INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
MTN 205 Mechanical behavior of Materials
K.S. SURESH
DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE, INDIA
[email protected]
Plasticity Lecture 5
Plasticity
σ σ σ
σ0 σ0
ε ε ε
Rigid ideal plastic Ideal elastic – plastic Strain hardening
material region material
• In a uniaxial deformation , plastic deformation begins, when the
flow stress σ = σ0 (the yield stress).
• When does yielding occur in an arbitrary state of stress.
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Effect of sample size
https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0932/ML093220116.pdf
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ASTM sample dimension for tensile tests
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ASTM sample dimension for tensile tests
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Stress –Strain Curve
• Parameters :
UTS
P σy
- Stress , s =
Ao Engg
stress
ΔL
- Strain , e =
Lo
en Engg strain
- Yield strength : Stress value with an offset 0.2%
- Ultimate Tensile strength : (UTS)
- Total elongation : la
- Reduction in cross-sectional area (RA)
• True stress σ = s(1+e) True
• True strain ε = ln(1+e) stress
lnσ Corrected for
• Strain hardening exponent, n = necking
lnε
σ = kεn
k – strengthening coefficient True strain
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Strain hardening exponent
Material n
Stainless steel 0.45-0.55
70/30 Brass 0.49
Cu(annealed) 0.3-0.54
Al(cold worked) 0.15-0.25
Iron 0.05-0.15
0.05%C Steel 0.26
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Necking
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Necking
• Volume is conserved during plastic deformation: AL = A0L0
• Strain hardening compensates for reduction in cross-sectional area.
- Engg. Stress continues to increase with Engg. Strain.
• At a critical point – Decrease in C.S. Area > Increase in deformation
due to strain hardening.
- Deformation gets localized – Non uniform decrease in area
- Stress decreases rapidly than the increase due to strain
hardening
• Considere’s criterion-
- Necking begins when the increase in stress due to decrease in
cross-sectional area is greater than the increase in load bearing
capacity of the specimen due to work hardening.
• dP = 0 = σdA +Adσ ; dσ/σ = -dA/A = dL/L =dε ; dσ/dε = σ
Necking begins at a point where rate of strain hardening is equal to
the stress.
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Strain rate dependence of flow stress
Journal of Materials Processing Technology
Volume 242, April 2017, Pages 246-259
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Temperature dependence of flow stress
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Yield Point
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Yield Criteria
• Metals do not undergo plastic deformation under pure
hydrostatic pressure.
• Only the deviatoric stress σ’ij , which represents the shear
stresses causer plastic flow.
• For an isotropic solid, yield criterion is independent of
choices of coordinate axes.
• Yield criterion is a function of second invariant of
deviatoric stress
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Yield Criteria – von-Mises
• J2 = k2
1
• J2 = [(σ1 - σ2)2 + (σ2 - σ3)2 + (σ3 - σ1)2 ]
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σ0
• =k
3
1
• σ0 = [(σ1 - σ2)2 + (σ2 - σ3)2 + (σ3 - σ1)2]1/2
2
1
• σ0 = [(σx - σy)2 + (σy - σz)2 + (σz - σx)2
2
+6(τ2xy+τ2yz+τ2xz)] ½
• Yielding in uniaxial tension : σ0 = σ1 ; σ2 = σ3 = 0
• In pure shear → σ1 = -σ3 ; σ2 = 0; yelding occurs when
σ21 + σ21 + 4 σ21 = 6k2 i.e, τ = k
• Yield in pure tension is higher → σ0/τ = 3
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Yield criteria
• Henky (1924) showed through energy equivalence that
- Yielding occurs when the distortion energy reaches
a critical value
• Elastic strain energy per unit volume,
1 ν 1 2
U0 = (σ2x +σ2y +σ2z ) – (σxσy + σxσy + σxσy) + (τ xy+ τ2yz+ τ2zx )
2E E 2G
• In terms of principal stresses,
1
U0 = (σ21 +σ22 +σ23 - 2ν (σ1σ2 + σ2σ3 + σ3σ1))
2E
• In terms of invariants of the tress tensors:
1 2
U0 = [ I 1 – I2(1+ν)]
2E
• This is equivalent to Von-Mises criterion.
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Maximum Shear Stress (or) Tresca Criterion
• Yielding occurs when the maximum shear stress reaches the value
of shear yield stress in the uniaxial deformation.
• Maximum shear stress , τmax = (σ1 – σ3)/2
• In uniaxial deformation , τ0 = σ0 /2
• Tresca criterion : (σ1 – σ3) = σ0
• Under pure shear : σ1 = – σ3 = k; σ2 = 0
(σ1 – σ3) = 2k = σ0 → k = σ0 /2
• Predicts the same stress for yielding in uniaxial tension and in pure
shear.
• Doesn’t depend on σ2
• Need to know the σmax & σmin
• Mathematically less complicated than von-mises criterion.
• General form: 4J32 – 27J23 – 36k2J22 + 96k4J2 – 64k6 = 0
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Yield Laws
1
• σ0 = [(σ1 - σ2)2 + (σ2 - σ3)2 + (σ3 - σ1)2]1/2
2
• Von-Mises and Tresca criterion predict the same yield stress
value for uniaxial and biaxial stress states.
• A maximum difference of 15.5% observed for pure shear case.
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