CHAPTER 1 ALGEBRA

EXERCISE 1 Page 4

1. Evaluate 2ab + 3bc - abc when a = 2, b = - 2 and c = 4

When a = 2, b = - 2 and c = 4, 2ab + 3bc - abc = 2(2)(- 2) + 3(- 2)(4) – (2)(- 2)(4)

= - 8 – 24 + 16 = - 16

2. Find the value of 5pq r when p = , q = - 2 and r = - 1

When p = , q = - 2 and r = - 1, 5pq r =

= (2)(4)(- 1) = - 8

3. From 4x - 3y + 2z subtract x + 2y - 3z

(4x - 3y + 2z) – ( x + 2y - 3z) = 4x – 3y + 2z – x – 2y + 3z

= 3x – 5y + 5z

4. Multiply 2a - 5b + c by 3a + b

(3a + b)(2a - 5b + c) =

5. Simplify (x y z)(x yz ) and evaluate when x = , y = 2 and z = 3

= =

When x = , y = 2 and z = 3, = 13

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6. Evaluate (a bc )(a b c) when a = 3, b = 4 and c = 2

When a = 3, b = 4 and c = 2, ±4

7. Simplify

The highest common factor of the three terms involved is . Dividing each term by this gives:

= by cancelling

8. Simplify

= or

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EXERCISE 2 Page 5

1. Simplify 2(p + 3q - r) - 4(r - q + 2p) + p

2(p + 3q - r) - 4(r - q + 2p) + p = 2p + 6q – 2r – 4r + 4q – 8p + p

= - 5p + 10q – 6r

2. Expand and simplify (x + y)(x - 2y)

(x + y)(x - 2y) = =

3. Remove the brackets and simplify:

24 p - [2{3(5p - q) - 2(p + 2q)} + 3q]

= = 24p – 26p + 11q

= 11q – 2p

4. Factorise 21a - 28ab

21a2b2 - 28ab =

5. Factorise 2xy + 6x y + 8x

2xy2 + 6x2y + 8x3y =

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6. Simplify 2y + 4  6y + 3  4 - 5y

2y + 4  6y + 3  4 - 5y = 2y + + 3  4 - 5y

= 2y + + 12 - 5y

= + 12 - 3y

7. Simplify 3  y + 2  y - 1

3y+2y–1= =

8. Simplify a - 3ab  2a  6b + ab

a - 3ab  2a  6b + ab = a - 3ab  + ab

=a - + ab

= a - a + ab

= ab

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EXERCISE 3 Page 7

1. Solve the equation: 3x - 2 - 5x = 2x - 4

Since 3x - 2 - 5x = 2x – 4 then 4 – 2 = 2x - 3x + 5x

i.e. 2 = 4x from which, x = =

2. Solve the equation: 8 + 4(x - 1) - 5(x - 3) = 2(5 - 2x)

Since 8 + 4(x - 1) - 5(x - 3) = 2(5 - 2x)

then 8 + 4x – 4 – 5x + 15 = 10 – 4x

i.e. 4x – 5x + 4x = 10 – 8 + 4 – 15

i.e. 3x = - 9

from which, x= =-3

3. Solve the equation: + =0 -

Since + =0 then =-

Hence, 5a + 3 = - (3a – 2)

i.e. 5a + 3 = - 3a + 2

and 5a + 3a = 2 – 3

i.e. 8a = - 1

from which. a=

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4. Solve the equation: =-6

Multiplying each term by gives:

i.e.

i.e.

and 6=

i.e. 6=

Dividing both sides by 3 gives: 2=

Squaring both sides gives: 4=x or x=4

5. Transpose y = for f

Since y = then AL = 3(F – f)

i.e. yL = 3F – 3f

and 3f = 3F – yL

from which, f=

Since then f = may also be written as f = F -

6. Make l the subject of t = 2

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Dividing both sides of t = by 2 gives:

Squaring both sides gives: or

Multiplying both sides by g gives: = or =

7. Transpose m = for L

Multiplying both sides of by (L + rCR) gives: m(L + rCR) = L

Removing brackets gives: mL + mrCR = L

and rearranging gives: mrCR = L - mL

Factorising gives: mrCR = L( - m)

Dividing both sides by ( - m) gives: L=

8. Make r the subject of the formula =

Rearranging by ‘cross-multiplying’ gives:

Removing brackets gives:

and rearranging gives: or

Factorising gives:

Dividing both sides by (x + y) gives:

Taking the square root of both sides gives: r=

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9. Young’s modulus, E = and

For a 50 mm length of a steel bolt under tensile stress, its length increases by . If

E= , calculate the stress.

Since Young’s modulus, E = then stress, σ = strain, σ × Young’s modulus, E

i.e. stress = =

10. The mass moment of inertia through the centre of gravity for a compound pendulum, I , is

given by: I = m k . The value of the radius of gyration about G, k , may be determined

from the frequency, f, of a compound pendulum, given by: f =

Given that the distance h = 50 mm, g = 9.81 and the frequency of oscillation,

f = 1.26 Hz, calculate the mass moment of inertia I when m = 10.5 kg.

Frequency, f=

i.e. 1.26 =

i.e.

from which, = 0.007826

k = 0.007826 – 0.0025 = 0.005326

The mass moment of inertia about the centre of gravity,

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 I =mk = 10.5 kg  0.005326 m

i.e. I = 0.0559 kg m

EXERCISE 4 Page 8

1. Solve the simultaneous equations: 8x - 3y = 51

3x + 4y = 14

8x – 3y = 51 (1)
3x + 4y = 14 (2)

4 × (1) gives: 32x – 12y = 204 (3)

3 × (2) gives: 9x + 12y = 42 (4)

(3) + (4) gives: 41x = 246 from which, x= =6

From (1): 48 – 3y = 51

i.e. 48 - 51 = 3y

i.e. – 3 = 3y from which, y= =-1

2. Solve the simultaneous equations: 5a = 1 - 3b

2b + a + 4 = 0

Rearranging gives: 5a + 3b = 1 (1)

a + 2b = -4 (2)

5  equation (2) gives: 5a + 10b = -20 (3)

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(3) - (1) gives: 7b = -21 from which, b= =-3

Substituting in (1) gives: 5a - 9 = 1 i.e. 5a = 10 and a= =2

3. Solve the simultaneous equations: + =

- + =0

Rearranging gives: i.e. 3x + 10y = 49 (1)

and i.e. 6x - 7y = -10 (2)

2  equation (1) gives: 6x + 20y = 98 (3)

(3) - (2) gives: 27y = 108 from which, y = =4

Substituting in (1) gives: 3x + 40 = 49 i.e. 3x = 49 - 40 = 9 and x= =3

4. In an engineering scenario involving reciprocal motion, the following simultaneous equations

resulted: and
Calculate the value of radius r and angular velocity ω, each correct to 3 significant figures.

(1)

(2)

Diving equation (1) by equation (2) gives:

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i.e.

Squaring both sides gives:

from which,

i.e.

Rearranging gives:

i.e.

from which,

and = 0.25757

Substituting back into equation (1) gives:

and = 32.274
Hence, correct to 3 significant figures, radius, r = 0.258 and angular velocity, ω = 32.3

5. Solve the following quadratic equations by factorisation:

(a) x + 4x - 32 = 0 (b) 8x + 2x - 15 = 0

(a) Since then (x – 4)(x + 8) = 0

from which, x–4=0 i.e. x=4

and x+8=0 i.e. x = -8

Hence, if then x = 4 and x = - 8

(b) Since then (4x - 5)(2x + 3) = 0

from which, 4x - 5 = 0 i.e. 4x = 5 and x=

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 and 2x + 3 = 0 i.e. 2x = -3 and x=

6. Determine the quadratic equation in x whose roots are 2 and - 5

If the roots are 2 and - 5 then: (x – 2)( x + 5) = 0

i.e.

i.e.

7. Solve the following quadratic equations, correct to 3 decimal places

(a) 2x + 5x - 4 = 0 (b) 4t - 11t + 3 = 0

(a) If then x=

= or
= 0.637 or - 3.137, correct to 3 decimal
places.

(b) If 4t - 11t + 3 = 0 then x=

= or
= 2.443 or 0.307, correct to 3 decimal
places.

8. A point of contraflexure from the left-hand end of a 6 m beam is given by the value of x in the

following equation:

Determine the point of contraflexure.

Since

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using the quadratic formula gives:

= 2.602 or 8.648

Since the latter answer is not possible (since the beam is only 6 m long),

then the point of contraflexure, x = 2.602 m

9. The vertical height, h, and the horizontal distance travelled, x, of a projectile fired at an angle of

45° at an initial velocity, , are related by the equation:

If the projectile has an initial velocity of 120 m/s, calculate the values of x when the projectile

is at a height of 200 m, assuming that g = 9.81 . Give the answers correct to 3 significant
figures.

If and = 120 m/s, h = 200 m and g = 9.81

then

from which,

Rearranging gives:

Solving using the quadratic formula gives:

i.e. the horizontal distance travelled, x = 1229 m or 238.9 m

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EXERCISE 5 Page 11

1. Divide (2x2 + xy - y2) by (x + y)

2x - y

- xy -

Hence, = 2x - y

2. Divide (3x2 + 5x - 2) by (x + 2)

3x - 1

-x -2

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 Hence, = 3x - 1

3. Determine (10x2 + 11x - 6)  (2x + 3)

5x - 2

- 4x - 6
- 4x - 6

Hence, = 5x – 2

4. Find

7x + 1

2x - 3
2x - 3

Hence, = 7x + 1

5. Divide (x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3) by (x + y)

Hence, =

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6. Find (5x2 - x + 4)  (x - 1)

5x + 4

4x + 4
4x - 4
8

Hence, = 5x + 4 +

7. Divide 3x3 + 2x2 - 5x + 4) by (x + 2)

- 5x

3x + 4
3x + 6
-2

Hence, =

8. Determine (5x4 + 3x3 - 2x + l)/(x - 3)

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 160x + 1
160x - 480
481

Hence, =

EXERCISE 6 Page 13

1. Use the factor theorem to factorise: x2 + 2x - 3

Let f(x) = x2 + 2x - 3

If x = 1, f(x) = 1 + 2 – 3 = 0 hence, (x – 1) is a factor

x = 2, f(x) = 4 + 4 – 3 = 5

x = 3, f(x) = 9 + 6 – 3 = 12

x = - 1, f(x) = 1 - 2 – 3 = -4

x = - 2, f(x) = 4 - 4 - 3 = - 3

x = - 3, f(x) = 9 - 6 - 3 = 0 hence, (x + 3) is a factor

Thus, x2 + 2x - 3 = (x - 1)(x + 3)

2. Use the factor theorem to factorise: x3 + x2 - 4x - 4

Let f(x) =

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If x = 1, f(x) = 1 + 1 – 4 – 4 = - 6

x = 2, f(x) = 8 + 4 – 8 – 4 = 0 hence, (x – 2) is a factor

x = 3, f(x) = 27 + 9 – 12 – 4 = 20

x = -1, f(x) = -1 + 1 + 4 – 4 = 0 hence, (x + 1) is a factor

x = -2, f(x) = -8 + 4 + 8 – 4 = 0 hence, (x + 2) is a factor

Thus, = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x – 2)

3. Use the factor theorem to factorise: 2x3 + 5x2 - 4x - 7

Let f(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 - 4x - 7

If x = 1, f(x) = 2 + 5 – 4 – 7 = - 4

x = 2, f(x) = 16 + 20 – 8 – 7 = 21

x = 3, f(x) = 45 + 12 – 7 = 50

x = - 1, f(x) = - 2 + 5 + 4 – 7 = 0 hence, (x + 1) is a factor

x = - 2, f(x) = - 16 + 20 + 8 – 7 = 5

x = - 3, f(x) = - 54 + 45 + 12 – 7 = - 4

Since the first term dominates, there are no further factors.

- 4x

- 7x - 7
- 7x - 7

Thus, 2x3 + 5x2 - 4x - 7 = (x + 1)

4. Use the factor theorem to factorise: 2x - x2 - 16x + 15

Let f(x) =

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If x = 1, f(x) = 2 – 1 – 16 + 15 = 0 hence, (x – 1) is a factor

x = 2, f(x) = 16 – 4 – 32 +15 = -5

x = 3, f(x) = 54 – 9 – 48 + 15 = 12

x = -1, f(x) = – 1 – 1 + 16 + 15 = 29

x = -2, f(x) = -16 – 4 + 32 + 15 = 27

x = -3, f(x) = -54 – 9 + 48 + 15 = 0 hence, (x + 3) is a factor

2x - 5

Hence, = (x – 1)(x + 3)(2x – 5)

5. Use the factor theorem to factorise x3 + 4x2 + x - 6 and hence solve the cubic equation
x3 + 4x2 - x - 6 = 0

Let f(x) = x3 + 4x2 - x - 6

If x = 1, f(x) = 1 + 4 + 1 – 6 = 0 hence, (x - 1) is a factor

x = 2, f(x) = 8 + 16 – 2 – 6 = 16

x = -1, f(x) = - 1 + 4 - 1 – 6 = - 4

x = -2, f(x) = - 8 + 16 - 2 – 6 = 0 hence, (x + 2) is a factor

x = -3, f(x) = - 27 + 36 - 3 – 6 = 0 hence, (x + 3) is a factor

Thus, x3 + 4x2 + x - 6 = (x - 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)

If x3 + 4x2 - x - 6 = 0 then (x - 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0

from which, x = 1, x = - 2 or x = - 3

6. Solve the equation: x3 - 2x2 - x + 2 = 0

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Let f(x) =

If x = 1, f(x) = 1 – 2 – 1 + 2 = 0 hence, (x – 1) is a factor

x = 2, f(x) = 8 – 8 – 2 + 2 = 0 hence, (x – 2) is a factor

x = 3, f(x) = 27 – 18 – 3 + 2 = 8

x = -1, f(x) = -1 – 2 + 1 + 2 = 0 hence, (x + 1) is a factor

Hence, = (x – 1)(x – 2)(x + 1)

If then (x – 1)(x – 2)(x + 1) = 0

from which, x = 1, x = 2, or x = - 1

EXERCISE 7 Page 14

1. Find the remainder when 3x2 - 4x + 2 is divided by

(a) (x - 2) (b) (x + 1)

(a) Remainder is where a = 3, b = - 4, c = 2 and p = 2

i.e. the remainder is: = 12 – 8 + 2 = 6

(b) Remainder is where a = 3, b = - 4, c = 2 and p = -1

i.e. the remainder is: =3+4+2=9

2. Determine the remainder when x3 - 6x2 + x - 5 is divided by

(a) (x + 2) (b) (x - 3)

(a) Remainder is where a = 1, b = - 6, c = 1, d = - 5 and p = - 2

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 Hence, remainder = = - 8 – 24 – 2 – 5 = - 39

(b) When p = 3, remainder = = 27 – 54 + 3 – 5 = - 29

3. Use the remainder theorem to find the factors of x3 - 6x2 + 11x - 6

Remainder is where a = 1, b = - 6, c = 11, d = - 5 and p = a, say

If a value for p is chosen which makes the remainder zero, then a factor (x – a) would exist.

If p = 1, then remainder = = 1 – 6 + 11 – 6 = 0; hence, (x – 1) is a factor

If p = 2, then remainder = = 8 – 24 + 22 – 6 = 0; hence, (x – 2) is a factor

If p = 3, then remainder = = 27 – 54 + 33 – 6 = 0; hence, (x – 3) is a factor

Hence, x3 - 6x2 + 11x – 6 = (x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 3)

4. Determine the factors of x3 + 7x2 + 14x + 8 and hence solve the cubic

equation x3 + 7x2 + 14x + 8 = 0

Remainder is where a = 1, b = 7, c = 14, d = 8

Let p = 1, then remainder = = 30

Let p = - 1, then remainder = = - 1 + 7 – 14 + 8 = 0, hence (x + 1) is a

factor

Let p = - 2, then remainder = = - 8 + 28 – 28 + 8 = 0, hence (x + 2) is a

factor

Let p = - 3, then remainder = = - 27 + 63 – 42 + 8 = 2

Let p = - 4, then remainder = = - 64 + 112 – 56 + 8 = 0, hence (x + 4) is

a factor

Hence, = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 4)

If then (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 4) = 0

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from which, x = - 1, x = - 2 or x = - 4

5. Determine the value of 'a' if (x + 2) is a factor of (x3 - ax2 + 7x + 10)

If (x + 2) is a factor then x = - 2

Hence, (- 2)3 - a(- 2)2 + 7(- 2) + 10 = 0

i.e. - 8 - 4a – 14 + 10 = 0

from which, - 8 – 14 + 10 = 4a

i.e. 4a = - 12

and a = - 12/4 = - 3

6. Using the remainder theorem, solve the equation 2x3 - x2 - 7x + 6 = 0

Remainder is where a = 2, b = -1, c = -7, d = 6

Let p = 1, then remainder = = 2 - 1 – 7 + 6 = 0, hence (x - 1) is a

factor

Let p = 2, then remainder = = 16 - 4 – 14 + 6 = 4

Let p = -1, then remainder = = -2 - 1 + 7 + 6 = 10

Let p = -2, then remainder = = -16 - 4 + 14 + 6 = 0, hence (x + 2)

is a factor

Let p = -3, then remainder = = -54 - 9 + 21 + 6 = -36

The third root can be found by division, i.e.

2x - 3

Hence, = (x – 1)(x + 2)(2x – 3)

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If then (x – 1)(x + 2)(2x – 3) = 0

from which, x = 1, x = - 2 or x = 1.5

Exercise 8 (page 15)

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (a)

14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (b) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (b)

26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (d)

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