Let V be a

non-empt set O elements s Uector

Space oveT ield k if set V Satisties t he follouing
aioms
a) closure azioms
Ci: Tf u,ve V then utv e V (Visclosed under

G2) Tf kek (scl ar), ue V kue V(is closed undey

Scalar mu tiplicaion)
b) Addiion 0Xioms
A,: U+V V+ u tcommutativity?
LA Ssociativity]
Az: (u+ V]+w = ut(V+ w)
A! 3 0eV S.t uto= u =0+ u for oçenyr ue v
rExistence of Additive Tdentiigg
As s.t u 4 (- u) =O =tuJ+u for euevy ev
-ut VS.t
LEistence of additivc Tnveyse I
c) Scal ar Multiplication A ioms)h
M,: k (utV )= ku 4 kuCDistibutiviBy of scalar multipli(ali
M (k +2)4 = kut ls CDistn butivity of scalars7
M! k 4)u = k(lu) tAssociative law of Scalass]
Mu 3 le v caled uwity 3 : u=u for evey uev
ncecle hethe the set of cll pair s ot real
num ber s of tue tom ( | ) toith t he opexation
(iy) +LI9') = ( , 9+9') and kci,9)=(, ky)
IS a Vecto S pCace
o:Let v be a set ot Positive secl numbers Loih
addiibn and Sccl ase multipieation defined c
and
 Subsp
+ his add i+ion and Scal a r
vecto s p a c e unde
muliplicatìon. ASub

ohe thes 4he et of se a

Q Eamine in e cch case of
dition and Scala
number s oith opestions of ad
SPar
owtipli cation define d as olows is avecto
) CX, yi) t Ca,y2)= ( DC, tDc2 y,t9 )
CM3 Fcù ls7
k (,y) =(3k x3ky)
2) (7y9,J+(22,92) = ( tXz |, l9, +32))
(1,,9,) =kxi, ky.)
Prpve thatset of 2x 2 matces iS Ve ctox spate
Loith usuay addition of nmatnces and usuel
Scalrs mwtipieation

9 M (IR) is vector s ace th uSual addition

P. T
Of m atces and usu al Scalor ultiplication.

Rn vector Spa ce ovex R.

We define addition inh Scalarmultiplicator

Rn as below
( . 7 n ) + (9,,9, - yn)=
(,2t92Xntyn
kt,, n) = (kx, lee- kn) M
Subspat e.o
subseate
A Subset Wot a vecto SPace Uisccled a
Vi wis Itserf a vector SPce undes the
additi on and scala multiplicatioh defined onV

THEORE M!
a uector S Pa e V
IfW S anon-empty subset of
then is a Subspace of Vif
i) Vu, vGW
w
ii) kis sccla ,uE Wr kue
Eram ples of R
v=f(7,9)|I=393 Sis asubspace
a
) Show that pace s of R
StaBe l posible subs
keR V= §(a,9) =ky? gives all possi ble
Subspates ofR2

2) Sub5 pale of iR3

3) TS W= (a,i,1) | aee 3 s
folrowin9 are S ubspaces
r the ,

4) Che ck whethe
of Mx2
a,b,c, d are integers
|A)= 0

+ Gasis
vecto SPa ce ard S - fVi,Va)
Tf VIs any
vectoYs in V then Sisc alled the
is a set of
Basis for v if the follouoin4. tuoo (onditions
hold ) Sis inearlyindependent
2) S sPans V
* Dimension
Dim ( V)= NO. 0f elements n Basis Set
 dim (Rn) = ny dim(Po) = n+| Le
*Exameles
ohether the folloIng Subsets
) Dete mine vector Space
Foms a basis of qiven

)fco,o), (i,2), (2, )

i) ,o,0), (1,9,0), (i,0
Uneary
Resutt- V is vectog 5pace , SCU, Ss
idependent and di (5) = dim (V) S foms
a Basis for U
¥ Lineo Transfomnation: n
uector SPaces over R.Tue
| e t V¢ be fwo Linea
tsansformation T.V U is clled
a Ou
trans fomatibn if ) TCOv) =

ii) TCcx). = cTIX) are

heter+olloing ma pS
Examp)es! Detersnine
tien
Lineas t sanstoma
T(a) = 01
i) T:R ’ R defined by
Tg defined by Tex,9) = aoeA (la,my)
ii) T IR 2 define d by Tla) = (2t|,x)
ivyT:R defined by T(Y,z) =(9,Z,2)
* kesnel ot inear tsansfoSmation
Let TV v be a Linear tansfonation where
V¢vare vectog SPace oves R-Then kenel of T
is defined as kes T=xeVIT() =0v}

ker) 70
 Transfordtion
* Zmage of lindax Linegx transformation ohere
Let T : y v be a R Then
maae oft
vector space Ove
Vev are
=$ T(2)|ev3
is de fined by Tmg(T)
Nullity and Rook of T vectoY SPAce overiR
* dimen s)onaU Then
nite Tsansfoxmation
Let v bea Linear
T:V 1 bea
of T and the dim
Let
ker T is calle& ollity
dim of ank of T
Tis Called the
oF Imq
ie Rank T = dim ( mq T)
dim( ker T)9
Nllity T=
T(a,y) Z) = (7,y+ Z)
txaples!
be defined by
i) LetT! R nwlityTand oankT
find kesT, TmT
then =l0,y)Eind ker T
detined by TC2,9)
i) T R ? R ank T.
nulityTand
I m T,
alvector Seate
X Innes Prvduct on 0 oe is a
poduct on areal vectorsace
Aninnes
wich assiqns area
a eal number denoted by
mapping
evey Pai o+ vectors ufV in v's uth
<u,v > to
tolloD) ng azioms are satistied For all vectors
that

1) <u,v> =< v,u> Csymmetnc

Csymmetnc PDPety
i)<u +,w =(u,wtV,> Cadditie pD perty)

A Vector SpaLe Loith an innes PDdurt defined nn

it is called pDduct spate
tzampleG!- I) Cons ider the vector spa Ce R
et u =(2,, 2,-2n ) V-ly,92, yn) be any too
VentorS n RO
 Then <u,V> = 21 y +L y2t t nyn defines an
Inner ppduct onIRn.
2) On iR,define <(,9, ), (Y,,92)>=1,3,
Find hether it defines an jnner poodut on R
3 u =(0,2)eR2L <u, u =D bs t u O

3) (onSider u = (a,,Y2 ), =(3, ) in R2.

Oetesmine if <u,v s defined as
<u,v> =2, 9i -2y is an inner Ppdut on g
y Consider

Propedy of positivity is not sotisfied by<i>

The above defìned pDduct is not an
inner pouet
4) Let V be set of contin uous recu volue functlon
is definei
addtiDninV
on -T,TI -Then
defined
te E- ) r] an
os(tg)(+ ) = fte) +4 t)
0thogonal tronsfooalion
n Orthoq0nal transfomation is alinear fransfoa
TVVon a real inne prDduct Spate v, that
freseves the inner ProductA
Iee u, veV we. have k Tu), T) =<u, Vy
Orthogonal Transfommotions prese wes le ngHh of
Vecior and anqle between them
Orthoqonal transfomation in 20r 3 dimensiona
Teflection a
euclide an SPa(e ave Dtations
Combination of rotation and refktion
Exomple :
)FO a fized angle oe to, 2T ), deine themabnz
[T] = tos (O) -Sinlo)7arand the line r .
Sin(0) Cos C©) transfomotion

T:R?R by TCU) = LT]v

oTthogonal Transfomatio,
Pove that T s an
V= (V, Va)
let u = (u,, u)
Pove T is osthogon al
To = lu, v>
(Tlu), Tu>
e To Prove
CosCO) -Sino)
TIu) =
Lsin(O) Cos(o)
u,sinco +uzCo3O)
T

Tu) =(u, coso -u,Sino

COS -SinoT
Sino
v, sino, v,Sin o t Veloso)
-{ vcoso -
 )T0), Ttv)
7u, V
TIS orthogonal Tsansfomation
2) T n R S . T(v) =
coso sino reflection ma
Sino -coso.
Prove that itiotkbdonot tyans formnet iy