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Revision No. 1 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

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Lesson 1

Learning Module 1.1 Drills and Ceremonies (6 hours)

Competence, Course Outcomes, and Learning Outcomes

Competence:

Provides guidance for uniformity in the conduct of drill and ceremonies

Course Outcome/s:

Provide certain drill movements by which unit or individual are moved in an orderly,
uniform manner from one position to another.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Discuss what drill and ceremonies are.

2. Demonstrate the movement and rules in giving commands.
3. Identify the progress made by individuals and units in precise and unified action in
the drill.
4. Demonstrate the movements in normal cadence, and each movement or action by
the individual is executed as it is orally described.

Overview

DRILL – Consists of certain movements by which the squad, platoon, company, or

battalion is moved in an orderly manner from one formation to another or from one place
to another or both. These movements are executed with smartness, order, and precision.
Each individual in the squad, platoon, or company does his part exactly as he is supposed
to do.

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The primary purpose of the drill is to teach a

precise and orderly way of doing things. As
DRILL increases skills and coordination, it
accustoms a soldier to group response to
commands and promotes teamwork. He needs
to know and understand the drill; otherwise, its
value is lost. Remember, DRILL is conducted
with precision; hence perfection is the only
acceptable standard. DRILL periods are
frequent and of short duration.

CEREMONIES – Consists of
formation and movements in
which large numbers of troops
take part. The troops execute
movements together at a
single command. This,
therefore, requires unified
action – teamwork

The Colors, the standards, and the basic martial ceremony both pride themselves and
their organization. This pride finds expression in the perfect responses to commands.

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Discussion

1. COMMANDS AND THE COMMAND VOICE

A drill command is an oral order of a commander or leader. The precision with which a
movement is affected by how the command is given.

TWO TYPES OF COMMAND

1. Preparatory Command- states the movement to be carried out and mentally prepares
the individual/cadet for its execution. In the command Forward, March, the preparatory
command is “FORWARD.” Pasulong kad, the preparatory command is “PASULONG.”

2. Command of Execution – tells when the movements to be carried out. Forward,

March, the command of execution is “March.” Pasulong kad, the command of execution,
is “KAD.”

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THE COMMAND VOICE

- Good command voice is necessary to carry out movements of command with precision.
Command voice must be distinct and loud enough to be heard by all receiving the
command.

- It should be given in a correct inflection to arouse warning and proper timing to enable the
troops to prepare for the movement they are to do.

VOICE CONTROL

A. Loudness – a command should be loud enough to be heard and understood by

all receiving or executing the command.
B. Volume – volume is the best attained by the good posture of the body, ease, proper
breathing, and correct timing in giving the commands.
C. Diaphragm – use the diaphragm in giving commands.
D. Distinctness – Distinct commands should be given to ensure correct execution. To
ensure a specific command, pronounce and enunciate the words correctly.
E. Inflection – is the change and variation of voice volume. It is necessary to the
command voice because it avoids monotony and encourages snap and precision in the
command's execution.
F. Cadence – the uniformed and timed flow of words in giving the commands and the
correct timing of marching steps.

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COMBINED COMMANDS
In some commands, the preparatory command and the command of execution are
combined, for example, Humanay (Fall in), Paluwag (at Ease) Lumansag (Dismiss). The
commands are given without inflection and at a uniform high pitch and loudness comparable
to that of a normal command of execution.

SUPPLEMENTARY COMMANDS
They are verbal orders given by subordinate leaders to reinforce and complement the
commander's orders. Additional command and maybe a preparatory command, a portion a
per-command, or a two-part command of execution. It is used when a command requires a
unit's element to execute a movement different from other elements within the same
foundation.

MASS COMMANDS
Mass commands may be used to develop confidence and promote enthusiasm. When the
commanders want the units to use mass commands, they command “sa aking Pag-utos (at
my command). The commanders give preparatory commands describing the movements to
be performed. For example, face the platoon to the right. The command of execution is Rap
(command); when the command orders Harap sa Kanan, Rap (command), all the unit
personnel execute the command Harap sa Kanan (Right face) in unison.

DIRECTIVES
Are described as all verbal orders given by the commanders who direct or cause
subordinates to take action. The commanders give directions rather than commands when it
is more appropriate for subordinates to execute or perform a task as independent elements
of the same formation. Directives are given in sentence form and are normally prefixed by
the examples of the terms “Itanghal ang sandata.”

ENGLISH VERSION TO FILIPINO VERSION

The AFP commands were derived from the English version and subsequently translated to
the Filipino version. This attempt to localize the English version has brought about varied
interpretations as to the preciseness of the term being used.

To provide uniformity, simplicity, and preciseness and suit the Filipino commands in voice
control, distinctiveness, inflection, and cadence, the following guidelines are set forth as a
rule.

In general, the word NA is used to signal the command of execution except the following...

A.) TA (Abbreviated SANDATA)

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B.) KAD (Abbreviated LAKAD)

C.) TO (Abbreviated HINTO)

D.) DA (Abbreviated HUMANDA)

E.) NGA (Abbreviated PAHINGA)

F.) RAP (Abbreviated HARAP)

COMMANDS

Position of Attention/Katayuan sa Pagtindig

Attention – Humanda
Fall in Line – Humanay
At close interval, Fall in – Masinsing Pagitan, Humanay
Assemble – Magtipon
As you were – Manumbalik

Rest at Halt/Pahinga Nakahinto

Parade, Rest – Tikas, Pahinga

Stand at Ease – Tindig, Paluwag
At Ease – Paluwag
Rest – Pahinga
Fall Out – Tiwalag
Dismissed – Lumansag

Facing at Halt/Pagharap kung Nakahinto

Right, Face – Harap sa Kanan, Rap

Left, Face – Harap sa Kaliwa, Rap

About, Face – Harap sa Likod, Rap

Left half, Face – Harap hating kaliwa, Rap
Right half, Face – Harap hating Kanan, Rap

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Center, Face – Harap sa gitna, Rap

Salutes/Pagpugay

Hand salute – Pugay kamay, Na

Ready, Front – Ibaba Kamay, Na
Eyes Right – Tingin sa Kanan, Na

Cover/Uncover

Headgear, Off – Alis kupya, Na

Headgear, On – Balik Kupya, Na

Steps and Marching/Hakbang at Lakad

Forward, March – Pasulong, Kad

Platoon, Halt – Pulutong, To
Squad, Halt – Tilap, To
Company, Halt – Balangay, To
Battalion, Halt – Talupad, To
Section, Halt – Pangkat, To
Mark time, March – Patakda, Kad
Halt step, March – Hating hakbang, Kad
Double time, March – Takbong hakbang, Kad
Right step, March – Hakbang Pakanan, Kad

Left step, March – Hakbang Pakaliwa, Kad

Backward, March – Paurong, Kad
Rear, March – Pabalik, kad
Counter Column, March – Balik Tudling, Kad
Change step, March – Palit hakbang, Kad
Column right, March – Liko sa kanan, Kad

Column left, March – Liko sa kaliwa, Kad

Column halt left, March – Liko hating kaliwa, Kad

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Column halt right, March Liko hating kanan, Kad
Right flank, March – Kanang panig, Kad
Left flank, March – Kaliwang panig, Kad
Right oblique, March – Hilis pakanan, Kad
Left oblique, March – Hilis pakaliwa, Kad

Aligmnet/Malapitang Pagsasanay

Dress right, dress – Tunton sa kanan, Na

Dress Left, dress – Tunton sa kaliwa, Na
Ready, Front – Handa, Kap
Cover up – Tunton, Na
Double interval dress right, Dress – I bayong dalang tunton sa kanan, Na
At close interval dress right, Dress – Masinsing pagitan tunton sa Kanan, Na

Accounting of Men/Pagbilang ng kawal

Count, off – Isahang bilang, Na

Call, off – Tuluyang bilang, Na
By the numbers – Sabay sa bilang, Na
In place double time, March – Sa lunan takbong hakbang, Kad

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POSITION OF ATTENTION
A. In coming to attention, bring your heels together smartly
on the same line.
B. Turn your feet out equally, forming an angle of 45
degrees.
C. Keep your knees straight without stiffness.
D. Hold your hips level, your body erect, your chest lifted
and arched, your shoulders square and even.
E. Let your arms hang straight down without stiffens thumbs
along the seams of your trousers.
F. Keep your head erect and squarely to the front; your chin
is drawn in so that the axis of your head and neck is
vertical. Look straight to the front.
G. Rest the weight of your body equally on the heels and the
balls of your feet.
H. Remain silent and do not move unless otherwise directed.

REST POSITION AT THE HALT

1) Parade Rest (Tikas, Pahinga)

The preparatory command “Parade” is given

when the individual/cadet is in the position of
attention; at the command of execution “Rest,”
the cadet makes a side step to the left 12 inches
away from the right foot, and at the same time
the left-hand grasps the right hand at the back
just below the belt. The hands are extended and
joined. The right hand is on top of the left hand.
The cadet looks straight to the front, maintaining
the erectness of his body.

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2.) Stand at Ease (Tindig, Paluwag)

The command is Stand at Ease. On the command Stand at Ease, execute parade rest, but
turn the head and eyes directly towards the person in charge of the formation.

3) At Ease (Paluwag)

The command for this movement is At Ease. On the command At Ease, the cadet may
move. However, he remains in the formation keeps his right foot in place. He can move
but cannot talk.

4) Rest (Pahinga)

The command for this movement is rest. The individual/cadet may move or talk on the
command rest, keeping his right foot in place unless otherwise directed. At Ease may be
executed from this position.

5) Fall out (Tiwalag)

At the command Fall Out. The cadet executes about-face and moves out of the
formation but remain in the immediate vicinity to resume formation at the command Fall
In.

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6) Dismiss (Lumansag)

The troops shall execute about-face at the command Dismiss and leave the immediate
vicinity unless instructed otherwise.

FACINGS AT THE HALT

1) Facing the flank is a two-count movement. The command is “Right, Face (Harap sa
kanan, Rap/Harap sa Kaliwa, Rap). On the command of execution, Face (Rap) slightly
raises the right heel and left toe and turns 90 degrees to the right on the right heel,
assisted by slight pressure on the right foot's ball. Keep the left leg straight without
stiffness and allow the left leg to bend naturally. On the second count, place the left foot
beside the right foot, resuming attention. Arms remain at the sides, as in the position of
attention throughout this movement.

2) Facing to the rear is a two-count movement. The command is “About, face (Harap sa
likod, Rap). On the command of execution face (Rap), move the toe of the right foot to a
point touching the march faces about a half foot's length to the rear and slightly to the
left heel. On the second count, turn to the right 180 degrees on the right foot, resuming
attention. Arms remain at the sides, as in the position of attention, throughout this
movement.

HAND SALUTE

The hand salute is a one-count movement.

The command is Hand Salute (Pugay kamay,
Na). On the command of execution salute,
raise the right hand smartly, finger and
thumb extend and joined, palm facing down,
and place the tip of the right forefinger on
the rim of the visor slightly to the right of the
right eye.

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The hand and wrist should be straight, the

elbow inclined slightly forward, and the
upper arm horizontal to the ground with your
forearm inclined 45 degrees.

Order Arms or resume the position of

attention. The command is Ready, Front
(Baba kamay, Na). On the command of
execution, front, return the hand smartly to
the sides, resuming the position of attention.

SALUTING GUIDELINES

1. a junior officer always renders it to a higher-ranking officer as a form of greeting and

respect. It is normally accompanied by a respectful greeting, “Good Morning Sir/Ma‟am.”

2. When covered, it is executed with the right palm flat, fingers together, and raised to the
forehead with the tip of the forefingers touching the tip of the headgear.

3. When uncovered, it is executed in the same manner but with the forefinger's tip touching
the right eyebrow's tip.

4. The person should stand in attention, saluting arm at 90 degrees, and the feet are at 45
degrees. Distance should be at least six (6) paces away.

5. The nearest point of approach is more or less six paces.

6. Always wait for the salute to be acknowledged before putting down the hand.

7. while on the move and have no intention to engage the senior officer in a conversation,
you may salute while maintaining motion and put down the saluting arm when you are three
paces away from the officer.

8. When faced with a cluster, render your salute to the highest-ranking officer in the group.

9. Salute the same officer only once when no conversation takes place.

10. In case of doubt, the salute is rendered due to the absence of specific instructions.

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WHEN NOT TO SALUTE

 While at work
 When carrying articles with both hands
 When riding in fast-moving vehicles
 While running
 When not in uniform
 Salute is not rendered in a public conveyance

SALUTE TO THE NATIONAL FLAG

When in your uniform, when the national anthem is played and hold your salute until the
anthem ends; until the flag is hosted/lowered; until it has passed you during the pass in
review

DRILL TERMS

Alignment - A straight line upon which several elements or teams are formed; or several
elements' dressing upon a straight line.
Base - The elements on which a movement is regulated.
Cadence - The constant rhythm by which a movement is executed or the number of
steps or counts per munites of which a movement is executed.
Centers - the middle point or element of a command.
Columns - A formation in which the elements are placed one behind another.
Depth - The space from front to the rear of any formations or position, including the
front and rear elements.
Double time - Cadence at a rate of 180 steps per minute.
Echelon - One of a series of elements formed one behind another.
Elements - An individual, squad, platoon, company, or a larger body, performing part of
a larger body.
File - Two men, the front-rank man and the corresponding man of the rear rank.
Flank - The right or left extremity of a unit, either inline or column.
Front - The direction in which a command faces.
Frontage - The space occupied by an element measured from one flank to the opposite
flank.

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Formation - Arrangement of a unit's elements in a line, in the column, or any other
prescribed manner.
Distance – The space between elements when elements are one behind the other.
Guide - the man whom the command on element thereof regulates its march.
Head - the leading elements of a column.
Interval - The lateral space between elements on the same line.
Left - The left extremity or elements of a body of troops.
Pace - Thirty (30) inches, the length of the full steps in quick time.
Rank - The right extremity or elements of a body of troops.
Step - The distance measured from heel to heel between the feet of a man walking.

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References

Baclagon, Uldarico S. LT COL, Basic Training Manual for the soldiers, The Ground

Combat School, PATC, AFP

Teves, Norberto J., Col (RES), (2000). Citizen Army Training 1

FM 22-5 (12 NOV. 1971). Drills & Ceremonies, Headquarters, Department of the Army,
Washington, DC

Gen. Abadia, Lisandro C. AFP. Manual on Drill and Ceremonies, Armed Forces of the
Philippines General Headquarters Camp General Emelio Aguinaldo, Quezon City

Abu, Efren L. B/Gen. Manual on Drill and Ceremonies, AFP GAQ Camp General Emelio
Aguinaldo, Quezon City.

Sarmiento, Recardo A. II Police Director PNP (1994). PNP Manual on Drills, Ceremonies
and Protocols & Social Usage, National Headquarters PNP, Camp Crame, Quezon City

Military Service Division, the Stackpole company Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 21 st Edition

(NOV. 1962). New Drill Regulations.

Mariano, Clemente P., Lt Gen. AFP (1996), ROTC manual 11, Military Training Service.

Alvarado, Rodolfo G., Col GSC (INF)PA, ROTC Manual 21, Military Training Service.

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Checkpoint

Activity 1. Matching Type

Direction: Match column A to column B. Write the letter that best describes each item.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

______ 1. Rest A) Consist of formation and movements in

which the large number of troops takes
part.
______ 2. Inflection B) Consist of certain movements by which the
squad, platoon, company, or battalion is
moved in an orderly manner from one
formation to another.
______ 3. Cadence C) Is an Oral order of a commander or leader
______ 4. Left, Face D) Tells when the movement is to be carried
out.
______ 5. Stand at Ease E) States the movement to be carried out and
mentally prepare the cadet for its
execution.
______ 6. At Ease F) The command that states the cadet to turn
his head and eye directly towards the
person in charge
______ 7. About, Face G) the command that states to leave the ranks
but is required to remain in the immediate
area.
______ 8. Right, Face H) the command that state remain silent with
his right foot in place.
______ 9. Ceremonies I) Facing 180 degrees to the rear.
______ 10. Drill J) Facing 90 degrees to the rear.
______ 11. Command K) Facing 90 degrees to the left.
______ 12. Command of Execution L) means uniform and rhythms.
______ 13. Hand Salute M) The rise and fall in pitch and the tone
changes of voice.
______ 14. Fall Out N) The command that states the cadet can
move and talk, but the right foot remains
in place.
______ 15. Preparatory O) A gesture of courtesy and respect towards
superior by raising the right hand smartly
______ 16. Interval to the right eyebrow.
P) A formation in which the elements are
placed one behind another.

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______ 17. Formation Q) An individual, squad, platoon, company, or
larger body forming part of a larger body.
______ 18. column R) Arrangement of a unit's elements in line, in
the column, or any other prescribed
manner.
______ 19. Distance S) The space between elements when
elements are one behind the other.
______ 20. Element T) The lateral space between elements on the
same line.

Assessment

Divide the class into groups to organize a platoon and execute the different commands, give
the name of the movements, give the practical use for the movement and give the
commands for the movement.

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Lesson 2

Learning Module 2.1 Steps and Marching (6 hours)

Competence, Course Outcomes, and Learning Outcomes

Competence: Demonstrate and executes the movements of the marching

Course Outcome/s: The individual repeats each movement several times or unit until, in
the instruction's judgment, the cadet has delivered a degree of proficiency before
proceeding to the movement.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Discuss marching movements executed from the halt` are initiated from the position
of attention.
2. Demonstrate short distance marching movements.
3. Demonstrate to march with a 30-inch step
4. Identify different steps and marching and command of execution for each
movement.

Overview

STEPS AND MARCHING

All marching movements executed from the halt is initiated from the position of attention.
Steps in marching should be learned thoroughly before proceeding to unit drill.
Marching at attention is the combination of attention and the procedures to the prescribed
step executed simultaneously.

For short-distance marching movements, the leader may designate the number with steps
toward, backward, or sideward by giving the appropriable commands.

All marching movements are executed in the cadence of quick fine (120 steps per minute),
except the 30-inch steps, which may be executed in 180 steps per minute on the command
of double-time, March.

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Discussion

THE 30-INCH STEP (QUICK TIME)

To march with a 30-inch step from the halt, the command is Forward, march (Pasulong,
Kad) on the preparatory command Forward, shift the weight of the body to the right foot
without noticeable movement on the command of execution March, step forward 30-inch
with the left foot and continue marching with 30-inch steps, keeping the head and eyes
fixed to the front. The arms swing in a natural motion without exaggeration and without
bending the elbows: approximately nine (9) inches straight to the front and six (6) inches
straight to the rear of the trousers' seams.

TO HALT WHILE MARCHING

The command Platoon (Pulutong), Halt (Hinto) is given. The preparatory command Platoon
(Pulutong) is given as their foot strikes the marching surface as long as the command of
executed halt (to) is given the next time that foot strikes the marching surface. The halt is
given executed in the two (2) counts.

QUICK TIME FROM DOUBLE TIME

Assume you are marching forward at double time, and you receive the Double command
time (Siglang Hakbang), March (Kad). The command of execution may be given as either
foot strikes the deck. On the command of execution, March (Kad), your next step will be a
30-inch step to the front with your right foot. Your next step will be a 30-inch step to the
front with your left foot. You will continue to march, taking 120, 30-inch steps per minute,
swinging your arms six sides to the front and three inches to the rear of your legs, until
given another command.

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SIDE STEPS

To march with a 15-inch step right (left), the command is Right Step, (Hakbang Pakanan),
March (Kad). The command is given only while at the halt. On the preparatory command of
Right Step (Hakbang Pakanan) shift the body's weight without noticeable movement onto
the Right (left) foot. On the command of execution. March (Kad) bend the right knee slightly
and raise the right foot only high enough to allow freedom of movement. Place the left foot
15 inches to the right of the left foot, and then move the left foot. Continue this movement,
keeping the arms at the sides as in the position of attention. To halt when executing the
right step, the command is Platoon (Pulutong), Halt. This movement is executed in two
counts.

BACKWARD STEP

To march with a 15-inch step backward, the command is Backward (Paurong), March,
(Kad). This movement is given only while at the halt on the preparatory command Backward
(Paurong), Shift the body's weight without noticeable movement onto the right foot. On the
command of execution, March, take a 15-inch step backward with the left foot and
continues marching backward with 15-inch steps. The arms swing naturally.

The halt from backward march is executed in the two counts the same sa the halt from the
30-inch step.

SQUAD DRILL

Formation and Movements

A. Individual drill movements and the manual of arms are executed while performing as
squad members.
B. The squad has four prescribed formations, the line, the columns, the abreast, and
the file.
C. When the squad is in line, squad members are numbered from the left to the front to
the rear.
D. The squad normally marches in the column, but for short distances only, it may
march in line.
E. When the squad drills as a separate unit, the squad leader carry his weapon in sling
arms; when the squad is in line formation, the squad leader assumes a post three
steps in front of and centers on a squad.

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F. If the squad is a part of a large unit (which is a platoon), the first squad leader shall
take his post on the left side of the platoon sergeant/guide; the second squad leader
shall cover the first squad leader in the same manner as the third squad leader
covers the second squad leader.

PLATOON DRILL

Formation and Movements

A. Individual drill movements and the manual of arms are executed while performing as
a squad member during the platoon drill.
B. Platoon drill, for the most part, merely provides the procedures for executing drill
movements in conjunction with other squads formed in the same formation.
C. The platoon drill has four prescribed formations, the platoon formation in squad line,
with squads in the column, with squads line, squads in the file, and squads abreast.
D. When in a line formation, the elements (squads) of a platoon are numbered front to
rear, in column formation, from left to right.
E. During all drills and ceremonies, the platoon leaders and platoon sergeant carry their
rifle at sling arms when they drill as a part of a larger unit. The platoon leader and
platoon sergeant remain at sling during all manual arm movements except when
executing the hand salute while at sling arms.
F. When the platoon drills as a separate unit, in a line formation, the post for the
platoon leader is six (6) steps in front of and centered on the platoon.
G. The platoon marches in the same manner as the squads.
H. When marching inline, the first squad leader serves as the guide, and as the platoon
in marching in a column, the fourth squad leader serves as a guide.

COMPANY DRILL

Formation and Movements

A. The company normally forms in a line formation; however, it may reform in column
when each man can identify his exact position.

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B. The company forms the same as the platoon. On the command Humanay (Forms),
the platforms from inline centered on and facing the person forming between
platforms.
C. For the most part, company drill provides the procedures for executing platoon drill
in conducting with other platoons in the same formation.
D. When in a line or mass formation, the right platoon serves as the base; when in the
column, the lead platoon serves as the base.
E. The first sergeant assures the position of company commanders if there are no
officers present.
F. The company marches, rest, execute eyes right in the same manner as the platoon.

HALF STEP (15-INCH STEP)

To march with a 15-inch step from the halt, the command is Half Step (Hating Hakbang),
March (Kad). On the preparatory command, Half step, straight the body's weight to the right
foot without noticeable movements. On the command of execution, March, step forward 15
inches with the left foot and continue marching within 15-inch steps. The arms swing as in
marching with a 30-inch step.

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References

Baclagon, Uldarico S. LT COL, Basic Training Manual for the soldiers, The Ground

Combat School, PATC, AFP

Teves, Norberto J., Col (RES), (2000). Citizen Army Training 1

FM 22-5 (12 NOV. 1971). Drills & Ceremonies, Headquarters, Department of the Army,
Washington, DC

Gen. Abadia, Lisandro C. AFP. Manual on Drill and Ceremonies, Armed Forces of the
Philippines General Headquarters Camp General Emelio Aguinaldo, Quezon City

Abu, Efren L. B/Gen. Manual on Drill and Ceremonies, AFP GAQ Camp General Emelio
Aguinaldo, Quezon City.

Sarmiento, Recardo A. II Police Director PNP (1994). PNP Manual on Drills, Ceremonies
and Protocols & Social Usage, National Headquarters PNP, Camp Crame, Quezon City

Military Service Division, the Stackpole company Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 21 st Edition

(NOV. 1962). New Drill Regulations.

Mariano, Clemente P., Lt Gen. AFP (1996), ROTC manual 11, Military Training Service.

Alvarado, Rodolfo G., Col GSC (INF)PA, ROTC Manual 21, Military Training Service.

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Do this!

Activity 1:
Organize the group into different unit formation (Squad, Platoon & Company). Present
instruction and practiced work; in all phases, the drill can be best using the U Formation or
line formation. As a role stationary movements. Cadets should be taught in the smallest size
formation possible to ensure more individual attention.

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Checkpoint

Activity 2:

Match column A to column B. Write the letter that best describes each

Item.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

___ 1. Double Time A. 15-inch step to the right.

___ 2. Left Step March B. Cadence of 180 steps per minute.

___ 3. Backward March C. 15-inch step from the halt.

___ 4. Right flank, March D. March to the rear.

___ 5. Rear, March E. Face to the right while marching.

___ 6. Quick Time, March F. 30-inch step from the halt

___ 7. Platoon, Halt G. Resume attention while marching.

___ 8. Left flank, March H. Face to the left while marching.

___ 9. Half Step, March I. 15-inch step backward.

___ 10. Right Step, March J. 15-inch step to the left.

___ 11. Left Step, March K. The marching movements in the
the cadence of quick time.
___ 12. Mark Time, March L. Marching movements executed for a
short distance only.
___ 13. Right Step, March M. To march is a 15-inch step to the right.
___ 14. 15-inch Step N. To march in place.
___ 15. 120 Stepper minutes O. To march 15-inch step to the left.

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Assessment

1. Each movement or action by the individual is executed as it is orally described.

Movements, as explained and demonstrated one count at a time.

2. On the spot correction will be made and explain the actions to be taken on the next step.
Similar to the talk-through method.

3. Ensure cadets mastered the movements using by the numbers method; he then has them
executes the movement at normal cadences until a satisfactory degree of proficiency is
achieved.

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Lesson 3

Learning Module 3.1 Ceremonial Parade and Review (6 hours)

Competence, Course Outcomes, and Learning Outcomes

Competence: Develops understanding that drills and ceremonies enhance the states of
discipline, training, and strength of the cadet corps. When it is done properly, it surely elicits
pride in every cadet and boosts the organization's morale in general.

Course Outcome/s: Conducts drill ceremonies that uplift the cadets' morale and develop a
culture of teamwork and camaraderie.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Familiarize yourself with different drills and ceremonies.

2. Conduct drill produces and sequence for an orderly formation and movements.
3. Perform procedures for parade and review and graduation ceremony

Overview
Historical events show that long before the Spaniards came to our country, different native
warriors had already their respective ceremonies, one of which was their way of honoring
important visitors. They had their protocol. It is always the fundamental understanding that
drills enhance the state of discipline, training, and strength of the cadet. When it is done
properly, it surely elicits pride in every cadet corps/unit.

Good drills and ceremonies will be rehearsed, closely supervised, and demanding the highest
precision are exercises in obedience and alertness. The ceremonies comprised different unit
formations platoon has two prescribed formation: a platoon line and a platoon column; the
company has four prescribed formations: company in line with a platoon in line; the
company in the column with a platoon in the column; the company in the column with a
platoon in line and a company mass formation. However, the company may be formed with
a column of twos in the same manner as the platoon. The battalion has two basic
formations, a line, and a column. For the most part, battalion and brigade drill merely
provide the procedure for executing a company or battalion drill in conjunction with other
companies or battalion formed in the same formation.

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Discussion

CEREMONIES

REVIEW

A review is an inspection of troops by a high officer or honored guest as a way of showing

its troops unit strength, state of the discipline, and preparedness.

PARADE

A parade is a military ceremony wherein a body of troops is formed before its commanding
officer or another high-ranking officer to display its condition, members, equipment, and
proficiency. It includes exercise in the manual of arms, the report on the member of the
various units present or accounted for, the publication of orders, etc., and ends with a pass
in review.

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MILITARY HONORS

In the continental army, honor guards were used as protective measures to show the
discipline's improvements in the newly formed army. They were probably selected
specifically for their size and strength and maybe their proven prowess in combat. Today,
the honor guard formation is considered a special courtesy to visiting dignitaries.

CHANGE OF COMMAND

A change of command is a ceremony held for the relinquishment and assumption of

command.

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FLAG RAISING/RETREAT AND REVEILLE CEREMONIES

Flag raising is a ceremony where the unit honors the Philippine flag raised every Monday
morning. The ceremony is conducted in the direction of the unit commander. The
commander sets the time for the flag-raising. All members of the units to include, including
civilian employees, shall be present during the ceremony's conduct.

SEQUENCE OF PARADE AND REVIEW

DISTINCTIVE FEATURES

The preparation and organization of troops for a parade and similar to those for a review.
However, in a parade, the commander is also the receiving officer. The distance between
the troops and the commanders is greater than that for a review. Other features are: the
band conducts off; orders are published; officers and guidons are marched forward and
centered on the commander. If the retreat is scheduled, it is conducted in lieu of honors to
the nation. This means that the retreat is already an honor to the nation.

CEREMONIAL BATTALION PARADE

1. FORMATION OF TROOPS – Units are moved to this position as the ready line in the
most convenient manner. The commander prescribes the assembly area, the route
sequence, and times of arrival on the line. He had his staff take this post before the
adjutants call.

2. SOUND-OFF – After the battalion has been formed, aligned, and given parade rest on
the final line, the adjutant direct: I HUDYAT and assumes the position of parade rest. He
remains facing the formation.

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3. PRESENTATION OF COMMAND AND HONORS – Band will play three beats and
sound all marches the formation. The assistant will bring the troop to attention and face
about and render a report, Ginoo, Handa na po ang patikas, to the troop commander. Troop
Commander then will command Tanghal TA, and Then Band plays Mabuhay. Troop
commander face about and command Baba, Ta, and face to grandstand and report to the
GOHAS, Ginoo handa na po ang talupad upang libutin.

4. TROOPING THE LINE – When the TC has faced the reviewing stand, the DG and MH
move forward and halt three steps in front of the TC. The TC salutes and escorts the DG for
the inspection of troops. The band begins to play march music on the first step of the
DG/RO and continues to play until the DG/RO has returned to his post.

5. HONORS TO THE NATION – Troop commander command TANGHAL, TA to the troops

and face about and executes TANGHAL, TA then the band play National Anthem. After the
troop's command terminates his salutes, the St. Therese Hymn will be played.

6. SCHOOL OF SOLDIERS WITHOUT ARM/DRILLS – Troop commander faces the

troop and commands: Harap sa Kanan, Rap, Harap sa kaliwa Rap, Tikas Nga, Talupad Da,
Alis kupya, Na, Balik Kupya, Na.

7. REPORT – When the drill movements have been completed, the troop commands then
directs TANGGAPIN ANG ULAT. The adjutant troops forward, halt to his position at the
command units, and directs MAG-ULAT, a unit commander in succession, from right to left,
salutes and report: Ginoo a balangay, Narito na po lahat o napag-alaman, the adjutant
returns each commander salute.

8. PUBLISHING OF ORDER – The Battalion commander returns the salutes and directs:
IPAHAYAG ANG KAUTUSAN. The adjutant faces about and gives the orders: MAKING SA
KAUTUSAN, ANG MGA NAKATALAGA NGAYON, PUNONG PANLARANGAN (NAME OF
OFFICER), PUNONG TAGAPANGALAGA (NAME OF OFFICER, SA UTOS NI (NAME OF
OFFICER), MGA PINUNO, HUMARAP AT PUMAGITNA, KAD.

9. OFFICER CENTER – At the last note of PUMAGITNA, all officers from the company
commanders to Platoon leaders, including the guide bearers' executes center face. After the
command of KAD's execution is given, the officers and guidon bearers march off to the
center and halt at the predetermined number of steps upon reaching their designated
markers.

10. PASS IN REVIEW – When all officers have returned to their post, and the band has
stopped playing, the Battalion commander direct: PASA MASID.

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COMPANY IN LINE FORMATION

PLATOON COLUMN FORMATION PLATOON LINE FORMATION

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SEQUENCE OF ARRIVAL HONORS

Honor Guards shall be at parade rest Honor Guard Commander (HGC) brings the unit
to attention as soon as the honoree arrives.

The honoree is met by the host, who escorts him in front of the honor guards and leads
him to the area (dais).

When the honoree has taken his positions (dais), the HGC faces about and commands
“Tanghal, Ta/Pugay Kamay Na.” Then faces about and present swords/ hand salute
together with his staffs, while the honoree and host execute Hand salute.

The appropriate member of ruffles and flourishes shall be played by the band, followed by
appropriate music. General March or National Anthem as the case may be Gun Salute.

After the music's last note, the HGC carries a sword/ ready front with the staff, then faces
about and commands BABA, TA/ BABA KAMAY NA. He faces about and salutes the
honoree saying, “HANDA NA PO ANG TANOD PANDANGAL UPANG LIBUTIN/ READY
FRONT.”

The HONOREE acknowledges the salute and steps down with the host, and the HGC carries
his sword/drop hand and escorts him and the host taking the position at the band. The host
switches his position to the right of the HGC.

As they approach the colors, six paces before it, the HGC commands “TANGHAL, TA/
PUGAY KAMAY NA.” The HGC shall present sword/ hand salute while honoree and host
shall execute Hand Salute for the national colors. Three steps after the colors, the HGC
commands, “BABA TA/ BABA KAMAY NA.” The HGC executes carry sword/ drop hand while
the honoree and host drop their hand salute.

They continue marching up towards the last element. The HGC continues marching with the
honoree and host to the point where he peels off from the two personages and proceeds to
his position in front of his staff.

The host switches his position to the left at the honoree, and they march directly to their
original position at the dais.

At this point, the HGC faces the honor guard battalion and commands “TANGHAL, TA/
PUGAY KAMAY NA.” Then he faces about and executes the present sword/ hand salute
together with his staffs. The honoree acknowledges the salute, and HGC and staff execute
carry sword/drop their hands.

The HGC faces about and commands “BABA, TA/BABA KAMAY NA.”

The HGC executes about-face and salutes the honoree, saying, “TAPOS NA PO ANG
PARANGAL.”

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The honoree acknowledges salute and says, “MANGYARING LUMAPIT KA.” The HGC
executes carry and return sword/ drop hands, then steps forward he halts two steps in front
of the HONOREE and salutes.

The HONOREE acknowledges the salute, and both drop their hands. (HGC- SABIHIN MO
SA KANILA NA PINAABOT KO ANG AKING TAOS PUSONG PASASALAMAT.) The HONOREE
then extends his hand to shake hands with HGC, who takes one step forward to
acknowledge the gesture. After the handshake, the HGC salutes the HONOREE, faces
about, and returns to his position. Again he executes about-face and draws the sword. HGC
executes about-face then informs the troops. (HGC- MGA KASAMA PINAPAABOT NG ATING
KAGALANG-GALANG NA PANAUHING PANDANGAL, VICE ADMIRAL BEETHOVEN N SUR
PCGA, ANG KANYANG TAOS PUSONG PASASALAMAT SA PARANGAL NA ATING IGINAWAD
SA KANYA SA HAPONG ITO!)

The HONOREE and HOST face each other, and the latter salutes the former. They then
shake hands.

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References

Baclagon, Uldarico S. LT COL, Basic Training Manual for the soldiers, The Ground

Combat School, PATC, AFP

Teves, Norberto J., Col (RES), (2000). Citizen Army Training 1

FM 22-5 (12 NOV. 1971). Drills & Ceremonies, Headquarters, Department of the Army,
Washington, DC

Gen. Abadia, Lisandro C. AFP. Manual on Drill and Ceremonies, Armed Forces of the
Philippines General Headquarters Camp General Emelio Aguinaldo, Quezon City

Abu, Efren L. B/Gen. Manual on Drill and Ceremonies, AFP GAQ Camp General Emelio
Aguinaldo, Quezon City.

Sarmiento, Recardo A. II Police Director PNP (1994). PNP Manual on Drills, Ceremonies
and Protocols & Social Usage, National Headquarters PNP, Camp Crame, Quezon City

Military Service Division, the Stackpole company Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 21 st Edition

(NOV. 1962). New Drill Regulations.

Mariano, Clemente P., Lt Gen. AFP (1996), ROTC manual 11, Military Training Service.

Alvarado, Rodolfo G., Col GSC (INF)PA, ROTC Manual 21, Military Training Service.

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Do this!

Activity 1:
Form the group into a platoon to form prescribed formation (Line and Column formation)
and form part of a larger unit (Company). Familiarize the forming of a larger unit and make
the cadet aware of their unit's component as to the desired formation and the sequences in
which the units will form. Organize the groups to a Battalion formation for the sequence of
the ceremony.

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Do this!

Activity 2:
TRUE or FALSE. Analyze the following statements below. Write True if the statement is
correct and False if otherwise.

1.) The parade is a military ceremony wherein troops are formed before their
commanding officers or other high-ranking officers.
2.) The honor guard formation is considered a special courtesy to visiting dignitaries.
3.) The review is the ceremony held for the relinquishment and assumption of
command.
4.) Flag raising is a ceremony where the unit colors the Philippines flag raised every
Monday morning.
5.) Change of command is an inspection of troops by a high officer or honored guest as
a way of showing its troops unit strength, state of the discipline, and preparedness.
6.) In the parade, the ceremonies end with a pass in review.
7.) The battalion has two basic formations, a line formation and a column.
8.) The platoon has three prescribed formations platoon in line formation, column, and a
file.
9.) The company has four prescribed formations.
10.) The formation of the troop‟s band will play three beats and sound all marchers in
formation.
11.) In Arrival Honor Guard commander is met by the host, who escort him in front of
the honor guard and leads him to the dais.
12.) At the last part of the Arrival, Honor the honoree and host face each other, and the
latter salutes the former.
13.) Honors to the nation, the band plays National Anthem.
14.) Dais is the elevated platform where the honoree and the military host stand to give
distinction and prominence.
15.) The honor guard a high-ranking local/foreign military officer or civilian to whom
honors are accorded.

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Assessment

Ensure that the individual shows he can execute proper movements or assume the proper
positions. Encourage the cadet to credit spirits of competition among individuals or between
units. Use competition drill exercises to ensure that the drill does not become boring or
monotonous.

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Lesson 4

Learning Module 4.1 Maritime Search and Rescue (6 hours)

Competence, Course Outcomes, and Learning Outcomes

Competence: Provide knowledge, skills, and an arrangement of components activated, as

needed, to efficiently and effectively support the rescue team in saving lives and properties
at sea.

Course Outcome/s:

1. Discuss Search and Rescue operations and components.

2. Know the Basic Life-saving and rescue equipment.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Differentiate search to rescue.

2. Enumerates the Coast Guard Auxiliary search and rescue system.
3. Identify search and rescue stages
4. Categorize Coast Guard Auxiliary SAR components.

Overview
Search, and Rescue are activities undertaken immediately after distress. To have effective
emergency response, these should be carried out at a proven time, and appropriate to the
incident situation; Emergency Response activities also depend on two factors-information
and resources; without these vital components, the best plans, management structure,
skills, and expertise become virtually useless. An important characteristic of response action
in any particular incident. The effects likely to emanate from the individual are well
established. Thus, the required response actions are also identifiable. Search and Rescue
(SAR) is the search for and provision of aid to people in distress or imminent danger. The
general field of SAR includes many special subfields typically determined by the type of
terrain the search is conducted over. This includes mountain rescue, urban search and
rescue, combat search and rescue, and water search and rescue.

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Discussion
SEARCH AND RESCUE (SAR)

It is defined as the employment of available personnel and facilities in rending aid to

persons and property in distress on the high seas and all waters subject to the Philippines'
jurisdiction. This includes rendering aid to person and property anytime and at any place
where the Coast Guard and the Coast Guard Auxiliary facilities and personnel can be
effectively utilized.

The PCGA (Philippines Coast Guard Auxiliary), an organization operating on and around
coasted areas, gives special flows on Maritime Search and Rescue (MARSAR). Together with
the Coast Guards Team of rescuers, PCGA operatives and its surface vessels were sent out
to assist the PCG in saving lives and properties at sea. In close coordination with local
government units and other rescue groups. The PCGA Search and Rescue program provides
an arrangement of components activated as need, to efficiently and effectively support the
PCG in saving lives and properties at sea.

COMPONENTS OF SAR SYSTEM

1. ORGANIZATION

An effectively organized SAR system divides the search and responsibilities into
geographical areas of responsibility (AOR) on which the squadron operates. This
provides centralized controls, coordination, and the use of available assets. The
incident command system (ICS) can be utilized or effectively disseminates function
and responsibilities among SAR coordinators, on-scene commander, SAR units, and
local agencies.

2. RESOURCES

Refers to the assets (Operators) and capabilities (Equipment and floating assets)
Used in the SAR system.

3. COMMUNICATION

Refers to the media through which early detection, alerting, controls, support, and
coordination are maintained throughout the SAR system. The PCGA utilize its
contrast community Auxiliarities, many of whom are fishermen and coastal residents,
as on-scene assets in detecting maritime emergencies and thereby alerting their
squadron and partners Coast Guard Station.

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4. EMERGENCY CARE

The emergency medical treatment provided at the distress scene and life support
while en route to the nearest medical facility.

5. DOCUMENTATION

The collection and analysis of SAR case information. A designated person shall
gather and record information immediately after the rescue operation (names, age,
and residence of survivors/casualties, vessel particulars nature and background of
the incident)

SEARCH AND RESCUE (SAR STAGES)

1. AWARENESS

The knowledge of a person or any agency that an emergency exists.

2. INITIAL ACTION

Refers to the preliminary action taken alert SAR Facilities and SAR Coordinations.
This stage may include evaluation and classification of information, preliminary
communications, and in urgent cases, immediate action (rescue operations).

3. PLANNING

The development of operational plans for search, rescue, preliminary medical

Assistance, transportation, and documentation.

4. OPERATIONS

Sending Search and Rescue Units (SRU) to the scene, conducting searches rescuing
survivors/retrieving cadaver, assisting distress vessels, providing necessary
emergency cares for survivors, and delivering casualties to medical facilities.

5. MISSION CONCLUSION

Return of SRUs to a designated location for debriefing and completion of

documentation of the SAR mission.

SEARCH AND RESCUE (SAR) ORGANIZATION

1. GEOGRAFIC SAR ORGANIZATION

There should be a defined geographic areas/regions of SAR responsibility per

squadron and/or Division, each with its own SAR coordinator and SAR plan.

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2. RESCUE COORDINATION

A centralized RCC per AOR shall be designated. It should be equipped with the
geographical chart and other data files of its AOR, communications paraphernalia,
and a SAR Staging Base for operations.

3. SAR MISSION

A search and Rescue plan intended especially for the defined AOR.

SEARCH AND RESCUE (SAR) UNIT MEMBERS

The Search and Rescue Unit (SRU) performs the search, rescue, retrieval, or similar
operation. It executes the SAR plan as directed by the On-scene Commander and Rescue
coordinating center. It should be properly organized, trained, equipped, and proficient in the
SAR skills necessary to accomplish the mission. They shall be briefed and debriefed before
and after the mission. In the case of the PCGA, where the general membership is composed
of a wide variety of professionals, unit members are deployed based on their specializations
(rescue, medical services, crowd control, or documentation).

A basic SRU shall be composed of the following:

1. Team Leader
2. Boat Handler
3. Spotter/Hauler
4. First Aider

If a larger rescue vessel for at least ten (10) persons is delayed, the team shall be
composed of the following:

1. Team Leader
2. Boat Handler
3. Spotter/Hauler
4. First Aider (at least two)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT UNIT MEMBERS

These units of the over-all SAR team are on-standby onshore for immediate assistance to
the survivors and rescuers.

Medics and Trauma Group:

1. Medical Doctor
2. First Aid Personnel (minimum of two and certified by Red Cross)

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3. Nurse (at least two)
4. Medic Aide (at least four; must perform physical tasks such as lifting and
transporting casualties/victims.

Relief Group:

1. Team Leader
2. Distribution Personnel
3. Stock keeper
4. Crowd Controller

Designated personnel must have unquestionable integrity and reputation since they will be
in charge of providing and monitoring supplies such as food, medicines, garments, and other
necessities. They will also be assigned to secure the valuable and personal belongings of the
victims/casualties.

BASIC LIFE SAVING AND RESCUE EQUIPMENT

1. Seaworthy vessel (minimum of 6 passengers)

2. Pyrotechnic Signal Flares such as:
a. Signaling Lamp
b. Torch
c. Flare Pistol with color-coded signal flares
3. Life Jackets (minimum of 6)
4. Life Buoys (at least 2)
5. Buoyant Lifelines (at least 2)
6. Hauling Lines/Rope (at least 2)
7. Non-sparking Boat Hook/Grappling Hook
8. Handheld VFH Radio

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9. Binoculars
10. Handheld Flash and Flood Lights
11. First Aid Kit
12. Stretcher
13. Towels, Raincoats & Potable water for six persons

DROWNING, WATER ACCIDENTS, AND RESUSCITATION

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Drowning is a type of asphyxia related to either aspiration of fluids or obstruction of the

airway caused by the larynx's spasm while in the water.

Kinds of Water Accidents

Drowning is a major cause of accidental death. It occurs in swimming, diving, boating, and
other water activities, including ice shaking, and usually in unsupervised water areas.
Drowning can also occur in pools, bathtubs, and washtubs and in water only a few inches
deep.

Cause of Drowning

Drowning may occur under several circumstances. People die in the water from a heart
attack, a stroke, or overexertion in some cases. Fainting and elliptic attacks occur in water,
just as they do in the land, and loss of consciousness itself may result in accidental death.
Occasionally, someone is struck by lightning while swimming or wading. Drowning may
follow a head injury sustained in diving or collision with a log or other submerged objects
while swimming.

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Cramps in the hand's muscle, foot, calf, thigh, or abdominal wall may incapacitate a
swimmer completely because of pain and fright and may double over with his head
submerged and asphyxiate for lack of air. In cramping, muscles undergo marked spasm
when they suddenly contract. Relief is usually obtained by stretching the involved muscles
and applying firm pressure from when the first pangs of pain are felt until the spasm is
gone.

A drowning person may be seen either struggling in the water and making ineffectual
movements, floating face down on the surface of the water, or lying motionless underwater.
Many persons sink very quickly as they lose buoyancy by swallowing water. By aspirating it
into the lungs, where it replaces the tidal air (the volume of air normally inhaled or exhaled).
Water pressure on the victim‟s chest wall increases as the victim descends, forcing air out of
the lungs. The victim is unconscious but still maybe revive if an attempt is made
immediately.

First aid

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Immediately after the rescue, begin artificial respiration, treat for shock and transport the
victim to a place where he can receive medical care. Water accident victims who die usually
do so within 10 minutes after the accident, from lack of air or heat failure, not directly not
water in the lung or the stomach. It is impossible to pour water out of the lungs, and no
attempt should be made to do so.

Begin mouth to mouth respiration as quickly as possible in shallow water or holding onto a
boat or suitable buoyant aid. The rescuer must be alert to the possibility of an obstruction in
the air passage and must act immediately if it occurs. Blow into the victim‟s mouth or nose
more forcefully than in other types of emergencies affecting respiration, to face air through
the water in the air passage.

After inflating the victims' lungs with 10 quick breaths, move to shore or pull the victim onto
a suitable flotation unless there is evidence of an injury to the spinal cord in the neck or
back, requiring a backboard or other rigid support.

If the victim's stomach is building, turn into him face down for a moment, place both hands
under his abdomen, and lift his abdomen to assist in emptying his stomach. Otherwise, the
air in his stomach may interfere with both breathing and heart action.

Another method is to leave the victim on his back, press on his stomach, and turn his head
to the side.

Keep the victim from becoming chilled, apply artificial respiration continuously, and transport
them to a place where he can receive medical care as rapidly as possible.

Do not allow a person who survived a near-drowning to walk.

Water Rescue

Most drownings occur within reach of safety. Thus, rescue is often possible even if the first
aider is unable to swim. If a swimmer is in trouble near a dock or the side of a pool, lie
down and extend your hand or foot to him, or hold out a towel, shirt, stick, fishing pool,
float, deck chair, tree branch, or other objects at hand and pull him to safety.

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Use a line or ring buoy, if possible if the swimmer is too far from shore for these measures,
wade into waist-deep water first with suitable objects to extend to him push out a board to
which he can cling while you go for help, or grasp his waist and pull him to safety.

If an available boat, row out to the victim and let him grasp the stern or extends an oar and
draw him around to the stern where he can hang on while you row to shore. If he cannot
hold onto the stern or oar, pull him to the boat and, after checking for injuries, pull him to
into the boat. If you are not trained in life-saving, do not attempt a swimming rescue.

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References

Maritime Safety (MARSAF) by Commo Lino Paterno w. Pederanga PCGA

Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary Officers‟ Career Development Instructions Course

Trainings‟ Manual Series Nov. 1, 2017

Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary Regulations Manual 2012 Edition

PCG-NSTP Training Manual S. 2104

Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) for Maritime School. Comprehensive compilation and

arranged by: Capt. Florencio J.T. Ventosa, 1993

Handal, Katleen A., the American Red Cross First Aid & Safety Handbook, Copyright 1992,

American National Red Cross, Kathleen.

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Do this!

Activity 1:
Match column A to column B. Write the letter that best describes each item.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

___ 1. SRU A.) Refers to the assets (operations) and

capabilities used in the SAR system.

B.) The emergency medical treatment provided

___ 2. PCGA at the distress scene and the nearest medical
facility.
___ 3. Planning C.) The knowledge of a person or any agency
that an emergency exists.

___ 4. Mission Conclusion D.) Defined as the employment of available

personnel and facilities in rending and person
and property in distress in the high seas.

___ 5. SAR Mission E.) Refers to the media through which early
detection, alerting, control, support, and
coordination are maintained throughout the SAR
system.

___ 6. Resource F.) Returns of SRUs to designates locations in

debriefing and completion of documentation
Of the SAR mission.

___ 7. Emergency Care G.) A search and rescue plan intended especially
for the defined AOR.

___ 8. Communication H.) It executes the SAR plan as directed by the

On-scene commander and Rescue coordinating
centers.

___ 9. Search and Rescue I.) The development of operational plans for
research, rescue, preliminary assistance,
transportation, and documentation.

___ 10. Awareness J.) An organization operating on and around

coastal areas, give MARSAR.

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Assessment

1. To achieve safety and efficiently search and rescue operations, the frequent drill is

necessary so that each operative learn his duties and the order in which they must be

performed.

2. Simulation drill is highly recommended, design to train and enhance in readiness and

capability in search and rescue operation among participating units/groups.

3. Test the capability of the cadets, PCGA and PCG in responding to this kind of situation

and improves emergency management as well as to ensure effective and efficient

distress respond operations.

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Lesson 5

Learning Module 5.1 Maritime Environmental Protection (6 hours)

Competence, Course Outcomes, and Learning Outcomes

Competence:

Develop awareness of the Marine debris caused by people and controlled by people working
together to keep the seas diverse, productive, and beautiful.

Course Outcome/s:

Know the different categories of Marine Debris and conduct clean up activity along the
shoreline, water waste

Learning Outcomes:

1. Learn the different location of Clean-up areas that consolidates the important factor
in looking at the marine/aquatic debris issue and gathering reliable statistics.
2. Understand the objectives of the international Coastal Clean-up (ICC) deeply
3. Identify the categories of Marine debris.
4. Participants actively in a multisectoral participatory activity led by the local
communities with the government agencies providing logistics support.

Overview

The promulgation of The Philippines Coast Guard Law of 2009 vested in the PCG the power
to enforce laws and promulgates and administer rules and regulations to protect the
marines' environment and resources from the offshore source of pollution within the
maritime jurisdiction of the Philippines. In the performance of such functions the PCGA may:

 Assist the PCG through the conduct of river/coastal clean-up activies.

 Assist the PCG in the protection and preservation of marine protected areas.
 Conduct mangrove planting activities.
 Assist the PCG in the conduct oil spill responses operation and
 Conduct coral reef protection/reforestation/preservation.

Solid waste (plastic bags, styrofoam containers, bottles, cans and other trash) are produced
in tremendous amounts by households and commercial and industrial activities. These waste
threaten human health, choke the waterways, cause flooding in ciites and foul up beaches,
river banks and coastal ecosystem nearly everywhere.

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Discussion

The International Coastal Clean-up (ICC) is a global effort combat marine debris and coastal
pollution. It raises conservation awareness and mobilize volunteers from different sectors of
society, especially, the coastal residents who stand to benefit directly from marine
resources. The ICC uses a scientific approach to the problem of marine debris. Volunteers
remove debris from beaches and waterways and record the different kinds removed on a
standard data card. The information in the data cards is fed into a data bank and analyzed
by scientist as part of an international study to find ways to counter acts marine debris.

OBJECTIVES OF THE ICC

 To remove debris from the shorelines, waterways under water, and water surfaces
all over the world.
 To increase awareness of the extent of the marine debris crisis and its advance
impact on people and the enviroment.
 To gather information on marine debris and submits these to center for marines
conservation for inclusion in an international database.
 To use the information gathered from the clean-up to influence local government
units to formulate and enacts resolutions and ordinances that address coastal
pollution and waste mangement.
 To articulate the importance of a clean, healthy and productive coastal enviroment.

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TYPES OF CLEAN-UP

1. Shorelines Clean-up

Vonlunteer removes debris from beaches, mangroves harbor, and other coastal
areas.

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2. Waterways clean-up

Volunteers remove remove debris from riverbanks, lake shores, streams and
drainage canals.

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3. Water surface clean-up

Volunteers ride boats, kayaks, or rafts and scoop out trash floating at the water
surface or carried around by currents.

4. Underwater
Clean-up

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Scuba divers remove trash from coral reefs and sea grass beds.

COMPONENTS OF AN ICC EVENT

 Opening program

Volunteers meet at the clean-up site and are given final instructions by the clean-up
coordinator.

 Clean-up proper

Volunteers remove man-made debris from shores lines, under water, or water
surface.

 Garbage Identification, segregation, recording, weighing

Volunteers identify and record in the ICC data card the various kind of waste found,
segregating those that could be rescued or recycled, the bags of waste are weighed
and recorded.

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 Garbage disposal and recycling

An area of about 20 hectares should be supported by at least one garbage truck. The
garbage is collected by volunteers from the city on municipals government units,
reusable and recyclable materials should be given or sold to people who can benefit
from them.

 Closing Program

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Volunteers meet and assess the clean-up activity and submit the data cards to the
clean-up coordinators.
CATEGORIES OF MARINE DEBRIS

Metal Glass
Cloth Plastic
Paper Foamed plastic
Wood Rubber

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MORE ABOUT WASTE

CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE

Municipal Solid Waste

Generated by offices, household,

schools, markets, stores etc.

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Industrial waste

Come from manufacturing, mining coal

combustion, and oil and gas production.

Biomedical waste

Generated by hospitals, laboratories

morgues, physician‟s office, riverbanks,
dental clinic, funeral parlors, nursing
homes and veterinary facilities.

Radioactive waste

Generated by nuclear power plants,

nuclear weapons manufacturing nuclear
fuel processing and uranium mine
tailings.

CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE HANDLING

1. Reclamation

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Includes rescue, recycling, recovery and composting of waste materials.

2. Incineration

Burning of wastes at high temperatures, usually with generators of power.

3. Disposal

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Includes landfilling, burning hazardous waste, and injecting hazardous liquid
waste into deep wells far below the aquifers.

OUTPLANTING OF MANGROVES

MANGROVES

Are groups of unusual tress that can live in salt water. Most land plants are killed by salt, but
mangroves are able to remove it. Most plants die if their roots are drowned in water and
have no oxygen. However, mangroves trees have develop special kinds of roots that sticks
out of the mud into the air to get oxygen. As a result, mangroves forests are common along
the seashore where the seawater flows during high tide.

PROPAGULES

Are reproductive parts of mangroves which develop and germinate while still attached to the
parent plant. Once germinates propagules encounter mud or sand, they quickly produce
roots ad begin to grow

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IMPORTANCE OF MANGROVES

Mangrove trees provide unique and important habitats for birds, mammals, crabs and fish
population through the complex marine food chain habitats available for breeding and areas
that offer protection for young animals. The sand and mud, they also absorbs phosphates,
nitrates and other nutrients from the water. In areas where mangroves have been subjects
to rapid erosion. They also provide a habitat for wildlife including several commercially
important species of fish and serve as a natural buffer against strong winds and waves
produces by storm, typhoons and tsunamis.

The leaves of mangrove tree are eaten by all kinds of animals, but also for other plants. The
fallen leaves are also important source of food both within the mangrove habitat and when
they are flushed out to near shore. Mangrove trees are good food source not only for
animals, but also in other plants. The latter have an abundant supply of nutrients, sunlight
and carbon dioxide by clinging to the biggest tree and can grow healthy. Belong to the plant
kingdom. They are also source of medicine and food for human beings and animals, provide
material in firewood, river boats and houses. Mangroves act as a buffer zone, thus providing
protection from storm surges, typhoon and tsunamis. Also support a wide range of wildfire,
provide renewable forest products serve or sites in human settlement.

FACTS ABOUT MANGROVE GOODS

1. Mangroves Goods

Mangroves goods or products are livelihood resource which can be taken from the
mangroves.

2. Mangroves livelihood resource

Livelihoods resources are grouped into there: Fisheries, Forestry and other resource.

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3. Mangroves fisheries resource

Fishery products include fish, prawns, shrimps, crabs, shells and clams (mollusks),
shipworms.

4. Mangrove Forestry resource

Forest resource includes firewood‟s, tanbark and timber for construction, fences, furniture,
boats, and fishing poles.
Minor products can be taken from these forest resources; these are fibers, ropes, corks
floats, mats and honey.

5. Another livelihood resource

Nypa-fruticans – From their leaves, one can make fans, thatch or shingles for roofing and
walls or rural houses (Nipa huts) Sap flowing from cut stalks is collected and make into
“tuba” and vinegar.

Dyer or tannins – can be taken from mangroves bark. Mangrove extracts are good source of
seasoning, glues, and medicine.

LAWS DIRECTLY RELATED TO MANGROVES

The Philippines Constitution

Article 2, section 16 of the Philippine Constitution is to protect and advance the right of the
people to a balanced and healthy ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.
The fundamental law of our land states that it is our duty and responsibility to protect and
conserve our natural environmental.

Presidential Decree 705 (1975)

Retain, and exclude from pond development, 20 meters of mangrove strip along shorelines
facing oceans, lakes.

Presidential Proclamation 2146(1982)

Prohibit the cutting of mangroves throughout the country.

Republic Act 7161 (1991)

Ban on cutting of all mangrove‟s species.

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Department of environment and Natural Resource (DENR)

Administration order no. 13 (1992) expand mangroves but in storm surge, typhoon area 50-
100 meters along shorelines and 20-50 meters along riverbanks.

Local Government Code of 1991 (RA 7160)

This law delegates the power to manage local fisheries and aquatic resource from the
natured government to local government (Provincial, Municipal, and Barangay) through
ordinance that will meet the priority needs and service requirement of local communities.

OUT PLANTING PROTOCOLS

1. Before the activity proper, planters/volunteers should be given introductory lectures

including topics as proper field wear, species to be planted and planting methods.

2. Wear a hat, long-sleeved shirt long pants or old rubber shoes (for the mud and water)
apply sunblock, insects repellent and bring drinking water.

3. Prepare the following materials

- Seedlings
- Shovel, digging blades and trowel
- Meter stick
- Bamboo sticks, 1 meter long
- Pre-cut strings/plastic straw
- Large plastic bags
- Camera
- Pen/Pencil

4. Divide the planters into smaller groups for the specific tasks of handling seedlings making
the lines, digging holes.

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* Dig holes – 30 cm deep using a trowel or digging blade

* For bagged seedlings, remove the plant carefully from the bag to keep the soil attached
them place inside the hole.
* For direct planting, place the wilding together with the attached soil inside the hole, fill in
with the soil any remaining species in the holes.
* For seafronts and on muddy substrates, places a bamboo states securely beside the plant
and tie it just loose enough at mid stem to the state for support during strong wave
action.
* Collect discarded polybags and other garbage inside the large plants base for appropriate
disposal when you reach home. Do not leave trash in the planting sites.
* Planting site are found in places where the land and sea meet at the seashore or
riverbank. These places are also in the intertidal zone or between the high tide and low tide.

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References

International Coastal Cleanup – Informations brochure, SEAFDEC Aquaculters Deportment

Tigbaua, Iloilo Philippine, 15 Sep 2001

PCG-NSTP Training Manuals S. 2014

Phlipppine Coast Guard Auxiliary Marine Enviroment Protection Mandatory Projects

Pamphlets prepared by Commo, Honorio C. Casalme PCGA and Commo Geronmo P.

Reyes PCGA, 2016

PCGA-MAREP Handbook for CCAD, January 2018

Mangrove Education Service for Secondary schools students Model, 2103, J.H.

Primarera Ph.D.

Community-Based Mangrove Rehabilitation Training Manual, 25 L living conservation

Ecological Solid Waste Management for Public Information, Office of the secretariat,

Nation Solid Waste management commission

Manual on community-Based Mangrove Rehabilitation, First Edition, 2012, The Zoological

Society of London.

Manual on Management Reversion of Abandoned and Illegal Brackeshwater Fishponds,

Series no. 2 J.H. Primarera Ph.D. 2014

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Do this!

Activity 1:
Choose the letter of the correct answer from column B that perfectly matches the item in

Column A. Write the letter only.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

___ 1. Industrial Waste A.) Volunteers remove debris from riverbanks,

lakeshores, streams and drainage canals.

___ 2. ICC B.) SCUBA divers remove trash from corals reefs
and sea grass beds.

___ 3. Garbage Identification C.) Waste generated by offices, households,

schools, markets, and stores.

___ 4. Clean-up proper D.) Waste comes from manufacturing, mining,

and coal combustion and oil and gas production.
___ 5. Underwater clean-up E.) Burning of wastes at high temperatures
usually with generation of power.

___ 6. Incineration F.) Is a multisectoral participatory activity led by

the local communities with the government
agencies providing logistics support.

___ 7. Reclamation G.) Wastes generated by nuclear plants, nuclear

weapons manufacturing.

___ 8. Municipal Solid Waste H.) Waste handling which includes reuse,
recycling, recovery, and composting of waste
materials

___ 9. Waterways clean-up I.) I component of ICC event volunteers. remove

man-made debris from shoreline, waterways
underwater or water surface.

___ 10. Radioactive Waste J.) The bags of wastes are weighed and
recorded.

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Do this!

Activity 2:

Divide the volunteers/cadets into groups units 5 members (the member/participants per ICC
volunteers Ocean Trash Data Form) who will accomplished data forms and properly filled-
out. Remind the volunteers to collect only the debris they can carry. Do the segregation and
recording area when it is shady, safe and far from the waste waves.

One member of each groups will be in charge of data recording. After recording, ask them
to return trash back into the sack or bag. Determines its weight using a scale or estimations.
Be sure filled sacks are brought and disposed on the designated area.

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Assessment

1. Ensure the volunteers/cadets knows how to identify and short different kinds of Marine
debris.
2. The Marine debris and other information in the ICC data card must be completely and
Accurately fillled up.
3. Collected debris are recorded, bagged, quantify; weight and properly disposed.
4. The objectivies of ICC are throughly understand by the volunteers/CadetS.

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Lesson 6

Learning Module 6.1 Maritime Safety (6 hours)

Competence, Course Outcomes and Learning Outcomes

Competence:

Provides knowledge and understanding the safety and survival are primary concern of every
fisherman. It does not matter whether one is employed on fishing boats, small ship or
bigger ship.

Course Outcome/s:

Familiarize the safety and survival techniques and understanding of the importance of life
saving equipment‟s while on voyage.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Enumerate the danger to survivors they may face after abandoning ship „or boats
2. Have a clear understanding about the Rules of the Road (Vessel Traffic system) &
signals.
3. Recognize the life-saving equipment.
4. Learn the needs to be done while waiting for the rescuers
5. in time of vessel.

Overview
Seafaring is probably the most dangerous occupation in the world. Everyone knows that
there is an element of risk, the risk of death is always present, and eveyone wants to stay
safe. More than 50% of the world populations lives away from the frontline. Billions of
people are depending on the scarse marine resources. A lost vessel have a vital whole
maritime economy as well. It is a must in a seafarer to know the basic knowledge of a
seaman before sailing. The better a seafarer is the safer he will be while sailing.

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Discussion

MARITIME SAFETY

Maritime safety is one of the (4) major mandates of Philippines Coast Guard (PCG) which
concerns the: Protection of lives and property at sea by implementing the SOLAS rules and
regulation implement life-saving management to all forms of water forms transportation in
navigable waters from accidents.

SOLAS: Safety of Life at Sea

Safety and Survival Techniques

The safety and survival are of primary concern of every fisherman. It does not matter
whether one is employed on fishing boats, small ship on bigger ships. Reports on casualties
give only conclusion that is, in most cases, people lacks knowledge about survival
techniques, in some cases of emergencies some many panic while some do not know what
to do at all.

SAFETY GUIDANCE

Safety, above all, is the most important factor to observe while in training and working and
working onboard. It is vital to avoid accidents that may result to personal injury, damage to
property and environment, or untimely deaths. Information about maritime safety is very
important for survival.

PRINCIPLES OF SURVIVAL AT SEA

Emergencies, such as fire or collision, foundering, may occur on any vessel big or small. The
four principles of survival in an emergency at sea are;

1. Knowledge about all type of emergency

2. Being prepared for any emergency
3. Know the actions to take during an emergency
4. Know the main dangers to survivors

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SURVIVAL AT SEA

DANGER TO SURVIVORS:
After abandoning ship or boats, the greatest dangers you may face are:
 Heat exposure
 Exposure to cold and hypothermia
 Effects of seasickness
 Failure to maintain body fluids correctly causing dehydration
 Drinking Seawater
 Sharks

DO’S TO SURVIVE
 Need to be done while waiting for the rescuers
 Maintaining morale
 Survival when in water

HEAT EXPOSURE

Heat exposure of hypothermia is caused by over-exertion, or over-exposure to heat or the

sun. The most common types of heat exposure illness are heat stroke, heat exhaustion, and
sunstroke. Heat stroke is the most serious and can lead to death.
Prevent heat exposure illnesses by drinking fresh water, staying in the shade, and resting.
Also, keep the craft‟s canopy wet wear wet clothing, since evaporation of the water is
cooling.

- HYPOTHERMIA

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Hypothermia occurs when your body loses more heat

than it creates, and your body temperature reaches
35 degrees Celsius or less. Most body heat is lost
through the head and neck but also though the
armpit and groin.

- EFFECTS OF SEASICKNESS
Seasickness is caused by the rolling
and pitching of the raft especially
during foul weather. This will lead to
vomiting, dizziness and eventually
dehydration. Take anti-seasickness
tables may help reduce seasickness.

- DEHYDRATION

Failure to maintain body fluids correctly

would cause dehydration. Also,
dehydration is caused by excessive
urination, vomiting and diarrhea.
Symptoms of dehydration include
increasing thirst, headache, sleepiness,
and reduces or dark urine.

TO PREVENT DEHYDRATION:
 Drink fresh water, never try urine or
seawater
 Don‟t drink alcohol or sweet drinks
 Don‟t eat if water is not available
 Avoid unnecessary movements

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- DRINKING SEAWATERS

Seawater is poison. Do not drink it.

Otherwise, you will feel thirstier and more
likely to die. Seawater only uses your water
reverses to neutralize the seawater‟s salt,
causing rapid dehydration.

- SHARK

Do not attack sharks. Despite their

reputation, shark rarely attack
people. However, if they are in your
area, avoid attracting them. Sharks
are attracted to blood and body
wastes, shiny objects, movements,
and irregular noise, such as
splashing and screaming. Limit your
disposal of any type of waste and
throw it as far from the craft as
possible. Also, stay out of the water,
and do not suspend your arms and
legs in the water.

NEED TO BE DONE WHILE WAITING FOR THE RESCUERS

After the survival craft has been safely move away from the danger area, and the sea
anchor is holding the craft, survivors on the craft should to the following measures to
enhance survival.

 Immediately establish boat organization (the highest person in terms of position

should take the command)
 Assign tasks such as lookouts, care of signals, radio operation, rationing and
supplies, maintenance of the survival craft, and medical care.
 Install protective covers, insulate the floor from cold, wet clothes be remove and
dried, and have thermal protective aid be used
 Distributes blankets and anti-seasickness tablets
 Give medical attention to those injured
 Gather other survival crafts

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SURVIVAL WHEN IN WATER

Always wear your lifejackets while in survival craft because you‟ll never know when you
could end up in water. If you do fall into water, use the H.E.L.P (Heat Escape Lessening
Posture) below to conserve body temperature. Water can be a lot colder than you can
imagine. Un the water, the body loses heat at least 25 times faster than it does in the air.

MARITIME SAFETY PROCEDURES

1. Know the weather condition before sailing at sea.
2. Listen to the radio and watch television to know weather reports.
3. Follow coast guard rules and regulation prior sailing during typhoon.
4. Assist in providing reminders sailing out to sea when there is typhoon to other fisherman
5. When weather condition is good, ensure that the engine and outrigger of boats are in
good condition before sailing out to sea and carry necessary tools and equipment.
6. Inform your Brgy. Chairman and local officers on your plan of sailing and provide contact
number.
7. Remember the hotline number of coast guard, NDCC, AFP, PNP and coast watch personal.
8. Carry enough number of life jackets, flashlight, battery and while when sailing out to sea.
9. Carry fully charged cellphone and transistor radio when sailing out to sea.
10. Make it a habit to have a companion and do not get away from other fishing boats.
11. Do not sail out to areas when there is no cellphone signals and if possible inform them
of your whereabouts.
12. Continue to monitor the weather condition and have in mind your own safety and not to
take risk of bad weather.

LIFE SAVING EQUIPMENT

A life, ring buoy, life ring, lifesaver, life preserve or lifebelt, also known as a “Kirby ring” or
“perry buoy”, is a life-saving buoy designed to be thrown to a person in the water, to
provide buoyancy, to prevent drowning. Some modern lifebuoys are fitted with one or more
seawater-activated lights, to aid rescue at night.

LIFE RAFT
A usually inflatable raft carried aboard a ship or airplane, used to save lives in case the
vessel must be abandoned in an emergency on the sea.

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RULES OF THE ROAD

(Vessel Traffic System) & Signals

NAVIGATION LIGHTS
A navigational light is colored source of illumination on a waterborne vessel used to signal
craft position, heading and status

VESSEL IS DEAD AHEAD

DAY NIGHT
Vessel less than 50 meters

Vessel more than 50 meters

When a vessel shows two masthead lights, one forward and one Aft, Green light on the
Starboard side (Right) and Red on the Port side (Left), it means that a vessel is dead ahead.
VESSEL ON STARBOARDSIDE
(Right side)
DAY NIGHT
Vessel less than 50 meters

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Vessel more than 50 meters

When a vessel shows two Masthead lights and a Green light, it means that a vessel shows
its Starboard side (Right side).

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VESSEL ON STARBOARDSIDE
(Left side)

DAY NIGHT

Vessel less than 50 meters

Vessel more than 50 meters

When vessel shows two Masthead lights and Red lights, do not cross ahead, that means a
vessel is crossing. Relevant to land traffic rule “Red is stop” or red means danger

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VESSEL ASTERN OR REAR OF THE VESSEL

DAY NIGHT

When a vessel is astern, it shows its stern light, sidelight and masthead lights are not visible.

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References

Maritime Safety (MARSAP) by Commo Lino Paterno w. Pederanga PCGA

Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary Officers‟ Career Development Instructions Course

Trainings‟ Manual Series Nov. 1, 2017

Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary Regulations Manual 2012 Edition

PCG-NSTP Training Manual S. 2104

Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) for Maritime School. Comprehensive compilation and

arranged by: Capt. Florencio J.T. Ventosa, 1993

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Checkpoint

Activity 1:

Match column A to column B. Write the letter that best describe each

Item.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

___ 1. Heat Exposure A.) It occurs when your body losses more heat
than it creates, and your body temperature
reaches 35 degrees Celsius or less.

___ 2. Hypothermia B.) Is caused by over-exertion, or over exposure

to heat or the sun.

___ 3. Dehydration C.) Is caused by the rolling and pitching of the

raft especially during foul weather.

___ 4. Effects of Sickness D.) Is caused by excessive urination, vomiting

and diarrhea
___ 5. Life raft E.) Are attracted to blood and body waste, shiny
objects, movements, and irregular noise.
Such as splashing and screaming.

___ 6. Safety Guidance F.) Also known as a Kirby ring or perry buoy.

___ 7. Life jacket G.) A usually inflatable raft carried aboard a ship
or airplane, used to save lines in case the
vessel must be abandoned in an emergency.

___ 8. Life Buoy H.) A protective cloth used to keep survivors

warm and protected against rain, wind, and
cold.

___ 9. Maritime Safety I.) The most important factors to observed while
in training and working onboard.

___ 10. Shark J.) One of the four (4) major mandates of PCG
which concerns implementing the SOLAS rules
and regulation.

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10 August 2020 QMR President

Assessment

1. Sea-going passengers (Cadets) and fisherman are encouraged to raise their survived
awareness every time they go out to sea.
2. Members (Cadets) who are not proficiently trained on water search and
rescue, especially non-swimmers, are NOT advised to be deployed at sea, as it
can only jeopardize the mission.
3. It must be noted that auxiliaries (Cadets), being tasked to assist the Coast Guard Station
prior to planning and operations.
4. In case of emergency don‟t panic while some do not know what to do at all.

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