Post task - Final activity
Individual work
Marco Fernando Rincon
Group 58
Identification number
1017124385
Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia - UNAD
Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2023 16-04
Exercises development
Activity
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the group
number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. An airport uses a radar system to determine the location of airplanes, which emits
a radio frequency signal from CCC MHz. The radar, when scanning, receives a
response signal that takes t=GG μs to return to the station. Determine the
distance to the detected airport.
Figure 1: Radar system.
Consider the electrical characteristics of the air and carry out the following steps:
a. Calculate the Loss Tangent Tan(δ)=σ/ωε.
b. Classify the behavior of the medium.
c. Calculate the propagation parameters of the wave γ,α and β.
d. Calculate the propagation speed of the wave V_p=ω/β.
e. Calculate the distance between the station and the airplane d=V_p*t/2.
Solucion:
𝜎
a. calculate the loss tangent tan(𝛿) = 𝜔𝜖
the frequency 𝑓 (Hz), Already having this frequency we can calculate the
angular frequency 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑥385𝑥106 𝐻𝑧
𝜔 = 2.42𝑥109 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
Then we have to calculate tan(𝛿) and that is why we use the electrical
characteristics of the medium; we see that we are missing the values of 𝜖 and
𝜎, we have to use the values that correspond to air.
We have that the permittivity of air is
8.85𝑥10−12 𝐹/𝑚
We will assume that 𝜎 = 0.1 𝑆/𝑚 y 𝜖 = 8.85𝑥10−12 𝐹/𝑚
𝜎
b. tan(𝛿) = 𝜔𝜖
0.1
tan(𝛿) =
2.42𝑥109 𝑥 8.85𝑥10−12
tan(𝛿) = 4.52𝑥10−13
We can say that the medium is good since we find that the tan(𝛿) It is low
and the lower it is the better to fly.
- Consideration of the environment
if tan(𝛿) she is very short (0.01) they have a good environment.
if tan(𝛿) is among the 0.01 y 0.1 we have a rather reasonable means.
if tan(𝛿) is greater than 0.1 we can consider that the environment is bad.
C. Wave Propagation
For a dielectric medium, the propagation parameters are calculated as
follows:
𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽
we have to
𝛼= attenuation constant
𝛽= phase constant.
tan(𝛿)
𝛼=
2
4.52x10−13
𝛼=
2
𝛼 = 2.26𝑥10−13
𝜔
𝛽=
𝑣
𝜔
𝑣 is the speed of wave propagation, we use the relationship 𝑉𝑝 = 𝛽
and thus calculate v
𝜔
𝑉𝑝 =
𝛽
𝜔
𝑣=
𝑉𝑝
Since we do not have the value of the speed, the speed of light in a vacuum
will be used.
𝑉𝑝 = 3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
2.42𝑥109
𝑣=
3𝑥108
𝑣 = 8.07 𝑚/𝑠
now we can calculate 𝛽
𝜔
𝛽=
𝑣
2.42𝑥109
𝛽=
8.07
𝛽 = 3𝑥108 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
D. calculate the distance
𝑉𝑝∗𝑡
𝑑=
2
3𝑥10 𝑥 58𝑥10−6
8
𝑑=
2
𝑑 = 8.7 𝑘𝑚
2. From an airplane, which is ℎ1 = 1 𝑘𝑚 high, a communication signal 𝑓 = 385 𝑀𝐻𝑧
is emitted to a submarine that is ℎ2 = 500 𝑚 deep, the angle of incidence of the
58
signal on the sea surface is 𝑎 = (2 + )°. Determine the time it takes for the signal
2
to reach the submarine. Note that 𝐶𝑜 = 3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠.
Figure 2: wave propagation in bounded open media.
For development, follow the following steps:
a. Calculate the distance 𝑑1 . (𝑑1 = ℎ1 /𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑎)).
ℎ1
𝑑1 =
𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑎)
1 𝑘𝑚
𝑑1 =
2 + 58
𝑠𝑒𝑛( 2 )
1 𝑘𝑚
𝑑1 =
𝑠𝑒𝑛(30)
𝑑1 = 2 𝑘𝑚
b. Using Snell's Law, calculate the angle of refraction 𝑏. (𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑆𝑒𝑛(90° − 𝑎) = 𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑏))
Taking into account that 𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 = 1 approximately and the refractive index of water,
which is about 𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑟 =1.33
𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛(90 − 𝑎) = 𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑏)
we have to
𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 = 1
𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑟 = 1.33
𝑠𝑒𝑛(60) = 1.33 sin 𝑏
𝑠𝑒𝑛(60)
𝑏 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 ( )
1.33
𝑏 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 (0.65)
𝑏 = 40.54º
c. Calculate the distance 𝑑2 . (𝑑2 = ℎ2 /𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏))
ℎ2
𝑑2 =
cos(𝑏)
0.5 𝑘𝑚
𝑑2 =
cos(40.54)
𝑑2 = 0.65 𝑘𝑚
d. Calculate the propagation speed of the wave 𝑉𝑝2 at sea. (𝑉𝑝2 = 𝐶𝑜/𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑎 ), where
𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑎 is the “refractive index” of air and Co is the speed of light in a vacuum.
𝐶0
𝑉𝑝2 =
𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑢𝑎
3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑝2 =
1.33
𝑉𝑝2 = 2.26𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
e. Based on 𝑉𝑝1 and 𝑑1 determine the time 𝑡1 of the first path (𝑡1 = 𝑑1 /𝑉𝑝1 ). (take
𝑉𝑝 from exercise 1, 𝑉𝑝1 = 𝑉𝑝 ).
𝑑1
𝑡1 =
𝑉𝑝1
2 𝑘𝑚
𝑡1 =
3𝑥108
𝑡1 = 6.67𝑥10−6 𝑠
f. Based on 𝑉𝑝2 and 𝑑2 determine the time 𝑡2 of the second path (𝑡2 = 𝑑2 /𝑉𝑝2).
𝑑2
𝑡2 =
𝑉𝑝2
0.65 𝑘𝑚
𝑡2 =
2.26𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡2 = 2.87𝑥10−8 𝑠
g. Calculate the total time of the route 𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 .
𝑡2 = 28.7𝑥10−8 𝑠
𝑡 = 6.67𝑥10−6 + 2.87𝑥10−8
𝑡 = 6.69𝑥10−5 𝑠
the total time of the trip t=6.69 ∗ 10−5 s
3. A lossless transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 𝑍0 = 75Ω, a length
58
of 𝐿 = (2 + )𝑚 and is excited by a signal of 𝑓 = 385 𝑀𝐻𝑧. The line is connected
2
to an antenna with load impedance 𝑍𝐿 = (45 + 𝑗35)Ω. Considering that 𝑉𝑝 =
1𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠, calculate:
a. Wavelength 𝜆.
𝑉𝑝
𝜆=
𝑓
1𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
𝜆=
385𝑥106 𝐻𝑧
𝜆 = 0.259 𝑚
b. Electrical length ℓ.
𝐿
ℓ=
𝜆
58
) (2 +
ℓ= 2
0.259
ℓ = 44.398 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎
c. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
2𝜋
where we have to 𝛽 = 𝜆 the values are taken from ℓ y 𝜆 already calculated
2𝜋
𝛽=
𝜆
2𝜋
𝛽=
0.259
𝛽 = 24.25
cos(𝛽ℓ) + 𝑗 ∗ 𝑍0 ∗ sin(𝛽ℓ)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
𝑍0 ∗ cos(𝛽ℓ) + 𝑗 ∗ sin(𝛽ℓ)
cos(2𝜋 ∗ 44.398) + 𝑗 ∗ 75 ∗ sin(2𝜋 ∗ 44.398)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 75 ∗
75 ∗ cos(2𝜋 ∗ 44.398) + 𝑗 ∗ sin(2𝜋 ∗ 44.398)
75 ∗ (−0.8015 + 𝑗 ∗ 75 ∗ 0.5979
𝑍𝑖𝑛 =
75 ∗ (−0.8015) + 𝑗 ∗ 0.5979
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 5625
d. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).
Γ=Zin+Z0Zin−Z0
Using the values of Zin y Z0
Γ = 5625 + 75 ∗ 5625 − 75
Γ = 427425
e. VSWR.
1 + |Γ|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
1 − |Γ|
1 + |427425|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
1 − |427425|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 1
f. Check the results c, d and e with the Smith 4.1 software.
Figure 3: Transmission line.
Certificate and summary
Certificate:
summaries:
References
Quesada-Pérez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014). From Maxwell's
Equations to Free and Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction
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[Link]
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host-live
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[Link]/[Link]?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=345692&lang=es&site
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