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Types and Functions of Pumps Explained

There are several types of pumps that can be categorized based on their mechanism and application. Positive displacement pumps work by trapping a fixed amount of fluid and forcing it to the discharge point, including rotary pumps like screw and gear pumps as well as reciprocating pumps like piston and plunger pumps. Centrifugal pumps use centrifugal force to propel fluid by spinning an impeller at high speeds. Jet pumps use Bernoulli's principle to transfer energy from a power fluid to a process fluid to increase its velocity and pressure. Air vessels are often installed with reciprocating pumps to ensure continuous, uniform flow and protect pipes from pressure fluctuations during operation.

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Vimal Sudhakaran
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38 views5 pages

Types and Functions of Pumps Explained

There are several types of pumps that can be categorized based on their mechanism and application. Positive displacement pumps work by trapping a fixed amount of fluid and forcing it to the discharge point, including rotary pumps like screw and gear pumps as well as reciprocating pumps like piston and plunger pumps. Centrifugal pumps use centrifugal force to propel fluid by spinning an impeller at high speeds. Jet pumps use Bernoulli's principle to transfer energy from a power fluid to a process fluid to increase its velocity and pressure. Air vessels are often installed with reciprocating pumps to ensure continuous, uniform flow and protect pipes from pressure fluctuations during operation.

Uploaded by

Vimal Sudhakaran
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PUMPS

POSITIVE
DYNAMIC
DISPLACEMENT
PUMPS
PUMPS

CENTRIFUGAL
JET PUMPS ROTARY RECIPROCATING
PUMPS

SCREW PUMP GEAR PUMP PISTON PUMP PLUNGER PUMP

A Pump is a mechanical device, used to move the liquids/gases from one place to another by using
mechanical action. The working principle of the water pump is, it converts the motor's energy from
mechanical to fluid flow.

“Air has a density of about 1.2 g /litre, and water has a density of about 1 kg /litre. Air is therefore about 830
times less dense than water. Because water is denser than air, water exerts more pressure than air does thus
fluid always flows from high pressure to low pressure.”

Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pumps) are a type of velocity pump in which kinetic energy is added to the
fluid by increasing the flow velocity. This increase in energy is converted to a gain in potential energy (pressure)
when the velocity is reduced prior to or as the flow exits the pump into the discharge pipe.

A Positive Displacement pump (PD pump) is a mechanical device which displaces a known quantity of liquid for
every revolution or cycle that the pump completes. The flow rate through a positive displacement pump is directly
proportional to its speed and number of cycles over a given time.
1. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

A centrifugal pump is a mechanical device designed to move a fluid by means of the transfer of rotational energy
from one or more driven rotors, called impellers. Fluid enters the rapidly rotating impeller along its axis and is cast
out by centrifugal force along its circumference through the impeller's vane tips.

2. JET PUMP

Their operation is based on Bernoulli's principle, which states that an increase in the speed of a fluid is
accompanied by a decrease in its pressure. A nozzle in the jet pump converts the pressurized, slow-moving power
fluid pumped down by a surface pump into a fast-moving fluid (the Venturi effect).
3. SCREW PUMP

A screw pump, also known as a water screw, is a positive-displacement (PD) pump that use one or several screws to
move fluid solids or liquids along the screw(s) axis.
4. GEAR PUMP

A gear pump is a type of positive displacement (PD) pump. It moves a fluid by repeatedly enclosing a fixed
volume using interlocking cogs or gears, transferring it mechanically using a cyclic pumping action.

5. PISTON & PLUNGER PUMP

Piston pump by creating pressure by distributing energy into the pumped fluid. This action results in a pressurized
fluid cylinder. Piston pumps are ideal when an application requires higher flow rates of fluid and low pressure,
which can discharge fluid at a high rate with little effort.

A plunger pump is a type of positive displacement pump where the high-pressure seal is stationary and a smooth
cylindrical plunger slides through the seal.
Air vessel in Reciprocating Pumps

An air vessel is basically a closed chamber from its one side which will have compressed air in the top
and water or liquid at the bottom of the chamber. At the base of the chamber, there will be an opening
through which liquid may flow in to the air vessel or out from the air vessel.

Air vessels will be installed at suction side and delivery side of the reciprocating pump. These air vessels
will be installed as close as possible with the cylinder of the reciprocating pump.

Air vessel is installed with reciprocating pump in order to secure the following task.
 To secure the continuous flow of liquid with uniform rate of flow
 To save the suction and discharge pipe
 To save the considerable amount of work in overcoming the frictional resistance in the suction
and delivery pipes
 To run the reciprocating pump at a high speed without separation

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