Chapter 8 Set Theory WRITTEN BY NATHAN RENFUSS 8.1 Describing Sets Bald What is a set? sta A sat ba conte fr colato tae vet ae cal ects, The femmes, An chet ca beh ont ements cat be incl a than once ad elcid. Th eet way odo thi i with ‘sopy Ht all the Senta of your et nbn caly bens, So (2,1) nat ets 3, 2a Exaompe: For ck pt el whiter th thing ccd i at 1 0.3.6.0) 2. A calktnn containing vey Gres Da a, 8. Acoli on 5 (433) eer dare mlterh at, 106,18) serie he se st tse eenet wtp ine, Sine tha clation he (wo copie of Un aber 3, 6. Yo bet ony by convention: when we oe the oun len lated nhl tahthn, Bs 11,2,84,56,..}. Using an epi 8.12 Elements of set ave th ts Lat A = (14,9, 16.25), ame em met cour set A, Well soa this Dea lament of Ao 9 ia A for art, When Ban we cet miata 10 tll iter the ven ects ae Laeuaay Laue (6) No.25¢ 8. en though W's a btweun the ements Ise, K's se Hl 2 = (485.79)(o) No gC. thie wore a ptr wo gh gi Ha 1 te est er (0) Yo.2.€ Sense 2s piv and «whole {c) Moy 6 8, nt ii wether opt 0 i i ct 8.13 Commonly encountered sets ok thi e=t of al negative agua ambos, Sr example, acl Rete stl ol mbar ha ae Next thet trl members Tes so Whe you ding with quan of objet allo he quatre ata mbes La renter ttn ons ti 2456784 9.10,.) ‘Westar at 0 bch thst quay ait ee, The i ome Rear. tote words ery nail tamer bas x sce, tral mer that wt futur mater, Sete hat 0. nee ae call ine st Bb BB MONE ood Swe can we Zin poems where wink uber ate ppp ad N when the wn we a tw suber en, tbe rot wl ava be aN, The atte ge or mination we suing, wo might pt a anew fn Z econ he comes to wdc, upeton, ad sutra: Hwee sere iy toms om Z, the aswel be in. Divo anther try. Divdlag 10 y 5 ge awe tl Z, bt ng 10 ty ti. tho st ofall ations of intagers, Wheveverin @. (With the exception the mer fr the wort rato, @ contains momen ke, 4 and =. 1 ao décct, mht i ve at abo ein There ar a ew undal weber sil onde, so we hae one or et o coe, a tha mme rnc Qa ot hae cers: Ut yo ty Wh el amber comes net Lecae ers alwae sehen a beteen Btn the met ra 12 comin ete, dere Lan 405, The’ ne nent uber fer 4 ‘sample: Fo ach mur, tl wich of th ve omen ett belongs t. () Se Qsines 2. (a) -1¢ 0. (0) 464 1 ance tnt paltne(0) “Ae 2 ince 1 whole aber (@) te Qa 1= 3 Suberning ow mums n Q pre etn Q. So +5 1 we cond abit 5 to gt whch would thon vet he in. Bat (0) #45 Ralaoe «4516 onthe str le BALA Universal sets ‘ype o mum. A Univeral set ges the ates fo a AI bers tw 1 wear coming sep Ms joo aera wt, We 5810 20, We do twa to coer mur fom Q rong we count fo a abe pet cic, @ vw the How many eb . wm Setution:1. Your hen pc a mataber between 1 and 10, Can you gs it? 11.2.,45,6.76.0.10) You bave a1 10 chance of gun the aude, wich is ot 0 lily Play sob ines and you wl otal win ae of thm. (0) Waking aR wot in your favor, Se then ame act el saber ately may, Vint cout ethno 4. 06 o 090006, Tey sm ther ar easly te pit (3,4) and (05) el the pa fe since fr ecple(-3)° = $= 9, Theis o pole stone (1,4) (24, (2-4), {3-89 40.) ad (0.—3. (6) 0 we Ave ietntely many option. For espe yon can cc tht (2 8 au (8 othe sn, Can yo i ptr (4) 2 we hn ven mae pions than iQ, Wo ca start wth any oar Detween —5 al 5 ae salve on guation to Ba a mate, Stat wi or So {n.VE=Ah i wchton, entngy this proces inch ese tha nso in Q 4. The fou ate eke tetera tie at many cab a Dyan, Dyan ate en, Let Co ae nes tenes. Tater thet of them te 42-4 = Fe to ale 14 wich ie mace than 10d mot lowe So the ly pny ea (0) 1 eto can ct ttion ofc epee by sumer In Q then Cale tres to exactly cb. She con at any tater eter hen 0 ad lot than 3. For example Catal cate of cb then Dylan wl nt § ud Ale wll 0 total of nut 1 cb consume y the tae of ha, Once again thre ae infin aay pond ston in Q.OLS Soletes oats ‘When apd mba ere than sli, i wal ott the Example: Wie st len tera sped 1 Thi bers ne 18. What ih cob? 2. Fv tes tha wanker sour gente nm eet hi ni hers What he 4. Aectangulr pte ana of aque mates, ide lent oc ke bers om et (44 the ene a, ad for ne than thee tn the ener 44S. So weave Thee i nly one poe cation, ot nto met oly ha se cme. ‘The scaton et (2). The oro a carga gh er wth, othe eg wih of the patio ae ‘wo whole mers whine adc The pis ae 1-8 = 8 and 2:4 = 8 SSmce we do aot ke which amber is the gt and which the with ei pati’ in (2.88). 25.20, 2,35.98..) The unbers wie ender 3 when ddl by 4 ae (ar 1.1818 28,.28,31,85.99..) (ue oo at 11,2995, 47,59,71,85..}. The miberr Kop gag wp by 12‘8.16 Set-builder notation: speech erent hs Uni thin ijn vain, In heh al we pt sl2casen) ceations: A= {01,2} ce ow ar the ata becs hat a ha ‘Beample: Cont cst om et-tierntatin to rove tation, Lmetele <”) = (4[62qren) ann 5 Qa (2r|reN) and R= (4) 222998) KC Land LEK, Rec tw gnre rept fn oer action, (4,24, 4) debe these setae {42,8 M amd N contain the nme thre chess ty ar ext ech Nand NCA bat mba Otte “0 inate 1. Si the SQ ~ Rh matt sets ate pal, Qf Rem EQ6.2.3 Cardinality Biases iin 1b A= (46.13) 2. B= (248,160) 4 D=(el2 1B sth set of demote dat tiny te com for A, allay the coon ar Bo lbh! Wo can cd tha conhon apn ur ror sition: AUB ia set otal Beample: For each pai of st, dh Lda 2] me 2) and $= (| #20) 81> (36) ren). V= Solution ‘The tention of Aa contin ont the cet a a iin oth wt ad 2 are cement Ab B05 ad a in B, omen to ath at, A B= (8.4) Cand D ae dst ha do ot have any mets ctmmon. Ste ear ok set, Wewtte CD = tie at every eee of Fan ale be au in BW ca we Fn arab of£, When wal the tection seeking freemen cron Intestin: BNF = P To macnn: wien P snd FUE 1 ithe wtf be nin od Lh to nie wi wings. Ke he wtcr eection HO the to ae ster than 5, ey ht te bt os WOK = (2| 5222 15). The sme in of soning instore bana: by dition MOd=(2| HEM)AE SD. Now # € H wqiolet tox < 15 ands € J i cul ta x > 5. IC we atti Ah sateen ia the dit we gt Motel re} Ja(e12>9) Hod=(2| <1) A(e>9)) ‘othe ere ofthe st the ste the conjuction! Ps these mt bor bs than 2. the a natal rs otha 10. Blan af P40 st th tha 20d tha 10 en uber se than 10 that dessgtion, P42 |x < 10}. Notice that this is idea to thst @ beatae QC P we ass that P=. ‘isthe wt mas tera U.S tent fer than 2, lens 1S mate oth grater ta 30a ht 29. Since wo mbes that lection, the intersection eps fn oer wd, since Rad $ axe dint, Ros~0. Ts the tof wih oe the set of mage 5, Therefore cach het (TV ast be both ip fare 5 1 saber i se by ho mt be die by 3:5 = 15 $0.7 he et fui TOV =( 182 | ren) ma We a weft ean ying the tin ter: T= (0,.6,9,12.48, 18,21, 24,27, 9,58 9.38, 42,45,4851,54,57,0,..) = 0,5,1015,20,25, 30,35, 40,4, 90,5,00..) To ~ (0.15,30,45,00,..) 83.8 Complements is comple of mst Ais the et of al deca the eset ha te wt 1m A. Issymba ig 4 We oad thi tat A compdement. Farle cay that Wi = I~(ee a) Note that hse dtntion only mate sen the contest aves et. Fur expe fe setig afte probe the versal st Nhe et ofall the al ober at ase notin A, WHOM aie st doe te sete oy “l ‘4°, Where wo hae element come fa? We can pt alc thing to ae 0 her may os le pslition ‘hin agra the rtangl pst he unr et ‘Bente: Working imide the univer tS = (0 1,2,81.5,6.7, 8,9), wie the com lento ct the fling1 A= {0.1.2.3 2 B= (01.2.45.7.89) 3. C= (0.24.68) 4 = (1.889) Solution 145,67.83} The deme he universe $ that ae wot fn nC ate 1,3, 5,7 a C= (1857.9) Dib the complet of C fe the pov alt, Siac D ent. C= 0.24.68) ‘We can iy that Dard C complement cach ether. Tey are dat twee ion Fe any oct A, (AY = A: the complet ofthe complemen io the ogi mt (rI~(ee doen opt fom the mond tothe hid lin we ad the atta —~p mp Operators ‘atc hemes on ie the gal cal demote inthe univer Beample: Working ns the univer tN wit the Lr q2aas) axa {a|22 0)suber abn 5. So 7 (0,6.7,8,910,1,..} fele< 10} sing the aml definition we cn ay that = (x | ~(e-< 20). The complement er hao un to 2 VI = (| > 2) ‘Sco W the tof mm Wea {ele> soy ‘Sco ¥ b the acto matalwumber ha are vil y 9, Yt at tra (0,245.8 10,1113 14,1617 10. B.4 Sot subtraction he iver that do not lon to thet I mec we re ubacting hes ot he subtraction, Wha wuts Bf weasel witha th ees ofA tha cant te fond in Btn cer wont we tee a dation we wete A\ B= ( 2] 2© A2¢ B) 1 A= {2845} al 8=(15,5.7.9) Bad A\ 2 A= (128.45) and B= (155.79), Bad BA 3. A= {1.2.4.5} aad ©~ (10,2. 4,50, Fld AC 6 A=(1,.23.4.5) wad D= (1,2.8.65,6.,8.9.10). Find A\ . 6 Tae] <00,2€N) and Vm { 2|25<2< 7,2 EN) Fal T\V 2Tate EN) and V= (412520 2 eM). Find VT. Solution: 1. A\ Bis the aut A thet doen't contain ay cane rm 2, OF th ee of A, 1 and 5 ave lo fn in Ht 2 ae mit. So AY 2 = (2.4)9 arent $0 B\ A= (7.9), ANC io ets oA fe iy i ha es En i a cam lobe Ku nD. $0 whe we Ate a rl of D. Tht vey eect “6.3 take V ay; hat fin Tete nubs ethan 35. T\V = {|< Np ‘woe ef with nly the members from 8.8.5 Combining vet operations 1 Bares np oer feats ting betes en inbred kato Beample: Wiking inde the esl wet $= (2,24.5,6.7,8,9,10) an sing 2.49) B= (45678) C= 0.408.1) 2. (avayneto ind APE woh for cents ht ce bh A dt The oe a ae 380 ANB = (1.2.3) AnB=(2] @eAvAeEw) wa{elmwen) AnW={e| (eA Anwee ny) Da 1,23 ew (Av B)ne = (| lee AV (ee BI A~(eeO)) W11, Sand 5 Ao Sand 7 ha B.S (AVI NC=(1,3,5.7) We can cc or we by working veg ch ener ft pe AUB~ (23.45) 0 (56.7.8) ~ (,23,45,45,6.7.8) ~ (1 Tan we tae the mgation ©: since C= (2,46 8,10), = (1.5.7.0) Finally we petra the intersection: (1,23,45,67,8) 9 (23,579) cmt aly bets: 1,3 Saal 7, So (AUB)NC'= (15, 1678020) (1.28020) wow" (0.1) A. Dy at = H.2945678) (UB! ~ (12945678) = (9.10). Soke that eis aso he ste nthe proves pron 1% ao ‘eiidnce! Taig oprpanitinl gle we ve An B= (4|~(re Ayam (ee BY) ovaSoilp= (ee A) am g= (2B) meat eom=(Auny 9,0 ABC = (0) 6 AMBP ta thn flees that ain A, nota B and a C, The oly seent that sin bh A and C bt wt i 2,90 ABA » (2) 55.6 Exercises: Set Operati 1, Wit he eons (1.2.4,820} (24,68, 1012,1 16) 2. Wie the om: (19,7, 8,99 (247,910) 4 Wie 2.4.68, 101214161820) (86,9, 12,15,182). 5 White the terete: {13 6. Wit the eteetion (25 White the complet of (0,2, 46.8 the universe 9. Waite th omphanent of | | > 40) in the ane 10, Wit he den: (2,357,119) 40,246,820, 1, 24) 1, Wit he diene: (1,2 345,6.7.8,0,10) (29,6 7.141937. 20) 12. Wate the diene: ( 26-41] 268} \ {te 6-1] 2 Np b= 8 M-(1.263.9) No (46789.10) () Fad (wu (0) Ped (Luan n(Luw8.4 Survey Problems sai TT snion cardinality formula the mabe of mets thew ample A= (1,284.56) then we wt ‘n(A) = Cun A an ements. Sts co alls, fom the empty mt wth n= 0 wp oats Ble N aad with ini my lees, Tn thie etion we wil wk with WAC B, then every sheet of Ant lo be fou in 2, wo A came ave WAwe 1 en the cunt of Ab than el the cantly Amasectiog tsa aly the cement that wee clin oth ws. Soi ANE hen. € A. "hat ms that A amt ofA We a conte hat Taking intersection oes he of lene lees th mae Ui wrk the other way yas the wane ements Evry cee of A bela in AUB, 20 AC AUB and toe nla) Sma) sl aw dni. For camp A = {1.2.3} and B= (7.89.10) then AUB combined: m(A) + 0(B) = When there an wep etme A atl then wil esl. Say eat (4.5.67.8) and B~ (7.89.10). Then AUB = (45.6,7,89,40. 1 oly has Tana tT amt Soe chad tice A al, bt we cmt ten ee (A) we wat ‘dina of AUB, we can wl te sof Aa, tat we have to subtract he ‘The ol i the wet of east ha ren tf AM So if we wt the seo the theses ft B) = (A) +n(2)= mtn) Bxanmpe: Use th nian aly os ose ech proba 1 Supp that 5 m(B) = 12, am (APB) = 4. How may cleats ae ia the eset of Salon om cts. Thien eet om dg‘The Sualoen Driers Chb has 0 sabes, ad ha cand, 5 the sven ie wth an outomateeaasndon,36 bers con drive th ator "The Janny i se 1 days 9 dys me ny Th leven resident wb en bh Kind of pt te the cupes of Sonn rihnts wo la you've ge, a ng yo AUS) ~60 ice they mart driv at lest oe type of while We ton(AUS)=a(A)+ a(S) (Ans) svn hat (F)~ 8 and (5) ~ 13, The seven pope who spon at atc of Wa u=-nteng faa awe! The etn sks how anyday ba a, frat the oer 14d ot, Fenton dye tou fl awe, These dp n(S\R)= 1-9-8.\ \ Sees 2: many stents wot piss bt wt aca? Thee ac he 21 sient he ef 1, What pont ofthe pe wl ae oom A bat ye on or way ot. We tol ca yop A. We thigh erect 2 = 8 in the i 12 et We pt 2 in th8. What percent wl vote enon ane of the mous bt both? ‘Then ae the BAB Surveys with three sets fo tha nation to anor the flloning qt x ae he ola ete Bad By the me rg, 8 of wth iad te ate dyin1h 10 tet intheBd Exercises: Survey Proble te have son The Prins Bride and 16 have wc A 2. You bp whi of your ee has an X-Be atdwho has & Patton. 5 haw both, 18 have oe oF the ote Hf § have Puttin, Bane 3, Youve 28 paper mite. 18 til ned site, and 7 yal oth, How mary’ of your papas key haw bo nants a 17 are double majo a ats ad ais 5 fo sei (0) How anys lay tata 5 ply soc a oa ple ocean beta 5) Fil nt Venn (0) may tats ly play bt (6) How may stadt ay’ olla ad teal (0 How aay tne play bt aed le pay soccer weal?