WFAS STANDARD – 002:2011
WFAS STANDARD – 002:2011
Auricular Acupuncture Point
The World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies
世界针灸学会联合会
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WFAS STANDARD – 002:2011
Contents
Contents
1. Scope
2. Terms and definitions
3. An Introduction to AAP Nomenclature and Location
4. Names and Locations of AAPs
Appendix A : Figures
Appendix B : Principles of AAP Nomenclature and Location.
Appendix C: Introduction to the Basic Imaginary Points, Lines, and Divisions of the
Auricle
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Nomenclature and Location of AAP
1. Scope
International Standards for AAP nomenclature and location.
These standards can be applied to AAP nomenclature and location.
2. Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions are applicable.
2.1 Positional nomenclature
2.1.1 Front of the auricle
The anterolateral side of the auricle.
2.1.2 Back of the auricle
The posteromedial side of the auricle.
2.1.3 Anterior
The aspect of the auricle near the cheek.
2.1.4 Posterior
The aspect of the auricle near the occiput.
2.1.5 Superior
The aspect of the auricle toward the top of the skull.
2.1.6 Inferior
The aspect of the auricle toward the foot.
2.1.7 Medial
The side of the auricle proximal to the median sagittal plane.
2.1.8 Lateral
The side of the auricle distal to the median sagittal plane.
2.2 Anatomical nomenclature
2.2.1 The anterior surface
2.2.1.1 Lobe
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2.2.1.1.1 Lobe
The lowest part of the auricle; devoid of cartilage.
2.2.1.1.2 Anterior groove of the ear lobe
The groove between the lobe and the cheek.
2.2.1.2 Helix
2.2.1.2.1 Helix
The prominent, curved, free rim of the auricle.
2.2.1.2.2 Helix crus
A transverse ridge of the helix that continues posteriorly into the ear cavity.
2.2.1.2.3 Spine of the helix crus
2.2.1.2.4 Notch of the helix crus
The cartilaginous prominence between the helix and the helix crus.
2.2.1.2.5 Helix tubercle
The small prominence located on the posterior-superior portion of the helix.
2.2.1.2.6 Helix cauda
The inferior part of the helix at the junction of the helix and the lobe.
2.2.1.2.7 Helix-lobe notch
The depression between the helix and the posterior rim of the lobe.
2.2.1.2.8 Anterior groove of the helix
The groove formed by the connection between the helix and the cheek.
2.2.1.3 Antihelix
2.2.1.3.1 Antihelix
The "Y" shape prominence, roughly opposite the helix, formed by the body of
the antihelix, the superior antihelix crus, and the inferior antihelix crus.
2.2.1.3.2 Body of antihelix
The principal, rough and vertical part of the antihelix.
2.2.1.3.3 Superior antihelix crus
The superior branch of the bifurcation of the antihelix.
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2.2.1.3.4 Inferior antihelix crus
The inferior branch of the bifurcation of the antihelix.
2.2.1.3.5 Antihelix-antitragus notch
The depression between the antihelix and antitragus.
2.2.1.4 Scapha
The curved depression between the helix and the antihelix; the scaphoid
fossa.
2.2.1.5 Triangular fossa
The triangular depression bordered by the two antihelix crura and the helix.
2.2.1.6 Concha
2.2.1.6.1 Concha
The hollow area borders the orifice of the external auditory meatus. It is
bordered by the helix, the antihelix, the tragus, and the antitragus; composed
of the cymba conchae and the cavum conchae.
2.2.1.6.2 Cymba conchae
The part of the concha superior to the helix crus.
2.2.1.6.3 Cavum conchae:
The part of the concha inferior to the helix crus.
2.2.1.7 Tragus
2.2.1.7.1 Tragus
The curved cartilaginous flap projecting lateral to the external auditory meatus.
2.2.1.7.2 Supratragic notch
The depression between the tragus and the lower border of the helix crus.
2.2.1.7.3 Apex of the upper tragus
The superior prominence on the free rim of the tragus.
2.2.1.7.4 Apex of the lower tragus
The inferior prominence on the free rim of the tragus.
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2.2.1.7.5 Anterior groove of the tragus
The shallow groove between the tragus and the cheek.
2.2.1.8 Antitragus
2.2.1.8.1 Antitragus
The flap opposite the tragus and superior to the ear lobe.
2.2.1.8.2 Apex of the antitragus
The point at the free end of the antitragus.
2.2.1.8.3 Intertragic notch
The depression between the tragus and antitragus.
2.2.1.9 Orifice of the external auditory meatus
The foramen anterior to the cavum conchae.
2.2.2 Posterior surface of the auricle
2.2.2.1 Back of the helix
The flat area on the posteromedial surface of the auricle formed by the helix.
2.2.2.2 Back of the helix cauda
The flat area on the posteromedial surface of the auricle formed by the helix
cauda.
2.2.2.3 Back of the ear lobe
The flat area on the posteromedial surface of the ear lobe.
2.2.2.4 Prominence of the scapha
The prominence formed by the scapha on the posteromedial surface of the
auricle.
2.2.2.5 Prominence of the triangular fossa.
The prominence formed by the triangular fossa on the posteromedial surface
of the auricle.
2.2.2.6 Prominence of the cymba conchae
The prominence formed by the cymba conchae on the posteromedial surface
of the auricle.
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2.2.2.7 Prominence of the cavum conchae
The prominence formed by the cavum conchae on the posteromedial surface
of the auricle.
2.2.2.8 Groove of the superior antihelix crus
The depression formed by the anterior antihelix crus on the posteromedial
surface of the auricle.
2.2.2.9 Groove of the inferior antihelix crus
The depression formed by the inferior antihelix crus on the posteromedial
surface of the auricle.
2.2.2.10 Groove of the antihelix
The depression formed by the antihelix on the posteromedial surface of the
auricle.
2.2.2.11 Groove of the helix crus
The depression formed by the helix crus on the posteromedial surface of the
auricle.
2.2.2.12 Groove of the antitragus
The depression formed by the antitragus on the posteromedial surface of the
auricle.
2.2.3 Auricular root
2.2.3.1 Superior auricular root
The highest part of the auricular atttachment to the scalp.
2.2.3.2 Inferior auricular root
The lowest part of the auricular atttachment where the ear lobe attaches to the
cheek.
3. An Introduction to AAP Nomenclature and Location
The following introduction is applicable to AAP nomenclature and location.
a) Appendix B gives the principles of AAP nomenclature and location.
b) Appendix C and Figure 1 show the basic marking lines, points, and areas of
the auricle.
c) Old names, other names, and literature.
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d) Written forms for AAP nomenclature and location: Chinese name, Chinese
pinyin, code, and point location are supplied.
e) AAP names and locations are shown in Figures 2 and 3.
4. Names and Locations of AAPs
4.1 Points on the Helix
4.1.1 ěrzhōng (HX1) ear center
HX1 is located on the helix crus.
4.1.2 zhícháng (HX2) rectum
HX2 is located on the helix anterior to the helix crus.
4.1.3 niàodào (HX3) urethra
HX3 is located on the helix superior to zhichang (HX2).
4.1.4 wàishēngzhíqì (HX4) external genitals
HX4 is located on the helix anterior to the helix crus.
4.1.5 gāngmén (HX5) anus
HX5 is located on the helix anterior to the triangular fossa.
4.1.6 ěrjiānqiánqū (HX6) anterior ear apex
HX6 is located anterior to the ear apex.
4.1.7 ěrjiān (HX6,7 i) ear apex
HX6,7i is the apex formed when the auricle is folded anteriorly at the juncture of
HX6 and HX7.
4.1.8 ěrjiānhòuqū (HX7) posterior ear apex
HX7 is posterior to the ear apex.
4.1.9 jiéjié (HX8) node
HX8 is located on the helix at the helix tubercle.
4.1.10 lúnyī (HX9) helix 1
HX9 is located on the inferior border of the helix.
4.1.11 lúnèr (HX10) helix 2
HX10 is located on the helix inferior to HX1.
4.1.12 lúnsān (HX11) helix 3
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HX11is located on the helix inferior to HX2.
4.1.13 lúnsì (HX12) helix 4
HX12 is on the helix inferior to HX3.
4.2 Points in the scapha
4.2.1 zhǐ (SF1) finger
SF1 is in the superior scapha.
4.2.2 wàn (SF2) wrist
SF2 is in the area inferior to SF1.
4.2.3 fēngxī (SF1,2 i) windstream
SF1,2 is located in the area anterior to the helix tubercle at the juncture of SF1
and SF2.
4.2.4 zhǒu (SF3) elbow
SF3 is located in the area inferior to SF2.
4.2.5 jiān (SF4,5) shoulder
SF4,5 is located in the area inferior to SF3.
4.2.6 suǒgǔ (SF6) clavicle
SF6 is located in the area inferior to SF4,5.
4.3 Points on the antihelix
4.3.1 gēn (AH1) heel
AH1 is located on the anterosuperior part of the superior antihelix crus.
4.3.2 zhǐ (AH2) toe
AH2 is in the posterosuperior area of the superior antihelix crus inferior to the
apex.
4.3.3 huái (AH3) ankle
AH3 is located on the area inferior to AH1 and AH2.
4.3.4 xī (AH4) knee
AH4 is located on the middle 1/3rd of the superior antihelix crus.
4.3.5 kuān (AH5) hip
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AH5 is located on the lower 1/3rd of the superior antihelix crus.
4.3.6 zuògǔshénjīng (AH6) sciatic nerve
AH6 is located on the anterior 2/3rds of the inferior antihelix crus.
4.3.7 jiāogǎn (AH6 a) sympathetic nerve
AH6a is anterior to AH6 at the juncture of the end of the inferior antihelix crus
and the medial edge of the helix.
4.3.8 tún (AH7) gluteus
AH7 is located on the posterior 1/3rd of the inferior antihelix crus.
4.3.9 fù(AH8) abdomen
AH8 is located on the upper 2/5ths of the body of the antihelix.
4.3.10 yāodǐzhuī(AH9) lumbosacral vertebrae
AH9 is located on the body of the antihelix posterior to AH8.
4.3.11 xiōng (AH10) chest
AH10 is on the middle 2/5ths of the body of the antihelix.
4.3.12 xiōngzhuī (AH11) thoracic vertebrae
AH11 is located on the body of the antihelix posterior to AH10.
4.3.13 jǐng (AH12) neck
AH12 is located on the lower 1/5th of the body of the antihelix.
4.3.14 jǐngzhuī (AH13) cervical vertebrae
AH13 is located on the body of the antihelix posterior to AH12.
4.4 Points in the triangular fossa
4.4.1 jiǎowōshàng (TF1) superior triangular fossa
TF1 is located in the upper part of the superior 1/3 of the triangular fossa.
4.4.2 nèishēngzhíqì (TF2) internal genitals
TF2 is located in the lower part of the superior 1/3 of the triangular fossa.
4.4.3 jiǎowōzhōng (TF3) middle triangular fossa
TF3 is located in the middle 1/3 of the triangular fossa.
4.4.4 shénmén (TF4) shenmen
TF4 is located in the upper part of the posterior 1/3 of the triangular fossa.
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4.4.5 pénqiāng (TF5) pelvis
TF5 is located in the lower part of the posterior 1/3 of the triangular fossa.
4.5 Points on the tragus
4.5.1 shàngpíng (TG1) upper tragus
TG1 is located on the upper 1/2 of the external surface of the tragus.
4.5.2 xiàpíng (TG2) lower tragus
TG2 is located at the lower 1/2 of the external surface of the tragus.
4.5.3 wàiěr (TG1 u) external ear
TG1u is inferior to the helix crus and anterior to the supratragic notch on the
upper edge of TG1.
4.5.4 píngjiān (TG1 p) apex of tragus
TG1p is located on the projection of the upper tragus at the posterior edge of
TG1.
4.5.5 wàibí (TG1,2 i) external nose
TG1,2 i is located at the midpoint of the external surface of the tragus at the
juncture of the TG1 and TG2.
4.5.6 shènshàngxiàn (TG2 p) adrenal gland
TG2p is located on the end of the inferior edge of the tragus at the posterior
edge of TG2.
4.5.7 yānhóu (TG3) pharynx and larynx
TG3 is located at the upper 1/2 of the internal side of the tragus.
4.5.8 nèibí (TG4) internal nose
TG4 is located on the lower 1/2 of the internal side of the tragus.
4.5.9 píngjiānqián (TG2 l) anterior intertragic notch
TG2 l is located at the lowest part of the front surface of the intertragic notch on
the inferior edge of TG2.
4.6 Points on the antitragus
4.6.1 é (AT1) forehead
AT1 is located in the anterior area of the lateral side of the antitragus.
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4.6.2 píngjiānhòu (AT1 l) posterior intertragicus
AT1l is located at the anteroinferior part of the antitragus, posterior to
intertragicus and the lower edge of AT1.
4.6.3 niè (AT2) temple
AT2 is located at the middle part of the lateral side of the antitragus.
4.6.4 zhěn (AT3) occiput
AT3 is located at the posterior part of the lateral side of the antitragus.
4.6.5 pízhìxià (AT4) subcortex
AT4 is located on the medial side of the antitragus.
4.6.6 duìpíngjiān (AT1,2,4 i) apex of antitragus
AT1,2,4 i is located at the free end of the apex of the antitragus at the juncture of
AT1, AT2 and AT4.
4.6.7 yuánzhōng (AT2,3,4 i) central rim
AT2,3,4 i is located on the free rim at the midpoint of the apex of the antitragus
and antihelix-antitragus notch at the juncture of AT2, AT3, and AT4.
4.6.8 nǎogàn (AT3,4 i) brain stem
AT3,4 is located at the antihelix-antitragus notch at the juncture of AT3 and AT4.
4.7 Points in the concha
4.7.1 kǒu (CO1) mouth
CO1 is located in the concha inferior to the anterior 1/3rd of the helix crus.
4.7.2 shídào (CO2) esophagus
CO2 is located in the concha inferior to the intermediate 1/3rd of the helix crus.
4.7.3 bēnmén (CO3) cardia
CO3 is located in the concha inferior to the posterior 1/3rd of the helix crus.
4.7.4 wèi (CO4) stomach
CO4 is located at the end of the helix crus.
4.7.5 shíèrzhǐcháng (CO5) duodenum
CO5 is located in the posterior 1/3rd of the region between the helix crus and
Line AB.
4.7.6 xiǎocháng (CO6) small intestine
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CO6 is located at the intermediate 1/3rd of the region between the helix crus
and Line AB.
4.7.7 dàcháng (CO7) large intestine
CO7 is located at the anterior 1/3rd of the region between the helix crus and
Line AB.
4.7.8 lánwěi (CO6,7 i) appendix
CO6,7 i is located at the juncture of CO6 and CO7.
4.7.9 tǐngjiǎo (CO8) angle of superior concha
CO8 is located in the cymba conchae below the anterior region of the inferior
antihelix crus.
4.7.10 pángguāng (CO9) bladder
CO9 is located in the cymba conchae below the intermediate region of the
inferior antihelix crus.
4.7.11 shèn (CO10) kidney
CO10 is located in the cymba conchae below the posterior region of the inferior
antihelix crus.
4.7.12 shūniàoguǎn (CO9,10 i) ureter
CO9,10 i is located at the juncture of CO9 and CO10.
4.7.13 yídǎn (CO11) pancreas and gallbladder
CO11is located in the posterosuperior part of the cymba conchae.
4.7.14 gān (CO12) liver
CO12 is located in the posteroinferior part of the cymba conchae.
4.7.15 tǐngzhōng (CO6,10 i) center of superior concha
CO6,10 i is located at the juncture of CO6 and CO10.
4.7.16 pí (CO13) spleen
CO13 is located in the region inferior to line BD, posterosuperior to the cavum
conchae.
4.7.17 xīn (CO15) heart
CO15 is located in the center of the depression of the cavum conchae.
4.7.18 qìguǎn (CO16) trachea
CO16 is located between the CO15 and the orifice of the external auditory
meatus.
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4.7.19 fèi (CO14) lung
CO14 is located in the cavum conchae in the region surrounding CO15 and
CO16.
4.7.20 sānjiāo (CO17) triple energizer
CO17 is located between CO14 and CO18 in the region posteroinferior to the
orifice of the external auditory meatus.
4.7.21 nèifēnmì (CO18) endocrine
CO18 is inside of the intertragus notch in the anteroinferior region of the cavum
conchae.
4.8 Points on the ear lobe
4.8.1 yá (LO1) tooth
LO1 is located in the anterosuperior area of the anterolateral surface of the
lobe.
4.8.2 shé (LO2) tongue
LO2 is located in the intermediate superior area of the anterolateral surface of
the lobe.
4.8.3 hé (LO3) jaw
LO3 is located in the posterosuperior area of the anterolateral surface of the
lobe.
4.8.4 chuíqián (LO4) anterior ear lobe
LO4 is in the anterior intermediate area of the anterolateral surface of the lobe.
4.8.5 yǎn (LO5) eye
LO5 is in the center of the anterolateral surface of the lobe.
4.8.6 nèìěr (LO6) internal ear
LO6 is in the intermediate posterior area of the anterolateral surface of the
lobe.
4.8.7 miànjiá (LO5,6 i) cheek
LO5,6 i is located in the intermediate posterior part of the anterolateral surface
of the lobe at the juncture of LO5 and LO6.
4.8.8 biǎntáotǐ (LO7,8,9) tonsil
LO7,8,9 are the three divisions of the inferior anterolateral surface of the lobe.
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4.9 Points on the posterior surface of the ear
4.9.1 ěrbèixīn (P1) heart, posteromedial surface of the ear
P1 is located on the superior area of the posteromedial surface of the ear.
4.9.2 ěrbèifèi (P2) lung, posteromedial surface
P2 is on the intermediate medial area of the posteromedial surface of the ear.
4.9.3 ěrbèipí (P3) spleen, posteromedial surface
P3 is located at the center of the posteromedial surface of the ear.
4.9.4 ěrbèigān (P4) liver, posteromedial surface
P4 is on the intermediate lateral area of the posteromedial surface of the ear.
4.9.5ěrbèishèn (P5) kidney, posteromedial surface
P5 is located in the inferior area of the posteromedial surface of the ear
lobe.
4.9.6 ěrbèigōu (PS) groove, posteromedial surface
Ps is the groove on the posteromedial surface of the ear formed by the
superior and inferior antihelix crura.
4.10 Points at the root of the ear
4.10.1 shàngěrgēn (R1) upper ear root
R1 is the highest point at which the ear attaches to the head.
4.10.2 ěrmígēn (R2) root of ear vagus
R2 is located on the ear root at the posteromedial groove formed by the helix
crus.
4.10.3 xiàěrgēn (R3) lower ear root
R3 is the lowest point on the ear root.
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Appendix A
Figures
Figure 1. Supplement to the Basic Imaginary Points and Lines
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Figure 2. Standard Codes for the Divisions of the Auricle (Anterolateral)
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Figure 3. Standard Codes for the Divisions of the Auricle (Posteromedial)
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Figure 4. Standard Codes for the Divisions of the Auricle (Medial)
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Appendix B
Principles of AAP Nomenclature and Location
B1 Principles for including an AAP in this standardization
B1.1 The AAP has an extensive practical basis
B1.2 The AAP is commonly used
B1.3 The AAP has been proven diagnostic and treatment effects
B 2 Further principles of inclusion.
Named points are selected on the following bases.
B2.1 Internationally known points or those in common use, e.g. sympathesis
B2.2 Points with well-proven therapeutic effects that are recorded in traditional
medicine literature, e.g., windstream
B2.3 Points named for organs and other parts of the body, e.g. heart, shoulder
B2.4 Points named by anatomical features of the auricle. e.g. upper ear root,
middle triangular fossa, ear apex, ear center, etc.
B2.5 The following approach of naming points are not acceptable in this
standardization:
a) Naming for a particular disease
b) Naming according to functions of diagnosis or treatment
c) Designations based on drug names
d) Alternative point names not chosen for this standarization
e) Names referring to gender
f) Names of points that otherwise do not meet the standards of inclusion.
B3 Principles of AAP Location
B3.1 In this standardization, location is principally based on the anatomical
divisions of the auricle.
B3.2 Definite terms and denoting position on the auricle are used.
B3.3 Anatomical names of features on the auricle that have connection with
AAP divisions are used.
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B3.4 Imaginary points based on the anatomical topography of the auricle are
also used.
B3.5 Imaginary lines on the auricle are used to clarify the boundaries of
anatomic-al structures and thus identify designated AAPs.
B3.6 The entire surface of the auricle is mapped with named AAPs and
regions.
Appendix C
Introduction to the Basic Imaginary Points, Lines, and Divisions of the
Auricle
C1 Basic Marking Line Designations on the Auricle
The following basic imaginary lines are applicable:
a) Medial rim of the helix: The boundary between the helix and other parts of
the auricle; a fold line formed by the helix, scapha, crura of the antihelix,
triangular fossa, and the concha.
b) Fold line of the concha: The boundary between the flat part and the
prominent part of the concha.
c) Line of the antihelix spine: A connecting line, formed by the highest
prominence stretching from the bifurcation to the body of the antihelix.
d) Line of the groove of the scapha: A line at the deepest depression of the
scapha.
e) Boundary of the antihelix and the scapha: The midline between the
antihelix(including the superior antihelix crus) spine and the groove of the
scapha.
f) The posterior edge of the triangular fossa: The lower border of the triangular
fossa.
g) Boundary of the antihelix and the triangular fossa: The midline between the
spine of the antihelix crura and the posterior edge of triangular fossa.
h) The concha edge of the antihelix: The midline between the spine of antihelix
(including the inferior antihelix crus), and the anatomical border between the
antihelix and the concha.
i) The inferior edge of the antihelix: The boundary between the superior
antihelix crus and the body of the antihelix formed by a line extending
vertically from the bifurcation of the antihelix to the boudary of the antihelix
and the scapha.
j) The posterior edge of the antihelix: The boundary of the inferior antihelix crus
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and the body of the antihelix formed by a line extending vertically from the
bifurcation of the antihelix to the concha edge of the antihelix.
k) The superior line of the ear lobe: The boundary between the lobe and other
parts of the auricle.
l) The concha edge of the antitragus: The boundary between the medial rim of
the antihelix and the concha.
m) The anterior edge of the tragus: The boundary between the anterior of the
tragus and the cheek.
n) The anterior edge of the helix: The boundary between the helix and the
cheek.
o) The anterior edge of the ear lobe: The boundary between the lobe and the
cheek.
C2 Imaginary Points and Lines on the Auricle
The following basic imaginary points and lines apply to the auricle.
a) Imaginary Point A is located at the medial edge of the helix at the junction
between the middle and upper 1/3rd of the line from the notch of helix crus and
the inferior edge of the inferior antihelix crus.
b) Imaginary Point D is located where a level line drawn from the end of the
helix crus crosses the concha edge of the antihelix.
c) Imaginary Point B is located at the junction of the middle and posterior
1/3rds of the line extending from the end of the helix crus to Point D.
d) Imaginary Point C is located at the junction of the upper 1/4th and lower
3/4ths of the posterior edge of the orifice of the external auditory meatus.
e). Line AB is a curved line that extends from Point A to Point B and mirrors the
concha edge of the antihelix.
f). Line BC is a curved line extending from Point B to Point C that mirrors the
inferior edge of the helix crus.
C3 Introduction to the Divisions of the Auricle
C3.1 Helix
The helix is equally divided into twelve areas. The helix crus is HX1 (Area 1 of
the Helix). The part of the helix from the helix notch to the upper edge of the
inferior antihelix crus is divided into three parts, HX2, HX3 and HX4, counting
from below to above. The area between the two antihelix crura is designated
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HX5. HX6 extends between the anterior and posterior edges of the superior
antihelix crus. HX7 extends from the apex of the ear to the upper edge of the
helix tubercle. The area from the upper edge to the lower edge of the helix
tubercle is HX8. The region from the lower edge of the helix tubercle to the
notch of the helix lobe is equally divided into four areas, HX9, HX10, HX11, and
HX12, from above to below respectively.
C3.2 Scapha
The scapha is divided into six equal areas. From above to below, they are SF1
(Area 1 of the scapha), SF2, SF3, SF4, SF5 and SF6.
C3.3 Antihelix
The antihelix is divided into thirteen areas. The superior antihelix crus is
divided into three equal parts. The lower third is AH5 (Area 5 of the antihelix).
The middle third is AH4, and the upper third is divided horizontally into two
equal subparts, of which the lower half is AH3. The upper half is once again
divided perpendicularly into two; the posterior half is AH2 and the anterior half
is AH1. The inferior antihelix crus is divided into three parts. From the anterior
to the posterior, the first two-thirds are AH6; the posterior third is AH7.
The body of the antihelix from its bifurcation to the antihelix-antitragus notch is
divided into five equal parts from the superior to the inferior, and once again it
is divided into the anterior (one fourth) and the posterior (three fourths)
paralleling to the boundary of the antihelix and the concha. In this way, the
body of the antihelix is divided into ten parts. The anterior superior two parts
are AH8; the posterior superior two parts are AH9; the anterior intermediate two
parts are AH10; the posterior intermediate two parts are AH11; the anterior
inferior part is AH12; the posterior inferior fifth is AH13.
C3.4 Triangular fossa
The triangular fossa is divided into three equal parts from the edge of helix to
the bifurcation of the antihelix. The middle third is TF3 (Area 3 of the triangular
fossa). The anterior third is further divided into three subparts: the upper third
is TF1, and the middle and lower two-thirds are TF2. The posterior third near
the bifurcation is divided into two subparts, the upper half is TF4 and the lower
half is TF5.
C3.5 Tragus
The tragus is divided into four areas. The external surface of the tragus is
divided into two parts; the upper part is TG1 (Area 1 of the tragus) and the
lower part is TG2. The internal surface of the tragus is also divided into two
parts, the upper of which is TG3 and the lower of which is TG4.
C3.6 Antitragus
The antitragus is divided into four areas. Draw two lines, one extending
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WFAS STANDARD – 002:2011
vertically from the apex of the antitragus to the superior line of the ear lobe, the
other vertically from the midpoint of the antitragus to the helix notch. The
external surface of the antitragus is thus divided into three areas. The anterior
area is AT1 (Area 1 of the antitragus), the intermediate is AT2, and the posterior
is AT3. The internal surface of the antitragus is AT4.
C3.7 Concha
The concha is divided into eighteen areas. The part formed by the inferior edge
of the helix crus and line BC (the anterior part) is divided into three equal areas,
CO1 (Area 1 of the concha), CO2, and CO3, from front to back. The fan-shaped
area at the end of the helix crus is CO4. The part formed by the superior edge
of the helix crus and line AB (the anterior part) is divided into three equal areas.
From the posterior to the anterior are CO5, CO6 and CO7. CO8 is anterior to a
line drawn from point C to the junction of the anterior third and the posterior
two-thirds of the lower edge of the inferior antihelix crus. The part posterior to
CO8 and superior to CO6 and CO7 is divided into two equal areas; the anterior
is CO9 and the posterior is CO10. The part posterior to CO10 and superior to line
BD is also divided into two equal areas; the superior is CO11 and the inferior is
CO12. The area marked off by a line drawn from the antihelix-antitragus notch
to Point BD is CO13. Taking the midpoint of the cavum conchae as the center of
a circle with a radius of half the distance from the center to line BC gives us
CO15. The area between two parallel lines drawn respectively from the highest
and lowest points of the orifice of the external auditory meatus to the highest
and lowest points of CO15 is CO16. The area external to CO15 and CO16 is CO14.
The area inferior to a line drawn from the lowest point of the orifice of the
external auditory meatus to the midpoint of the concha edge of the antihelix is
divided into two equal areas: the upper is CO17 and the lower is CO18.
C3.8 Lobe
The lobe is divided by two equidistant vertical lines extending from superior to
inferior border. Two equidistant horizontal lines, parallel to the superior border,
cross the verticals to divide the lobe into nine areas. From the anterior to the
posterior the upper three areas are LO1 (Area 1 of the lobe), LO2, and LO 3.
The middle three areas are LO4,, LO5, and LO6. The lower three areas are LO7,
LO8, and LO9.
C3.9 Posterior surface of the auricle
The posterior surface of auricle is divided into five areas. Two horizontal lines
passing through the back corresponding to the bifurcation of the antihelix crura
and the antihelix-antitragus notch were drawn to divide the posterior surface
into three parts, the upper being P1 (Area 1 of the posterior surface of the
auricle) and the lower being P5. The middle part is divided into three equal
areas. The medial area is P2, the middle is P3, and the lateral is P4.
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