap-changing

changing (final steady state)
≥ 66 kV < 66 kV ≥ 66 kV < 66 kV
Routine ±4.0 % ±4.0% Network voltages shall Should attain
Switching (1) (max) (max) be between 110% and previous set
90% of nominal voltage point
Infrequent +6%, +6%, ±10% Should attain
Switching (2) –10% –10% (max) (max) previous set
(max) point
Notes: 1 For example, capacitor switching, transformer tap action, motor starting,
start-up and shutdown of Generation Units.
2 For example, tripping of Generation Units, loads, lines and other
components.

(b) Voltage fluctuation severity is characterised by the following two quantities,

which are defined in Australian Standard AS/NZS 61000.3.7 (2001):
(1) Pst - short-term flicker severity term (obtained for each 10 minute
period); and
(2) Plt - long-term flicker severity (obtained from 12 consecutive Pst periods
for each 2 hour period).
(c) Under normal operating conditions, flicker severity caused by voltage
fluctuation in the transmission and network shall be within the planning levels
shown in Figure 20 for 99% of the time.
Figure 20 – Flicker severity – planning levels

Flicker Severity LV MV HV
Quantity 230/400 V (11-66 kV) (132 kV)
Pst 1.0 0.9 0.8
Plt 0.7 0.7 0.6
Notes:
1. These values were chosen on the assumption that the transfer coefficients
between MV or HV systems and LV systems are unity. The planning levels
could be increased in accordance with AS61000.3.7 (2001).
2. The planning levels in this Table are not intended to apply to flicker arising from
contingency and other uncontrollable events in the power system, etc.

(d) Voltage fluctuations for individual Users shall be measured at the point of
Common Coupling, which is the point of connection to other Users in the
same portion of the network.

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17.2 Harmonic voltage and current distortion
(a) Power and Water’s power networks and all plant and equipment connected
thereto shall be planned and designed to ensure that harmonic voltages and
currents do not exceed the limits defined in Australian Standard AS/NZS
61000.3.6 (2001).
(b) For planning purposes the harmonic voltage levels shown in Figure 21 apply to
the respective system voltage level.
Figure 21 - Harmonic voltage distortion limits – planning levels

Odd harmonics Odd harmonics Even harmonics

non multiple of 3 multiple of 3
Order Harmonic Order Harmonic Order Harmonic
h voltage % h voltage % h voltage %
LV ≥11 kV LV ≥11 kV LV ≥11 kV
5 5.0 2.0 3 4.0 2.0 2 1.6 1.5
7 4.0 2.0 9 1.2 1.0 4 1.0 1.0
11 3.1 1.5 15 0.3 0.3 6 0.5 0.5
13 2.5 1.5 21 0.2 0.2 8 0.4 0.4
17 1.6 1.0 >21 0.2 0.2 10 0.4 0.4
19 1.2 1.0 12 0.2 0.2
23 1.2 0.7 >12 0.2 0.2
25 1.2 0.7
>25

Notes to Figure 21:

1. This Table is derived from Australian Standard AS/NZS 61000.3.6 (2001).
2. The total harmonic distortion (Ut) is calculated from the expression

Where:
Unom nominal voltage of a system
U1 fundamental voltage
Uh harmonic voltage of order h expressed as a percentage of the
nominal voltage.
3. The harmonic distortion limits apply to each phase.
4. Intermittent harmonic voltage distortion is subject to the same limits as
continuous harmonic voltage distortion.

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 5. Existing (background) levels of harmonic voltage distortion are not
included when assessing the harmonic contribution.
17.2.1.1 Inter-harmonic distortion

Inter-harmonic or non-integer harmonic distortion may arise from large

convertors or power electronics equipment with Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
converters interfacing with the power system.

A User’s inter-harmonic voltage distortion contribution shall not exceed the

planning level of 0.2% specified in section 9 of Australian Standard AS/NZS
61000.3.6:2001.
17.2.2 Direct current
(a) Plant and equipment shall comply with the requirements on direct current
components as stipulated in clause 3.12 of Australian Standard AS 3100. In
particular, the direct current in the neutral caused by the User’s plant and
equipment shall not exceed 120mAh per day.
(b) The responsibility of the Network Operator for direct current in the neutral
outside the limits specified in this clause shall be limited to direct current in
the neutral caused by network assets.
(c) Plant and equipment at Users’ premises shall perform to the standards
specified in subclause (a).

17.3 Voltage unbalance

(a) For normal system operation and for planned system outages, the voltage
unbalance at each of connection points to the network shall not exceed the
limits set out in clause 2.4.3 of the Code.
(b) The responsibility of Power and Water for voltage unbalance outside the
limits specified in clause 17.3(a) shall be limited to voltage unbalance caused
by network assets.
(c) Users’ equipment shall perform to the standards specified in clause 17.3(a).

17.4 Electromagnetic interference

Power and Water shall design its networks to ensure that the electromagnetic
interference caused by its plant and equipment does not exceed the limits set out
in Tables 1 and 2 of Australian Standard AS 2344.

18 Construction standards criteria

(a) Power and Water shall construct the overhead portions of its networks in
accordance with the Electricity Supply Association of Australia publication
C(b)1 -”Guidelines for Design and Maintenance of Overhead Distribution and
Transmission lines”.

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 (b) Power and Water shall construct the underground portions of its networks in
accordance with the Electricity Supply Association of Australia publication
C(b)2 - “Guide to the Installation of Cables Underground”.

18.1 Conductor selection criteria

(a) Power and Water generally uses overhead conductors for transmission and
sub-transmission circuits in order to minimise construction costs. Power and
Water may use underground cables for such circuits where required by
environmental constraints and where the additional cost can be justified.
(b) Power and Water uses underground cables for distribution network
reinforcement and extension within the Darwin Metropolitan area, Regional
Centres, new sub-divisions where in Power and Water’s opinion they are
appropriate, or if required by legislation. Outside these areas Power and
Water will generally install overhead conductors.
(c) In designing extensions to the network, ultimate load horizon planning shall
be used to establish the network concept plan and the initial installation shall
conform to that concept plan and use carriers that are appropriately sized.
This methodology eliminates the need to disrupt the community in future
years as load growth occurs and results in the minimum lifetime cost to the
community.
(d) To achieve maximum cost efficiency in the installation of conductors, standard
overhead conductor and underground cable sizes have been selected. This
results in minimum stock holdings and purchase prices, giving the User the
least cost network.
(e) The standard conductor size that is equal to, or greater than that required for
the reasonably foreseeable load, shall be used for each overhead network
extension or reinforcement.
(f) The standard cable size that is equal to, or greater than that required for the
horizon load, shall be used for each underground network extension or
reinforcement.

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19 Environmental criteria
Power and Water’s environmental policy states that:
“Power and Water recognises and accepts its environmental responsibilities
arising from the provision of power, water and sewerage services.
“Power and Water will seek to minimise environmental impacts and comply with
environmental regulations.
“Continual improvement in environmental performance will be sought by Power
and Water through:
• Implementing a comprehensive Environmental Management System;
• Minimising the environmental impacts of its operations;
• Promoting individual ownership of environmental care among its people;
and
• Consulting with the community on environmental issues.
“Sustainable Development will be pursued by Power and Water through:
• Adoption of integrated resource planning;
• Use of renewable resources;
• Maximisation of long term benefits from non-renewable resources; and
• Promotion and adoption of waste minimisation and recycling practices.”
Power and Water commits to the following objectives to fulfil its environmental
policy:
• To consult openly and fully with the community and government where
Authority activity may affect the environment;
• To ensure that planning and design for new projects and changes to
existing processes provide for consideration of best environmental practice
technology and timely impact assessment; and
• To carry out its business in a resource efficient manner.

Power and Water’s power networks will be developed so that these commitments
are met.

19.1 Social issues

Power and Water shall inform and consult with relevant public bodies and
community interest groups and the general public on the planning of new
developments and facilities.

19.2 Electromagnetic fields

Recognising the current state of scientific uncertainty regarding adverse health
effects from exposure to power frequency electric and magnetic fields, Power and

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 Water shall act prudently and design, construct and operate all equipment and
facilities to maintain electromagnetic field exposure to the public and Power and
Water employees at levels within the Interim Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to
50/60 Hz Electric and Magnetic Fields set out in the ARPANSA Radiation Health
Series No. 30 standard.

19.3 Land-Use considerations

Power and Water shall avoid, or minimise damage to natural, cultural and
historical sites where reasonable and economically practical, consistent with the
safe and reliable operation of the electricity supply network.

19.4 Noise
Power and Water shall comply with the noise limit provisions of the
Environmental Protection Act.

19.5 Visual amenity

Given that the community and customers are sensitive to the visual impact of
electrical installations, Power and Water shall conduct its electricity supply
operations in a manner that minimises visual impact.

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Part D Attachments
Attachment 1 Glossary of Terms
In this Code, unless the contrary intention appears:
(a) A word or phrase set out in column 1 of the table below has the meaning set out
opposite that word or phrase in column 2 of the table below; and
(b) A word or phrase defined in the Power and Water Corporation Act has the meaning
given in that Act unless redefined in the table below.

Terminology Definition
Access Agreement Means a contract or agreement for the provision of network access
services entered into between a network provider and a network
User under the Code, and includes an award made by an arbitrator
for the same purpose.
Access Applicant An existing or new Network User making an Access Application
under clause 10 of the Electricity Networks (Third Party Access)
Code.
Access Application An Access Application made under clause 10 of the Electricity
Networks (Third Party Access) Code, which is described in
Attachment 6.
access services The following services: use of system services; common services;
connection services and ancillary services.
active energy A measure of electrical energy flow, being the time integral of the
product of voltage and the in-phase component of current flow
across a connection point, expressed in Watt-hours (Wh) and
multiples thereof.
active power The rate at which active energy is transferred.
active power capability The maximum rate at which active energy may be transferred from
a Generation Unit to a connection point as specified in an Access
Agreement.
active unit protection Generally, a protection scheme that compares the conditions at
defined primary plant boundaries and can positively identify
whether a fault is internal or external to the protected plant. Unit
protection schemes can provide high speed (less than 150
milliseconds) protection for the protected primary plant. Generally,
unit protection schemes will not be capable of providing back up
protection.
agreed capability In relation to a connection point, the capability to receive or send
out active power and reactive power for that connection point
determined in accordance with the relevant Access Agreement.
ancillary services The following services: voltage control, reactive power control,
frequency control, control system services, spinning reserve and
post-trip management.
ancillary services agreement An agreement covering the provision of ancillary services.

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 Terminology Definition
associated load A load which is normally supplied by a particular Generator and is
associated with that Generator by ownership or some contractual
arrangement. The load may be remote from the Generator or on-
site.
augment, augmentation In relation to the electricity network, means to enlarge or expand
the capability of the electricity network to accept, transport and
deliver electricity.
Australian Standard (AS) The most recent edition of a standard publication by Standards
Australia (Standards Association of Australia).
automatic reclose equipment In relation to a power line, the equipment which automatically
recloses the relevant line’s circuit breaker(s) following their
opening as a result of the detection of a fault in the power line.
backup protection A protection intended to supplement the main protection in case
the latter should be ineffective, or to deal with faults in those parts
of the power system that are not readily included in the operating
zone of the main protection.
black start capability In relation to a Generation Unit, the ability to start and synchronise
without using supply from the power system.
black start-up facilities The facilities required to provide a Generation Unit with black start-
up capability.
black system The absence of voltage on all or a significant part of the network
following a major supply disruption, affecting one or more power
stations and a significant number of customers.
breaker fail protection In relation to a protection scheme, that part of the protection
scheme that protects a User’s facilities against the non-operation of
a circuit breaker when it is required to open.
busbar A common connection point in a power station substation or a
transmission network substation.
business day Any day other than a Saturday, Sunday, or day that is a public
holiday in the City of Darwin.
capacitor bank, capacitor A type of static electrical equipment used to generate reactive
power and therefore support voltage levels on network elements.
cascading outage The occurrence of an uncontrollable succession of outages, each of
which is initiated by conditions (eg. instability or overloading)
arising or made worse as a result of the event preceding it.
change Includes amendment, alteration, addition or deletion.
check metering installation A metering installation which may be used as a source of metering
data for validation, substitution or account estimation as provided
in clause 10 of this Code.
circuit breaker failure A circuit breaker will be deemed to have failed if, having received a
trip signal from a protection scheme, it fails to interrupt fault
current within its design operating time.
Code, Technical Code This Code called the Technical Code.
Code commencement date The date given in clause 1.4 of this Code.
commitment The commencement of the process of starting up and synchronising

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 Terminology Definition
a Generation Unit to the power system.
common services A network service that ensures the integrity of the electricity
network and benefits all Users and that cannot be practically be
allocated to Users on a locational basis.
complementary In relation to protection, two protection schemes are said to be
complementary when, in combination, they provide dependable
clearance of faults on plant within a specified time, but with any
single failure to operate of the secondary plant, fault clearance may
be delayed until the nature of the fault changes.
connect, connection Means to establish an effective link via installation of the necessary
connection equipment.
connection asset Means all of the electrical equipment that is used only in order to
transfer electricity to or from the electricity network at the relevant
connection point and includes any transformers or switchgear at
the relevant point or which is installed to support or to provide
backup to such electrical equipment as are necessary for that
transfer.
connection point A point at which electricity is transferred to or from an electricity
network.
connection services In relation to a connection point, means the establishment and
maintenance of that connection point.
constraint, constrained A limitation on the capability of a network, load or a Generation
Unit preventing it from either transferring, consuming or
generating the level of electrical power which would otherwise be
available if the limitation was removed.
contingency capacity reserve Actual active and reactive energy capacity, interruptible load
arrangements and other arrangements organised to be available to
be utilised on the actual occurrence of one or more contingency
events to allow the restoration and maintenance of power system
security.
contingency event An event affecting the power system which the Network Operator
expects would be likely to involve the failure or removal from
operational service of a Generation Unit or network element.
control centre The facility used by the Power System Controller for directing the
minute to minute operation of the power system.
controller A person employed by a Power System Controller engaged in the
activities of controlling the transfer of electrical energy at a
connection point.
control system Means of monitoring and controlling the operation of the power
system or equipment including Generation Units connected to a
network.
control system services The 24-hour control of the power system through monitoring,
switching and dispatch which is provided through control centres
and SCADA and communication equipment.

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 Terminology Definition
credible contingency event A contingency event the occurrence of which the Network Operator
considers to be reasonably possible in the surrounding
circumstances.
critical fault clearance time Refers to the maximum total fault clearance time that the power
system can withstand without one or both of the following
conditions arising:
• Instability (refer to clause 2.6); and
• Unacceptable disturbance of power system voltage or
frequency.
critical single credible A single credible contingency event considered by the Network
contingency event Operator, in particular circumstances, to have the potential for the
most significant impact on the power system at that time. This
would generally be the instantaneous loss of the largest Generation
Unit or a fault on a network element on the power system.
However, this may involve the consideration by the Network
Operator of the impact of the loss of any interconnection under
abnormal conditions.
credible contingency An individual credible contingency event for which a User adversely
affected by the event would reasonably expect, under normal
conditions, the design or operation of the relevant part of the
meshed power system would adequately cater, so as to avoid
significant disruption to power system security.
current rating The maximum current that may be permitted to flow (under
defined conditions) through a power line or other item of
equipment that forms part of a power system.
current transformer (CT) A transformer for use with meters and/or protection devices in
which the current in the secondary winding is, within prescribed
error limits, proportional to and in phase with the current in the
primary winding.
customer A person who purchases electricity supplied through a network.
day Unless otherwise specified, the 24 hour period beginning and
ending at midnight Australian Central Standard Time.
decommission, In respect of an item of plant or a Generation Unit, ceasing to
decommissioning operate and being disconnected from a network.
derogation Modification, variation or exemption to one or more provisions of
the Code in relation to a User according to clause 12.
de-synchronising/ de- The act of disconnection of a Generation Unit from the power
synchronisation system, normally under controlled circumstances.
differing principle Two protection schemes are said to be of differing principle when
their functioning is based on different measurement or operating
methods, or use similar principles but have been designed and
manufactured by different organisations.

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 Terminology Definition
direction A direction issued by the Network Operator or Power System
Controller to any User requiring the User to do any act or thing
which the Network Operator or Power System Controller considers
necessary to maintain or re-establish power system security or to
maintain or re- establish the power system in a reliable operating
state in accordance with this Code.
disconnection, disconnect, In respect of a connection point or item of plant, means to operate
disconnected, disconnecting switching equipment so as to prevent the transfer of electricity
through the connection point or item of plant.
dispatch The act of committing to service all or part of the Generation
available from a scheduled Generation Unit.
distribution system, That part or those parts of the electricity network used for
distribution network transporting electricity at nominal voltages of less than 66 kV and
at a nominal frequency of 50Hz.
dynamic performance The response and behaviour of networks and facilities which are
connected to the networks when the normal operating state of the
power system is disturbed.
electrical energy loss Energy loss incurred in the production, transportation and/or use of
electricity.
electricity network The connection assets and network system assets which together
are operated by the network provider for the purposes of
transporting electricity from Generators of electricity to a transfer
point or to consumers of electricity.
electricity transmission The capacity of the transmission network to transmit power
capacity between two or more points under the full range of operating
conditions likely to be experienced in service.
embedded Generator A Generator which supplies on-site loads or distribution network
loads and is connected either indirectly (ie. via the distribution
network) or directly to the transmission network.
energise/energisation The act of operation of switching equipment or the start-up of a
Generation Unit, which results in there being a non-zero voltage
beyond a connection point or part of the network.
energy Active energy and/or reactive energy.
energy data The data that results from the measurement of the flow of
electricity in a power conductor. The measurement is carried out
at a metering point.
excitation control system In relation to a Generation Unit, the automatic control system that
provides the field excitation for the Generator of a Generation Unit
(including excitation limiting devices and any power system
stabiliser).
extension The capital investment associated with the designing, constructing,
installing and commissioning of the electricity network assets
required to connect a User to the electricity network.

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 Terminology Definition
facility A generic term associated with the apparatus, equipment, buildings
and necessary associated supporting resources provided at,
typically:
• a power station or Generation Unit, including start-up
facilities;
• a substation or power station substation;
• a control centre.
fault clearance time The time interval between the occurrence of a fault and the fault
clearance.
financial year A period commencing on 1 September in one calendar year and
terminating on 30 June in the following calendar year.
frequency For alternating current electricity, the number of cycles occurring in
each second. The term Hertz (Hz) corresponds to cycles per
second.
frequency operating The frequency standards set out in clauses 2.2, and 2.4 of this Code.
standards
frequency response mode The mode of operation of a Generation Unit which allows
automatic changes to the generated power when the frequency of
the power system changes.
generated In relation to a Generation Unit, the amount of electrical energy
produced by the Generation Unit as measured at its terminals.
Generating System A system comprising one or more Generation Units.
Generator, An electricity generator, and all related equipment essential to the
Generation Unit/Facilities generator's operation, which supplies electricity into an electricity
network and together function as a single entity.
Generation The production of electrical energy by converting another form of
energy in a Generation Unit.
generation centre A geographically concentrated area containing a Generation Unit or
Generation Units with significant combined generating capability.
Generator User A person who has been granted access to the electricity network by
the network provider and who supplies electricity into the
electricity network at an entry point.
good electricity industry The exercise of that degree of skill, diligence, prudence and
practice foresight that reasonably would be expected from a significant
proportion of operators of facilities forming part of a power system
for the Generation, transmission distribution and supply of
electricity comparable to those applicable to the relevant facility
consistent with applicable laws, the Access Code, the Technical
Code, licences, industry Codes, reliability, safety and environmental
protection.
governor system The automatic control system which regulates the speed and power
output of a Generation Unit through the control of the rate of entry
into the Generation Unit of the primary energy input (for example,
steam, gas or water).
instrument transformer Either a current transformer (CT) or a voltage transformer (VT).

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 Terminology Definition
interconnection, A transmission line or group of transmission lines that connects the
interconnector, interconnect, transmission networks in adjacent regions.
interconnected
interruptible load A load which is able to be disconnected, either manually or
automatically initiated, which is provided for the restoration or
control of the power system frequency by the Power System
Controller to cater for contingency events or shortages of supply
intra-regional Within a region.
Large Generator A Generator that is not a Small Generator.
large network investment A proposed investment in augmentation of the network or a non-
network alternative with a capitalised net present value in excess of
$5 Million.
load, loading The amount of electrical energy delivered at a defined instant at a
connection point or aggregated over a group of connection points.
load centre A geographically concentrated area containing load or loads with a
significant combined consumption capability.
load shedding Reducing or disconnecting load from the power system.
(See also under frequency load shedding, under voltage load
shedding).
local black system The procedures, described under clause 4.7.9 applicable to a User
procedures as procedures approved by the Power System Controller from time
to time.
low voltage (LV) That portion of the network and connections to it operating at a
nominal voltage of 230 volts single phase or 400 volts three phase.
maximum fault current The current that will flow to a fault on an item of plant when
maximum system conditions prevail.
maximum system conditions For any particular location in the power system, maximum system
conditions are those which will prevail with the maximum number
of Generators and network elements normally connected at times
of maximum Generation.
meter, metering, metering Equipment used to measure and record the rate at which electricity
equipment is transferred and the quantity of electricity transferred to and from
the network.
minimum fault current The current that will flow to a fault on an item of plant when
present day minimum system conditions prevail.
minimum system conditions For any particular location in the power system, minimum system
conditions are those which will prevail with the least number of
Generators and network elements normally connected at times of
minimum Generation, in combination with one primary plant
outage. The primary plant outage shall be taken to be that which,
in combination with the minimum Generation, leads to the lowest
fault current at the particular location for the fault type under
consideration.
monitoring equipment The testing instruments and devices used to record the
performance of plant for comparison with expected performance.

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 Terminology Definition
month Unless otherwise specified, the period beginning at 12.00 am on
the “relevant commencement date” and ending at 12.00 am on the
date in the “next calendar month” corresponding to the
commencement date of the period. If the “relevant
commencement date” is the 29th, 30th or 31st and this date does
not exist in the “next calendar month”, then the end date in the
“next calendar month” shall be taken as the last day of that month.
nameplate rating The maximum continuous output or consumption in MW or MVA of
an item of equipment as specified by the manufacturer.
NATA National Association of Testing Authorities.
network See definition for electricity network.
Network Access Code The Northern Territory Electricity Networks (Third Party Access)
Code (Network Access Code) is established in Part 2 of the TPA Act
and the accompanying Schedule.
network capability The capability of the network or part of the network to transfer
electrical energy from one location to another.
network losses The energy loss incurred in the transportation of electricity from an
entry or transfer point to an exit point or another transfer point on
an electricity network.
Network Management Plan A report prepared and published annually by the Network
Operator. Amongst other things, this report contains the following
details:
• network limitations;
• potential non-network and network solutions for small
network investments; and
• potential non-network and network solutions for large
network investments.
Network Operator A body defined as a “network provider” in the Electricity Networks
(Third Party Access) Act as in force at 1 February 2011. The
Network Operator provides access services in respect of Power and
Water’s electricity network.
Network Operator’s Specifications prepared by the Network Operator for equipment
metering manuals including revenue metering and communications enclosures, indoor
and outdoor revenue metering units (VTs and CTs plus enclosure),
CTs, VTs, marshalling boxes and wiring.
Network Planning Criteria Criteria consistent with this Code prepared by the Network
Operator which include the following: contingency criteria; steady-
state criteria; stability criteria (transient, dynamic, voltage, and
frequency); quality of supply criteria (voltage limits, voltage
fluctuation, system frequency, harmonic voltage, harmonic current,
voltage unbalance, electro-magnetic interference) and
environmental criteria.
nomenclature standards The standards approved by the Network Operator relating to
numbering, terminology and abbreviations used for information
transfer by Users as provided for in clause 4.9.
non-credible contingency A contingency event other than a credible contingency event. It

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 Terminology Definition
event means a contingency event in relation to which, in the
circumstances, the probability of occurrence is considered by the
Network Operator to be very low.
normal operating frequency In relation to the frequency of the power system, means the range
band specified in clause 2.2.1.
normal operating frequency In relation to the frequency of the power system, means the range
excursion band specified as being acceptable for infrequent and momentary
excursions of frequency outside the normal operating frequency
band being the range specified in clause 2.2.1.
operational communication A communication concerning the arrangements for, or actual
operation of the power system in accordance with the Code.
outage Any planned or unplanned full or partial unavailability of plant or
equipment.
peak load Maximum load.
plant Includes all equipment involved in generating, utilising or
transmitting electrical energy.
post-trip management The maintenance of system security in the aftermath of trips.
Power and Water The body corporate established under the Government Owned
Corporation Corporations Act as in force at 1 February 2011.
Power system security The responsibilities described in clause 4.3.
responsibilities
power factor The ratio of the active power to the apparent power at a point.
power station In relation to a Generator, a facility in which any of that Generator’s
Generation Units are located.
power system The Generation facilities and electricity network facilities which
together are integral to the supply of electricity, operated as an
integrated arrangement.
Power System Controller See definition in the Electricity Networks (Third Party Access) Act as
in force at 1 February 2011. The Power System Controller controls
the day-to-day dispatch of generators and associated ancillary
services and the maintains power system security.
power system operating The procedures to be followed by Users in carrying out operations
procedures and /or maintenance activities on or in relation to primary and
secondary equipment connected to or forming part of the power
system or connection points, as described in clause 4.6.
power system security The safe scheduling, operation and control of the power system on
a continuous basis in accordance with the principles set out in
clause 4.2.3.
power system stabiliser An auxiliary control device connected to an excitation control
system to provide additional feedback signals to reduce power
system oscillations.
power transfer The instantaneous rate at which active energy is transferred
between connection points.
power transfer capability The maximum permitted power transfer through a network or part
thereof.

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 Terminology Definition
primary equipment, Refers to apparatus which conducts power system load or conveys
primary plant power system voltage.
protection Used to describe the concept of detecting, limiting and removing
the effects of primary plant or primary equipment faults from the
power system. Also used to refer to the apparatus required to
achieve this function.
protection apparatus Includes all relays, meters, power circuit breakers, synchronisers
and other control devices necessary for the proper and safe
operation of the power system.
protection scheme A collection of one or more sets of protection for the purpose of
protecting facilities and the electricity network from damage due to
an electrical or mechanical fault or due to certain conditions of the
power system.
protection system A system which includes all the protection schemes applied to the
system.
quality of supply Refers to, with respect to electricity, technical attributes to a
standard referred to in clause 2.4, unless otherwise stated in this
Code or an Access Agreement.
ramp rate The rate of change of electrical power produced from a Generation
Unit.
reactive energy A measure, in var-hours (VArh) of the alternating exchange of
stored energy in inductors and capacitors, which is the time-integral
of the product of voltage and the out-of-phase component of
current flow across a connection point.
reactive plant Plant which is normally specifically provided to be capable of
providing or absorbing reactive power and includes the plant
identified in clause 3.6.7.
reactive power The rate at which reactive energy is transferred. Reactive power is
a necessary component of alternating current electrical power
which is separate from active power and is predominantly
consumed in the creation of magnetic fields in motors and
transformers and produced by plant such as:
• alternating current Generators;
• capacitors, including the capacitive effect of power lines;
and
• synchronous condensers.
reactive power capability The maximum rate at which reactive energy may be transferred
from a Generation Unit to a connection point as specified in an
Access Agreement.
reactive power reserve Unutilised sources of reactive power arranged to be available to
cater for the possibility of the unavailability of another source of
reactive power or increased requirements for reactive power.
reactive power support/ The provision of reactive power.
reactive support
reactor A device, similar to a transformer, specifically arranged to be
connected into the network during periods of low load demand or

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 Terminology Definition
low reactive power demand to counteract the natural capacitive
effects of long transmission lines in generating excess reactive
power and so correct any voltage effects during these periods.
reconnection In respect of a connection point, means to operate switching
equipment so as to restore the transfer of electricity through the
connection point.
region, regional An area determined by the Network Operator, being an area served
by a particular part of the transmission network containing one or
more major load centres or generation centres or both.
regulating duty In relation to a Generation Unit, the duty to have its generated
output adjusted frequently so that any power system frequency
variations can be corrected.
reliability The probability of a system, device, plant or equipment performing
its function adequately for the period of time intended, under the
operating conditions encountered.
reliable The expression of a recognised degree of confidence in the
certainty of an event or action occurring when expected.
remote back up protection Refers to the detection and initiation of tripping at a location other
than that at which the main protection scheme of the faulted plant
is located. Remote back up protection provides a means of
detecting and initiating clearance of small zone faults or fault
contributions supplied via failed circuit breakers.
remote control equipment Equipment installed to enable control or monitoring of a facility
(RCE), from a control centre, including a remote terminal unit (RTU).
remote monitoring
equipment (RME)
representative In relation to a person, any employee, agent or Consultant of:
(a) that person; or
(b) a related body corporate of that person; or
(c) a third party contractor to that person.
reserve The active power and reactive power available to the power system
at a nominated time but not currently utilised.
revenue meter A device complying with Australian Standards which measures and
records the production or consumption of electrical energy that is
used for obtaining the primary source of revenue metering data.
revenue metering A metering installation used for recording the production or
installation consumption of electrical energy.
revenue metering data The data obtained from a revenue metering installation, the
processed data or substituted data.
revenue metering database A database of revenue metering data.
revenue metering point The point of physical connection of the device measuring the
current in the power conductor.
revenue metering register A register of information associated with a revenue metering
installation as required by clause 10.2.
revenue metering system The collection of all components and arrangements installed or

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 Terminology Definition
existing between each revenue metering point and the revenue
metering database.
RTU A Remote Terminal Unit installed within a substation or generating
station to enable monitoring and control of a facility from a control
centre.
satisfactory operating state In relation to the power system, has the meaning given in clause
4.2.1.
SCADA system Supervisory control and data acquisition equipment which enables
the Power System Controller to continuously and remotely monitor,
and to a limited extent control, the import or export of electricity
from or to the power system.
scheduled Generation Unit A Generation Unit that is dispatched by the Power System
Controller.
secondary equipment, Those assets of a facility and the electricity network which do not
secondary plant carry the energy being traded, but which are required for control,
protection or operation of assets that carry such energy.
secondary plant contingency Any single failure of secondary plant.
secure operating state In relation to the power system has the meaning given in clause
5.2.2.
sensitivity In relation to protection schemes, has the meaning in clause 6.1.6.1.
settlements The activity of producing bills and credit notes for Users.
single contingency In respect of a network, a sequence of related events which result
in the removal from service of one line, transformer or other item
of plant. The sequence of events may include the application and
clearance of a fault of defined severity.
small network investment A proposed investment in augmentation of the network or a non-
network alternative with a capitalised net present value in excess of
$1 Million that is not a large network investment.
Small Generator A Generation Unit or group Generation Units with:
(1) aggregate rated capacity of no more than 2 MW or 10% of the
minimum demand of an isolated network, whichever is the
lesser;
(2) connected to the 22 kV, 11 kV or low voltage networks; and
(3) not subject to dispatch by the System Operator.
Small Inverter Energy System A Small Inverter Energy System is a Generation Unit which uses an
inverter that changes its direct-current power to alternating current
power acceptable for power system connection.
The nominal network voltages and maximum energy system
capacities for which these requirements apply are:
(1) 230 V single phase 10 kVA
(2) 400 V three phase 30 kVA
small zone fault A fault which occurs on an area of plant that is within the zone of
detection of a protection scheme, but for which not all
contributions will be cleared by the circuit breaker(s) tripped by
that protection scheme. For example, a fault in the area of plant

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 Terminology Definition
between a current transformer and a circuit breaker, fed from the
current transformer side, may be a small zone fault.
spare network capacity The capacity to transport electricity over a particular electricity
network which the network provider assesses is in surplus to the
capacity that existing end-use customers forecast will be required
to satisfy their reasonably foreseeable requirements for the
transport of electricity.
spinning reserve The ability to immediately and automatically increase Generation or
reduce demand in response to a fall in frequency.
standby power The amount of electrical energy which could be supplied to a load
User in accordance with the terms of a standby Generation
agreement.
static excitation system An excitation control system in which the power to the rotor of a
synchronous Generation Unit is transmitted through high power
solid-state electronic devices.
static var compensator A device specifically provided on a network to provide the ability to
generate and absorb reactive power and to respond automatically
and rapidly to voltage fluctuations or voltage instability arising from
a disturbance or disruption on the network.
sub-network A particular portion of the network.
substation A facility at which lines are switched for operational purposes. May
include one or more transformers so that some connected lines
operate at different nominal voltages to others.
supply, supplying The delivery of electricity.
synchronise The act of synchronising a Generation Unit to the power system.
synchronised In the case of a Generation Unit, to be connected to and operate at
the same frequency as the power system.
synchronising, To electrically connect a Generation Unit to the power system.
synchronisation
synchronous condensers Plant, similar in construction to a Generation Unit of the
synchronous Generator category, which operates at the equivalent
speed of the frequency of the power system, specifically provided
to generate or absorb reactive power through the adjustment of
excitation current.
unsynchronised In the case of a Generation Unit, to operate disconnected from the
power system, or to operate at a different frequency to the power
system during an electrical disturbance.
under frequency load A load shedding scheme designed to automatically disconnect load
shedding on the network to restore frequency to the normal operating range.
under frequency relay The component of an under frequency load shedding scheme that
initiates disconnection of the load.
synchronous Generator The automatic voltage control system of a Generation Unit of the
voltage control synchronous Generator category which changes the output voltage
of the Generation Unit through the adjustment of the Generator
excitation current and effectively changes the reactive power

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 Terminology Definition
output from that Generation Unit.
synchronous Generator, The alternating current Generators which operate at the equivalent
synchronous Generation Unit of the frequency of the power system in its satisfactory operating
state.
tap-changing transformer A transformer with the capability to allow internal adjustment of
output voltages which can be automatically or manually initiated
and which is used as a major component in the control of the
voltage of the networks in conjunction with the operation of
reactive plant.
technical envelope The limits described in clause 4.2.2.
teleprotection signalling Equipment used to transfer a contact state from one location to
another using communications equipment. The equipment used
for this purpose will meet the reliability and quality requirements
protection equipment.
time Central Australian Standard Time, as defined by the National
Measurement Act, 1960.
total fault clearance time Refers to the time from fault inception to the time of complete fault
interruption by a circuit breaker or circuit breakers.
transformer A plant or device that reduces or increases the voltage of
alternating current.
transformer tap position Where a tap changer is fitted to a transformer, each tap position
represents a change in voltage ratio of the transformer which can
be manually or automatically adjusted to change the transformer
output voltage. The tap position is used as a reference for the
output voltage of the transformer.
transmission element A single identifiable major component of a transmission network
involving:
• an individual transmission circuit or a phase of that circuit;
and
• a major item of transmission plant necessary for the
functioning of a particular transmission circuit or
connection point (such as a transformer or a circuit
breaker).
transmission line A power line that is part of a transmission network.
transmission network The components of the electricity network used for transmitting
electricity at nominal voltages of 66 kV or higher and at a nominal
frequency of 50Hz.
transmission network A connection point on a transmission network.
connection point
transmission network test Test conducted to verify the magnitude of the power transfer
capability of the transmission network or investigating power
system performance in accordance with clause 5.5.
transmission plant Apparatus or equipment associated with the function or operation
of a transmission line or an associated substation, which may
include transformers, circuit breakers, reactive plant and
monitoring equipment and control equipment.

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 Terminology Definition
trip circuit supervision A function incorporated within a protection scheme that results in
alarming for loss of integrity of the protection scheme’s trip circuit.
Trip circuit supervision supervises a protection scheme’s trip supply
together with the integrity of associated wiring, cabling and circuit
breaker trip coil.
trip supply supervision A function incorporated within a protection scheme that results in
alarming for loss of trip supply.
two fully independent Where an item of plant is required to be protected by two fully
protection schemes of independent protection schemes of differing principle, such
differing principle protection schemes shall, in combination, provide dependable
clearance of faults on that plant within a specified time, with any
single failure to operate of the secondary plant. To achieve this,
complete secondary plant redundancy is required including, but not
necessarily limited to, current transformer and voltage transformer
secondaries, auxiliary supplies, signalling systems, cabling, wiring,
and circuit breaker trip coils. Auxiliary supplies include DC supplies
for protection purposes. Therefore, to satisfy the redundancy
requirements, each fully independent protection scheme would
need to have its own independent battery and battery charger
system supplying all that protection scheme’s trip functions. The
protection schemes shall be so chosen as to have differing principles
of operation.
under frequency load Equipment designed to automatically disconnect load from the
shedding power system if the frequency falls below a set level.
under voltage load shedding Equipment designed to automatically disconnect load from the
power system if the voltage falls below a set level.
User A person, whether a load User or a Generator User, who has been
granted access to the electricity network by the Network Operator
in order to transport electrical energy to or from a particular point.
use of system services A network service provided to a User for use of the electricity
network for the transportation of electrical energy that can be
reasonably allocated to a User on a locational basis.
voltage The electronic force or electric potential between two points that
gives rise to the flow of electrical energy.
voltage control Keeping network voltages within operational limits in normal
operation and in the aftermath of trips by automatic regulation of
Generation MVAr output or by voltage control equipment such as
capacitor banks and automatic tap-changers.
voltage transformer (VT) A transformer for use with meters and/or protection devices in
which the voltage across the secondary terminals is, within
prescribed error limits, proportional to and in phase with the
voltage across the primary terminals.

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Attachment 2 Rules of interpretation
Subject to the Interpretation Act, this Code shall be interpreted in accordance with the
following rules of interpretation, unless the contrary intention appears:
(a) a reference in this Code to a contract or another instrument includes a reference to
any amendment, variation or replacement of it;
(b) a reference to a person includes a reference to the person’s executors,
administrators, successors, substitutes (including, without limitation, persons taking
by novation) and assigns;
(c) if an event shall occur on a day which is not a business day then the event shall occur
on the next business day;
(d) any calculation shall be performed to the accuracy, in terms of a number of decimal
places, determined by the Network Operator in respect of all Users;
(e) if examples of a particular kind of conduct, thing or condition are introduced by the
word “including”, then the examples are not to be taken as limiting the
interpretation of that kind of conduct, thing or condition;
(f) a connection is a User’s connection or a connection of a User if it is the subject of an
Access Agreement between the User and the Network Operator; and
(g) a reference to a half hour is a reference to a 30 minute period ending on the hour or
on the half hour and, when identified by a time, means the 30 minute period ending
at that time.

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Attachment 3 Technical details for connection and access
A3.1 Introduction
Various clauses of the Code require that Users submit technical data to the Network
Operator. This attachment contains schedules which list the typical range of data
which may be required. Data additional to those listed in the schedules may be
required. The actual data required will be advised by the Network Operator at the
time of assessment of a network Access Application, and will form part of the
technical specification in the Access Agreement.

A3.2 Data categories

Data is Coded in categories, according to the stage at which it is available in the build-
up of data during the process of forming a connection or obtaining access to a
network, with data acquired at each stage being carried forward, or enhanced in
subsequent stages, for example by testing.
A3.2.1 Preliminary system planning data
This is data required for submission with the Access Application, to allow the Network
Operator to prepare an offer of terms for an Access Agreement and to assess the
requirement for, and effect of, network augmentation or extension options. Such
data is normally limited to the items denoted as Standard Planning Data (S) in the
technical data schedules S3.1 to S3.7.
The Network Operator may, in cases where there is reasonable doubt as to the
viability of a proposal, require the submission of other data before making an access
offer to connect or to amend an Access Agreement.
A3.2.2 Registered system planning data
This is the class of data which will be included in the Access Agreement signed by
both parties. It consists of the preliminary system planning data plus those items
denoted in the attached schedules as Detailed Planning Data (D). The latter shall be
submitted by the User in time for inclusion in the Access Agreement.
Registered data
Registered Data consists of data validated and augmented prior to actual connection
as a provision of access, from manufacturers’ data, detailed design calculations,
works or site tests, etc. (R1); and data derived from on-system testing after
connection (R2).
All of the data will, from this stage, be categorised and referred to as Registered
Data; but for convenience the schedules omit placing a higher ranked Code next to
items which are expected to already be valid at an earlier stage.

A3.3 Data review

Data will be subject to review at reasonable intervals to ensure its continued
accuracy and relevance. The Network Operator shall initiate this review. A User may

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 change any data item at a time other than when that item would normally be
reviewed or updated by submission to the Network Operator of the revised data,
together with authentication documents, eg. test reports.

A3.4 Data schedules

Schedules S3.1 to S3.7 cover the following data areas:
(a) Schedule S3.1 - Generation Unit Design Data. This comprises Generation Unit
fixed design parameters.
(b) Schedule S3.2 - Generation Unit Setting Data. This comprises settings which
can be varied by agreement or by direction of the Network Operator.
(c) Schedule S3.3 – Generator data for small Generation Units
(d) Schedule S3.4 – Technical data for Small Invertor Energy Units
(e) Schedule S3.5 - Network and Plant Technical Data. This comprises fixed
electrical parameters.
(f) Schedule S3.6 - Plant and Apparatus Setting Data. This comprises settings
which can be varied by agreement or by direction of the Network Operator.
(g) Schedule S3.7 - Load Characteristics. This comprises the estimated parameters
of load groups in respect of, for example, harmonic content and response to
frequency and voltage variations.

A3.5 Non synchronous Generators

A Generator that connects a Generation Unit, that is not a synchronous Generation
Unit, shall be given exemption from complying with those parts of schedules S3.1 and
S3.2 that are determined by the Network Operator to be not relevant to such
Generation Units, but shall comply with those parts of Schedules S3.3, S3.5, and S3.6
that are relevant to such Generation Units, as determined by the Network Operator.
Codes:
S = Standard Planning Data
D = Detailed Planning Data
R = Registered Data (R1 pre-connection, R2 post-connection)

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Schedule S3.1 Generation Unit design data
Symbol Data Description Units Data Category
Power station technical data:
Connection point to Network Text, diagram S, D
Nominal voltage at connection to Network kV S
Total Station Net Maximum Capacity (NMC) MW (sent out) S, D, R2

At connection point:
Maximum 3 phase short circuit infeed
calculated by method of AS 3851 (1991 ):
• Symmetrical kA S, D
• Asymmetrical kA D
Minimum zero sequence impedance % on 100 MVA D
base
Minimum negative sequence impedance % on 100 MVA D
base

Short circuit ratio Numeric ratio S, D, R1

The lowest short circuit ratio at the
connection point for which the generating
system, including its control systems: (i) will
be commissioned to maintain stable
operation; and (ii) has the design capability
to maintain stable operation.
For the purposes of the above, “short circuit
ratio” is the synchronous three phase fault
level (expressed in MVA) at the connection
point divided by the rated output of the
generating system (expressed in MW or
MVA).

Individual Generation Unit data:

MBASE Rated MVA MVA S, D, R1
PSO Rated MW (Sent Out) MW (sent out) S, D, R1
PMAX Rated MW (Generated) MW (Gen) S, D
VT Nominal Terminal Voltage kV S, D, R1
PAUX Auxiliary load at PMAX MW S, D, R2
Qmax Rated Reactive Output at PMAX MVAr (sent out) S, D, R1
PMIN Minimum Load (ML) MW (sent out) S, D, R2
H Turbine plus Generator Inertia Constant MWs/rated MVA S, D, R1
Hg Generator Inertia Constant (applicable to MWs/rated MVA S, D, R1

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 synchronous condenser mode of operation)
GSCR Short Circuit Ratio D, R1
ISTATOR Rated Stator Current A D, R1
IROTOR Rated Rotor Current at rated MVA and A D, R1
Power factor, rated terminal volts and rated
speed
VROTOR Rotor Voltage at which IROTOR is achieved V D, R1
VCEIL Rotor Voltage capable of being supplied for V D, R1
five seconds at rated speed during field
forcing

Generation Unit resistance:

RA Stator Resistance % on MBASE S, D, R1, R2
RF Rotor resistance at 20° C ohms S, D, R1

Generation Unit sequence impedances (saturated):

Z0 Zero Sequence Impedance (a+jb)% on D,R1
MBASE
Z2 Negative Sequence Impedance (a+jb)% on D,R1
MBASE
Generation Unit reactances (saturated):
XD’(sat) Direct Axis Transient Reactance % on MBASE D,R1
XD”(sat) Direct Axis Sub-Transient Reactance % on MBASE D,R1

Generation Unit reactances (unsaturated):

XD Direct Axis Synchronous Reactance % on MBASE S, D, R1, R2
XD’ Direct Axis Transient Reactance % on MBASE S, D, R1, R2
XD” Direct Axis Sub-Transient Reactance % on MBASE S, D, R1, R2
XQ Quadrature Axis Synch Reactance % on MBASE S, D, R1, R2
XQ’ Quadrature Axis Transient Reactance % on MBASE S, D, R1, R2
XQ” Quadrature Axis Sub-Transient Reactance % on MBASE S, D, R1, R2
XL Stator Leakage Reactance % on MBASE S, D, R1, R2
XO Zero Sequence Reactance % on MBASE S, D, R1
X2 Negative Sequence Reactance % on MBASE S, D, R1
XP Potier Reactance % on MBASE S, D, R1

Generation Unit time constants (unsaturated):

TDO’ Direct Axis Open Circuit Transient Seconds S, D, R1, R2
TDO” Direct Axis Open Circuit Sub-Transient Seconds S, D, R1, R2
TKD Direct Axis Damper Leakage Seconds S, D, R1, R2
TQO’ Quadrature Axis Open Circuit Transient Seconds S, D, R1, R2

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 TQO” Quadrature Axis Open Circuit Sub-Transient Seconds S, D, R1, R2

Charts:
GCD Capability Chart Graphical data S, D, R1, R2
GOCC Open Circuit Characteristic Graphical data R1
GSCC Short Circuit Characteristic Graphical data R1
GZPC Zero power factor curve Graphical data R1
V curves Graphical data R1
GOTC MW, MVAr outputs versus temperature Graphical data D, R1, R2
chart

Generation Unit transformer:

GTW Number of windings Text S, D
GTRn Rated MVA of each winding MVA S, D, R1
GTTRn Principal tap rated voltages kV/kV S, D, R1
GTZln Positive Sequence Impedances (each wdg) (a - jb)% on 100 S, D, R1
MVA base
GTZ2n Negative Sequence Impedances (each wdg) (a - jb)% on 100 S, D, R1
MVA base
GTZ0n Zero Sequence Impedances (each wdg) (a - jb)% on 100 S, D, R1
MVA base
Tapped Winding Text, diagram S, D, R1
GTAPR Tap Change Range kV - kV S, D
GTAPS Tap Change Step Size % S, D
Tap Changer Type, On/Off load On/Off S, D
Tap Change Cycle Time Seconds D
GTVG Vector Group Diagram S, D
Earthing Arrangement Text, diagram S, D
Saturation curve Diagram R1

Generation Unit reactive capability (at machine terminals):

Lagging Reactive power at PMAX MVAr export S, D, R2
Lagging Reactive power at ML MVAr export S, D, R2
Lagging Reactive Short Time MVAr D, R1, R2
capability at rated MW, terminal (for time)
voltage and speed
Leading Reactive power at rated MW MVAr import S, D, R2

Generation Unit excitation system:

Make S, D
Model S, D

Version 4 Page 165 of 188 December 2018

 General description of excitation control Text, diagram S, D
system (including functional block diagram)
Rated Field Voltage at rated MVA and Power V S, D, R1
factor and rated terminal volts and speed
Maximum Field Voltage V S, D, R1
Minimum Field Voltage V S, D, R1
Maximum rate of change of Field Voltage Rising V/s S, D, R1
Maximum rate of change of Field Voltage Falling V/s S, D, R1
Generation Unit and exciter Saturation Diagram S, D, R1
Characteristics 50 - 120%
Dynamic Characteristics of Over Excitation Text/ Block S, D, R2
Limiter diagram
Dynamic Characteristics of Under Excitation Text/ Block S, D, R2
Limiter diagram

Generation Unit load controller (governor):

General description of governor control Text, diagram S, D
system (including functional block diagram).
Format to be compatible with PSS/E
software from Siemens PTI.
Maximum Droop % S, D, R1
Normal Droop % D, R1
Minimum Droop % D, R1
Maximum Frequency Dead band Hz D, R1
Normal Frequency Dead band Hz D, R1
Minimum Frequency Dead band Hz D, R1
MW Dead band MW D, R1

Generation Unit response capability:

Sustained response to frequency change MW/Hz D, R2
Non-sustained response to frequency MW/Hz D, R2
change
Load Rejection Capability MW S, D, R2

Mechanical shaft model:

(Multiple-stage steam turbine Generators only)
Dynamic model of turbine/Generator shaft Diagram S, D
system in lumped element form showing
component inertias, damping and shaft
stiffness. Format to be compatible with
PSS/E software from Siemens PTI.
Natural damping of shaft torsional
oscillation modes (for each mode)

Version 4 Page 166 of 188 December 2018

 • Modal frequency Hz D
• Logarithmic decrement Nepers/Sec D

Steam turbine data:

(Multiple-stage steam turbines only)
Fraction of power produced by each stage:
Symbols KHP Per unit of Pmax D
KIP
KLP1
KLP2
Stage and reheat time constants:
Symbols THP Seconds D
TRH
TIP
TLP1
TLP2
Turbine frequency tolerance curve Diagram S, D, R1

Gas turbine data:

HRSG Waste heat recovery boiler time constant Seconds D
(where applicable eg. for cogeneration
equipment)
MW output versus turbine speed (47-52 Hz) Diagram D, R1, R2
Type of turbine (heavy industrial, aero Text S
derivative etc.)
Number of shafts S,D
Gearbox Ratio D
Fuel type (gas, liquid) Text S,D
Base load MW vs temperature Diagram D
Peak load MW vs temperature Diagram D
Rated exhaust temperature °C S,D
Controlled exhaust temperature °C S,D,R1
Turbine frequency tolerance capability Diagram D
Turbine compressor surge map Diagram D

Hydraulic turbine data

Required data will be advised by the
Network Operator

Wind farm/wind turbine data

A typical 24 hour power curve measured at S, D, R1

Version 4 Page 167 of 188 December 2018

 15-minute intervals or better if available;
maximum kVA output over a 60 second S, D,R1
interval
Long-term flicker factor for Generation Unit S, D, R1
Long term flicker factor for wind farm S,D,R1
Maximum output over a 60 second S,D,R1
interval kVA
Harmonics current spectra A S,D,R1
Power curve MW vs. wind speed Diagram D
Spatial Arrangement of wind farm Diagram D
Startup profile MW, MVAr vs time for Diagram D
individual Wind Turbine Unit and Wind farm
Total
Low Wind Shutdown profile MW, MVAr vs Diagram D
time for individual Wind Turbine Unit and
Wind farm Total
MW, MVAr vs time profiles for individual Diagram D
Wind Turbine Unit under normal ramp up
and ramp down conditions.
High Wind Shutdown profile MW, MVAr vs Diagram D
time for individual Wind Turbine Unit and
Wind farm Total

Induction Generation Unit data

Make
Model
Type (squirrel cage, wound rotor, doubly
fed)
MBASE Rated MVA MVA S,D,R1
PSO Rated MW (Sent out) MW S,D,R1
PMAX Rated MW (generated) MW D
VT Nominal Terminal Voltage kV S,D,R1
Synchronous Speed rpm S,D,R1
Rated Speed rpm S,D,R1
Maximum Speed rpm S,D,R1
Rated Frequency Hz S,D,R1
Qmax Reactive consumption at PMAX MVAr import S,D,R1
Curves showing torque, power factor, Graphical data D,R1,R2
efficiency, stator current, MW output versus
slip (+ and -).
Number of capacitor banks and MVAr size at Text S
rated voltage for each capacitor bank (if
used).

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 Control philosophy used for VAr /voltage Text S
control.
H Combined inertia constant for all rotating MW-sec/MVA S,D,R1
masses connected to the Generation Unit
shaft (for example, Generation Unit, turbine,
gearbox, etc.) calculated at the synchronous
speed

Resistance
Rs Stator resistance % on MBASE D,R1
Rs Stator resistance versus slip curve, or two Graphical data or D,R1
extreme values for zero (nominal) and unity % on MBASE
(negative) slip

Reactances (saturated)
X’ Transient reactance % on MBASE D,R1
X’’ Subtransient reactance % on MBASE D,R1

Reactances (unsaturated)
X Sum of magnetising and primary winding % on MBASE D,R1
leakage reactance.
X’ Transient reactance % on MBASE D,R1
X’’ Subtransient reactance % on MBASE D,R1
Xl Primary winding leakage reactance % on MBASE D,R1

Time constants (unsaturated)

T’ Transient sec S,D,R1,R2
T’’ Subtransient sec S,D,R1,R2
Ta Armature sec S,D,R1,R2
To’ Open circuit transient sec S,D,R1,R2
To’’ Open circuit subtransient sec S,D,R1,R2

Converter data
Control: transmission system commutated
or self commutated
Additional data may be required by the
Network Operator

Doubly fed induction Generation Unit data

Required data will be advised by the
Network Operator

Version 4 Page 169 of 188 December 2018

Schedule S3.2 Generation Unit setting data
Description Category Units Data
Category
Protection data:
Settings of the following protections:
Loss of field Text D
Under excitation Text, diagram D
Over excitation Text, diagram D
Differential Text D
Under frequency Text D
Over frequency Text D
Negative sequence component Text D
Stator over voltage Text D
Stator overcurrent Text D
Rotor overcurrent Text D
Reverse power Text D
Stator E/F Text D
Rotor E/F Text D
Out of step Text D
Control Data:
Details of excitation control system described in block Text, diagram S, D, R1, R2
diagram form showing transfer functions of individual
elements, parameters and measurement units (in Siemens
PTI PSS/E format).
Automatic voltage regulator Text, diagram S, D, R1, R2
Power system stabiliser Text, diagram S, D, R1, R2
Settings of the following controls:
Details of the governor system described in block diagram Text, diagram S, D, R1, R2
form showing transfer functions of individual elements and
measurement units (in Siemens PTI PSS/E format).
Over excitation limiter Text, diagram S, D
Under excitation limiter Text, diagram S, D
Stator current limiter (if fitted) Text, diagram S, D
Manual restrictive limiter (if fitted) Text S, D
Load drop compensation/VAr sharing (if fitted) Text, function S, D
V/f limiter (if fitted) Text, diagram S, D

Version 4 Page 170 of 188 December 2018

Schedule S3.3 Generator data for small Generation Units
Power station Data
Category
Address S, R1
Description of power station, for example, is it a green or brownfield site, is there S
a process steam or heat requirement, any other relevant information
Site-specific issues which may affect access to site or design, eg. other S, D
construction onsite, mine site, environmental issues, soil conditions
Number of Generation Units and ratings (kW) S, D, R1
Type: eg. synchronous, induction S, D, R1
Manufacturer D
Connected to the network via: eg. inverter, transformer, u/g cable etc. S
Prime mover types: eg. reciprocating, turbine, hydraulic, photovoltaic, other S
Manufacturer D
Energy source: eg. natural gas, landfill gas, distillate, wind, solar, other S
Total power station total capacity (kW) S, D, R1
Power station export capacity (kVA) S, D, R1
Forecast annual energy Generation (kWh) S, D
Normal mode of operation as per clause 3.4.3 of the Network Technical Code ie. S
(1) continuous parallel operation
(2) occasional parallel operation
(3) short term test parallel operation
(4) bumpless (make before break) transfer
(i) rapid transfer
(ii) gradual transfer
Purpose: eg. power sales, peak lopping, demand management, exercising, S
emergency back up

Version 4 Page 171 of 188 December 2018

Schedule S3.4 Technical data for Small Inverter Energy Systems
Description Units Data
Category

Address Text S
Number of Small Inverter Energy Systems and ratings kW S, D
Manufacturer Text D

Connection voltage
Nominal voltage V S, D
Single/three phase Number S, D

Version 4 Page 172 of 188 December 2018

Schedule S3.5 Network and plant technical data
Description Units Data
Category

Voltage rating
Nominal voltage kV S, D
Highest voltage kV D

Insulation co-ordination
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage kVp D
Rated short duration power frequency withstand voltage kV D

Rated currents
Circuit maximum current kA S, D
Rated Short Time Withstand Current kA for seconds D
Ambient conditions under which above current applies Text S,D

Earthing
System Earthing Method Text S, D
Earth grid rated current kA for seconds D

Insulation pollution performance

Minimum total creepage mm D
Pollution level Level of IEC 815 D

Controls
Remote control and data transmission arrangements Text D

Metering provided by customer

Measurement transformer ratios: D
Current transformers A/A D
Voltage transformers V/kV D
Measurement Transformer Test Certification details Text R1

Network configuration
Operation Diagrams showing the electrical circuits of the Single line S, D, R1
existing and proposed main facilities within the User’s Diagrams
ownership including busbar arrangements, phasing
arrangements, earthing arrangements, switching facilities and
operating voltages

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 Network impedances
For each item of plant (including lines): details of the positive, % on 100 MVA S, D, R1
negative and zero sequence series and shunt impedances, base
including mutual coupling between physically adjacent
elements.

Short circuit infeed to the network

Maximum Generator 3-phase short circuit infeed including kA symmetrical S, D, R1
infeeds from Generation Units connected to the User’s
system, calculated by method of AS 3851 (1991).
The total infeed at the instant of fault (including contribution kA D, R1
of induction motors).
Minimum zero sequence impedance of User’s network at % on 100 MVA D, R1
connection point. base
Minimum negative sequence impedance of User’s network at % on 100 MVA D, R1
connection point. base

Load Transfer Capability:

Where a load, or group of loads, may be fed from alternative
connection points:
Load normally taken from connection point X MW D, R1
Load normally taken from connection point Y MW D, R1
Arrangements for transfer under planned or fault outage Text D
conditions

Circuits Connecting Embedded Generation Units to the Network:

For all Generation Units, all connecting lines/cables,
transformers etc.
Series Resistance (-ve, -ve & zero seq.) % on 100 MVA S, D, R
base
Series Reactance (-ve, -ve & zero seq.) % on 100 MVA S, D, R
base
Shunt Susceptance (-ve, -ve & zero seq.) % on 100 MVA S, D, R
base
Normal and short-time emergency ratings MVA S, D, R
Technical Details of Generation Units as per schedules S1,
S2, S3.

Transformers at connection points:

Saturation curve Diagram R

Version 4 Page 174 of 188 December 2018

Schedule S3.6 Network plant and apparatus setting data
Description Units Data
Category
Protection data for protection relevant to connection point:
Reach of all protection schemes on lines, or cables ohms or % on 100 S, D
MVA base
Number of protection schemes on each item Text S, D
Total fault clearing times for near and remote faults ms S, D, R1
Line reclosure sequence details Text S, D, R1

Tap change control data:

Time delay settings of all transformer tap changers. Seconds D, R1

Reactive compensation (including filter banks):

Location and Rating of individual shunt reactors MVAr S, D, R1
Location and Rating of individual shunt capacitor banks MVAr S, D, R1
Capacitor bank capacitance Microfarads S, D
Inductance of switching reactor (if fitted) millihenries S, D
Resistance of capacitor plus reactor Ohms S, D
Details of special controls (eg. Point-on-wave switching) Text S, D

For each shunt reactor or capacitor bank (including filter banks):

Method of switching Text S
Details of automatic control logic such that operating Text D, R1
characteristics can be determined

FACTS Installation:
Data sufficient to enable static and dynamic performance of Text, diagrams, S, D, R1
the installation to be modelled control settings

Under frequency load shedding scheme:

Relay settings (frequency and time) Hz, seconds S, D

Islanding scheme:
Triggering signal (eg. voltage, frequency) Text S, D
Relay settings Control settings S, D

Version 4 Page 175 of 188 December 2018

Schedule S3.7 Load characteristics at connection point
Data Description Units Data
Category

For all types of load

Type of Load eg. controlled rectifiers or large motor Text S
drives
Rated capacity MW, MVA S
Voltage level kV S
Rated current A S

For fluctuating loads

Cyclic variation of active power over period Graph - MW/time S
Cyclic variation of reactive power over period Graph - MVAr/time S
Maximum rate of change of active power MW/s S
Maximum rate of change of reactive power MVAr/s S
Shortest Repetitive time interval between fluctuations in s S
active power and reactive power reviewed annually
Largest step change in active power MW S
Largest step change in reactive power MVAr S

For commutating power electronic load:

No. of pulses Text S
Maximum voltage notch % S
Harmonic current distortion (up to the 50th harmonic) A or % S

Version 4 Page 176 of 188 December 2018

Attachment 4 Metering requirements
A4.1 General
(a) Revenue metering equipment, other than revenue meters and Communications
equipment may be provided and installed by the User or will be provided and
installed by the Network Operator at the User’s request.
(b) Indoor revenue metering units provided by the Network Operator will normally
be of a type suitable for use with a specific make of switchgear which will vary
from time to time.
(c) Revenue meters and the communications equipment other than a connection
to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) will be provided and installed
by the Network Operator. The PSTN connection and any isolation required will
be provided by the User.
(d) Revenue metering equipment will comprise a revenue metering unit containing
voltage transformers (VTs) and current transformers (CTs), or for system
voltages of 66 kV and 132 kV, free standing post type VTs and CTs (other than
free standing post type VTs and CTs may be acceptable and each request will be
considered), two or more revenue meters, cabling, communications equipment,
marshalling box and a revenue meter enclosure.
A4.2 Installation
(a) The maximum cable route length between the CTs and VTs and the revenue
meters is 80 metres.
(b) Marshalling boxes located close to the CTs and VTs will be required for all
indoor revenue metering units and for all outdoor revenue metering units for
system voltages of 66 kV and 132 kV. Indoor revenue metering marshalling
boxes will be an integral part of the indoor revenue metering unit.
(c) Prefabricated free standing or wall mounted revenue meter enclosures are
available from the Network Operator or a suitable enclosure may be assembled
by the User. Revenue meters may also be located within a building which has
provision for unrestricted 24 hour access for revenue metering personnel. It
may be located adjacent to the Network Operator’s protection or SCADA
equipment. Preference is for a purpose constructed, ventilated, insulated or
naturally insulated room of plan dimensions not less than 2m X 2m which
substantially maintains ambient air temperature. If the Network Operator is
requested to provide a free standing revenue meter enclosure and its support
frame, the User will need to provide a concrete footing as specified in the
Network Operator’s metering manuals.
(d) Unrestricted, 24 hour access to revenue metering equipment by revenue
metering personnel is required.

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A4.3 3-4 wire metering
(a) Three-wire revenue metering, that is, revenue metering with three-phase to
neutral VTs and two CTs, one in each of the red and blue currents, may be used
when the load measured by the revenue metering equipment is a three-wire
load. The load is three-wire when it comprises a delta-wound transformer
primary or a star-wound transformer primary with the star point not earthed,
provided the load is not a distributed load and is within 2 km of the revenue
metering CTs and VTs and the system voltage is less than 66 kV. All other
revenue metering will be four-wire, that is, as for three-wire but with an
additional CT in the white phase. Co-Generation revenue metering will
normally be four-wire.
(b) The Network Operator will, if requested by a User, advise the User whether an
installation is 3-wire or 4-wire.
A4.4 Signals
(a) Signals comprising energy usage information may be made available via volt
free relay contacts rated to 30V AC or DC at a maximum of 60 mA. These
signals comprise momentary relay closures each time a given amount of energy
(kWh) is imported or exported and each time a given number of kVArh is
imported, the start of each 30 minute demand period (or other period if
appropriate) and relay closures when the rate changes (on-peak or off-peak or
shoulder etc.).
A4.5 Accuracy requirements
Table A4.1 - Overall Accuracy Requirements of Revenue metering installation

Type Energy Maximum Minimum Meter

per meter allowable acceptable class of clock
point overall error components error
(GWh pa.) (+/- %) at full load seconds
active / reactive
1 ≥ 1000 +0.5 / -1.0 0.2 CT/VT/meter Wh ±5
0.5 Meter VArh
2 100 – 1000 +1.0 / -2.0 0.5 CT/VT/meter Wh ±7
1.0 Meter VArh
3 < 100 +1.5 / -3.0 0.5 CT/VT ±10
Meter Wh
2.0 Meter VArh

Note to Table A4.1:

The method for calculating the overall error is the vector sum of the errors of
each component part, ie. a - b - c, where:
a = the error of the Voltage Transformer and wiring
b = the error of the Current Transformer and wiring
Version 4 Page 178 of 188 December 2018
 c = the error of the revenue meter.
A4.6 Other metering requirements
(a) Specifications for revenue meter and communications enclosures, indoor and
outdoor revenue metering units (VTs and CTs plus enclosure), 66 kV and
132 kV CTs, VTs, marshalling box and wiring are contained in the Network
Operator’s metering manuals.

Version 4 Page 179 of 188 December 2018

Attachment 5 Test schedule
The following test schedule is used for specific performance verification and model
validation.
A5.1 General
(a) Recorders should be calibrated or checked prior to use.
(b) Recorders should not interact with any plant control functions.
(c) Galvanic isolation and filtering of input signals should be provided whenever
necessary.
A5.2 Test preparation and presentation of test results
Information/data prior to tests
(a) a detailed schedule of tests agreed by the Network Operator. The schedule
should list the tests, when each test is to occur and whose responsibility it will
be to perform the test.
(b) Schematics of equipment and sub-networks plus descriptive material
necessary to draw up/agree upon a schedule of tests
(c) Most up to date relevant technical data and parameter settings of equipment
as specified in Attachment 3 of this Code.
Test notification
(a) Prior notice of test commencement should be given to the Network Operator
for the purpose of arranging witnessing of tests.
(b) The Network Operator’s representative should be consulted about proposed
test schedules, be kept informed about the current state of the testing
program, and give permission to proceed before each test is carried out.
Test results
(a) Test result data shall be presented to the Network Operator within 5 business
days of completion of each test or test series.
(b) Where test results are not favourable it will be necessary to rectify problems
and repeat tests.
A5.3 Quantities to be measured
(a) Wherever appropriate and applicable for the tests, the following quantities
should be measured on the machine under test:
Generator and excitation system
• stator L-N terminal voltages
• stator terminal currents

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 • Active power MW
• Reactive power MVAr
• Generator rotor field voltage
• Generator rotor field current
• Main exciter field voltage
• Main exciter field current
• AVR reference voltage
• Voltage applied to AVR summing junction (step etc.)
• Power system stabiliser output
• DC signal input to AVR which corresponds to terminal volts
Steam turbine
• Shaft speed
• Load demand signal
• Valve positions for control and interceptor valves
• Governor set point
Gas turbine
• Shaft speed (engine)
• Shaft speed of turbine driving the Generator
• Engine speed control output Free turbine speed control output
• Generator-compressor speed control output
• Ambient/turbine air inlet temperature
• Exhaust gas temperature control output
• Exhaust temperature
• Fuel flow
• Governor/load reference set point
Reciprocating engine

• Engine crank speed driving the Generator

• Type of governor load / speed control

• Ambient / charge air / exhaust temperature

Version 4 Page 181 of 188 December 2018

 • Fuel flow
(b) Additional test quantities may be requested and advised by the Network
Operator if other special tests are necessary.
(c) Key quantities such as stator terminal voltages, currents, active power and
reactive power of the other Generation Units connected on the same bus and
also interconnection lines with the Network Operator’s network (from control
room readings) before and after each test shall also be provided.

Version 4 Page 182 of 188 December 2018

 Schedule of Tests

Test TEST DESCRIPTION

No General Description Changes Applied Test Conditions
C1 Step change to AVR voltage (a) -2.5% nominal stator terminal volts
reference with the Generator on (b) –2.5%
open circuit (c) -5.0%
(d) –5.0%
C2 Step change to AVR voltage (a) -1.0% nominal stator terminal volts
reference with the Generator (b) –1.0% unity or lagging power factor
connected to the system at the (c) -2.5% system base load
following outputs
(d) –2.5% Generator outputs:
50% rated MW
(e) -5.0% (i) 50% rated MW
100% rated MW
(f) –5.0% (ii) 100 % rated MW
repeat (e) & (f) all tests in (i) should precede
twice test in (ii)
see notes below smaller step changes should
precede larger step changes
C3 As for C2 but with the power system As in C2 As in C2, but
stabiliser in service and with the system base load with no
system conditions (i) and (ii) as other Generation on the
indicated in column 3 (Test same bus
Conditions) ) system maximum load and
maximum Generation on
same bus
C4 Manual variation of Generator open Stator terminal in 0.1 pu step for Ut between
circuit voltage voltage (Ut) 0.5 – 0.9 pu
(a) increase from on 0.5 pu step for Ut
0.5 pu to 1.1 pu between 0.9 – 1.1 pu
(b) decrease from
1.1 pu to 0.5 pu
C5 Load rejection (active power) (a) 25% rated MW nominal stator terminal volts
(b) 50% rated MW unity power factor
(c) 100% rated smaller amount should
MW precede larger amount of
lead rejection
C6 Load rejection (reactive power) (5) –30% rated nominal stator terminal volts
MVAr 0 or minimum MW output
(6) -25% rated
MVAr
C7 Load rejection (reactive power) (a) –30% rated nominal stator terminal volts
MVAr Excitation Manual Control

Version 4 Page 183 of 188 December 2018

Attachment 6 Access Application schedule
The following Schedule of information to be submitted in an Access Application is
pursuant to Schedule 2 of the Electricity Networks (Third Party Access) Code.

A6.1 Access Application information requirements

(a) A person who is not an existing User and who wants the Network Operator to
provide it with one or more access services shall make an Access Application in
accordance with this schedule.
(b) A person who is an existing User and who wants the Network Operator to
provide it with one or more access services (including additional capacity) in
addition to those which the User has access already shall make an Access
Application in accordance with this schedule.
(c) An Access Application may only be made for the provision of access services
that the applicant wishes the Network Operator to commence to provide
within 3 years of the date of the Access Application.
(d) An Access Application shall contain the following information:
(1) the name and address of the person making the Access Application and
of any other persons for whom that person is acting in making the
Access Application;
(2) the type of network access services requested, when those access
services are required and for how long they will be required;
(3) the entry points and exit points in respect of which access is being
applied for and the capacity (expressed in kVA) for each of those entry
points and exit points for which access is being applied for;
(4) the type of plant in respect of which the access services are required
and the configuration of that plant;
(5) where the entry points and exit points are to be on the electrical
network and any alternative points (in order of preference);
(6) the expected maximum demand of the plant connected or to be
connected at each of the entry points;
(7) the maximum Generation capacity and the proposed declared sent out
capacity of the Generation Units (including embedded Generation Units)
connected or to be connected at each of the exit points;
(8) the expected electricity production and consumption of the plant
connected or to be connected at each of the entry points and exit
points;
(9) when the applicant expects the plant to be connected at each of the
entry points and exit points to be in service (if appropriate);
(10) details of the controllers of the plant connected or to be connected at
each of the entry points and exit points;

Version 4 Page 185 of 188 December 2018

 (11) the proposed design of each of the connections (if appropriate);
(12) the arrangements which the applicant proposes to enter into in relation
to the construction and supply of the connection in respect of the plant;
(13) the nature of any disturbing load (size of disturbing component
MW/MVAr, duty cycle, nature of power electronic plant which may
produce harmonic distortion);
(14) any information as required by this Network Technical Code;
(15) commercial information concerning the applicant to allow the Network
Operator to make an assessment of the ability of the applicant to meet
its obligations under any Access Agreement that results from the Access
Application; and
(16) any other information reasonably required by the Network Operator;
and may specify that the applicant wishes the Network Operator to make a
preliminary assessment of the application.
The following clauses are intended to provide a guide for existing and intending
Network Users (Access Applicants) on the process of connection to the network.
Full details of the network connection procedures and the obligations of
participants and the Network Operator are contained in Chapter 2 and
Schedules 2, to 5 of the Electricity Networks (Third Party Access) Code.

A6.2 Access Application

(a) The Access Applicant must lodge a written Access Application to the Network
Operator containing the relevant information set out in Schedule 2 of the
Electricity Networks (Third Party Access) Code.
(b) If necessary, the Network Operator may request further information from the
Access Applicant within 7 days of its lodgement.
(c) Within 7 days of receiving an Access Application or further information, the
Network Operator must notify:
(1) the Utilities Commission; and
(2) any Network User that would be materially affected by the Access
Application.
A6.3 Initial response to Access Application by the Network Operator
(a) The Network Operator shall provide the Access Applicant with a written initial
response to an Access Application:
(1) within 10 days of receiving an Access Application from an existing
Network User; or
(2) within 21 days of receiving an Access Application from a new Network
User; or
(3) where the Network Operator has requested further information, within
an equivalent period after receiving that information.
Version 4 Page 186 of 188 December 2018
 (b) The initial response by the Network Operator in respect of an Access
Application shall include the following information:
(1) the period within which the Network Operator is able to make a
preliminary assessment of the Access Application; and
(2) an estimate of the reasonable expenses expected to be incurred by the
Network Operator in processing the Access Application, preparing an
initial response, carrying out a preliminary assessment, making an offer
and negotiating the Access Agreement.
A6.4 Preliminary assessment of Access Application by the Network Operator
(a) If a preliminary assessment is requested in the Access Application, the
Network Operator must make the assessment and give the Access Applicant a
report of the assessment within the time period specified in the initial
response to the Access Application.
(b) A preliminary assessment shall include the following information:
(1) whether it is likely that there is sufficient spare capacity to provide the
access services requested in the Access Application or whether the
electricity network will have to be augmented to provide those services;
(2) whether it is likely that any connection will have to be installed or
upgraded to provide the connection services (if any) requested in the
Access Application;
(3) whether or not a capital contribution will be required of the Access
Applicant and if so, an indication of the likely amount of that capital
contribution;
(c) The information provided under clauses A6.3(b)(1), (b)(2) and (b)(3) above
may be subject to change under conditions specified by the Network Operator
in the preliminary assessment.
A6.5 Access offer
(a) The Network Operator must make an access offer to provide to the Access
Applicant the network access services requested in the Access Application
within:
(1) 30 days of receiving the request; or
(2) if within that period the Network Operator has requested further
information, within 30 days after receiving the information;
unless agreed by the Access Applicant and the Network Operator, or as
otherwise approved by the Utilities Commission.

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 (b) The access offer by the Network Operator may require the Access Applicant to
make a contribution towards capital investment to provide the requested
access.
(c) If the Access Applicant does not conclude negotiations with the Network
Operator within 60 days, the access offer expires and the Access Application
lapses.
A6.6 Access Agreement
(a) The Network Operator will prepare an Access Agreement setting out the
specific technical, commercial and legal conditions under which access to the
network is provided, in accordance with Schedule 4 of the Electricity Networks
(Third Party Access) Code.
(b) The Access Applicant must execute the Access Agreement before a new or
modified connection will be made to the network and is required to abide by
the terms and conditions of the Access Agreement and this Code.

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