NEWTONIAN FLUID
3. VISCOSITY
Dynamic
Kinematic
3.1 DYNAMIC VISCOSITY, µ
Definition
❖Dynamic viscosity, µ , is defined as the Shear force per unit area
(shear stress, ) needed to drag a layer of fluid with a unit velocity past
another layer at a unit distance away from it in the fluid
❖Measure of internal friction of fluid particles
•Molecular cohesiveness
•Resistance fluid has to shear (or flow)
Water:
Air:
Units:
3.2 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY, ν
Definition
❖It defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density
v=
• Will be found to be important in cases
in which significant viscous and
gravitational forces exist.
Typical values:
μ = dynamic viscosity Water = 1.14x10-6 m2/s;
ρ= mass density Air = 1.46x10-5 m2/s;
Units: m2/s or stokes (10,000 St = 1m2s-1)
NEWTON LAW OF VISCOSITY
When fluid moves, it generates shearing stress
If no movement between the moving fluid particles → no shear stresses
developed
Fluid particles which in contact with solid boundaries will adhere to these
boundaries → will have same velocities as the solid boundaries
Movement of a fluid over solid boundary can be visualized as layers of a
fluid moving one above the other.
The velocity of fluid layers increases as the distance from the solid
boundary increases
y
v
Flowing passing over a solid boundary
TEMPERATURE VS VISCOSITY (LIQUID AND GASES)
• Viscosity is caused by the cohesive
forces between the molecules in liquids
and by the molecular collisions in
Viscosity
gases, ant it varies greatly with
temperature.
Liquids • The viscosity of liquid decreases with
temperature, whereas the viscosity of
gases increases with temperature.
• This is because in a liquid the
molecules possess more energy at
higher temperature and they can
Gases oppose the large cohesive
intermolecular forces more strongly.
• As a result, the energized liquid
Temperature
molecules can move more freely.
• In gases, the intermolecular activities
are negligible and the gas molecules at
high temperature move randomly at
higher velocity.
VISCOSITY IN GASES & LIQUIDS
Viscosity in gases
• Due to intermolecular collision
between randomly moving particles
• For gas, temperature , amount of
intermolecular collision , viscosity
Viscosity in liquid
• Due to intermolecular collision
between liquid particles
• For liquid, temperature ,
intermolecular collision is weakened,
viscosity
NEWTON LAW OF VISCOSITY
It is important to evaluate the magnitude of the shear stress
generated by the moving fluid
du
Newton’s Law of viscosity: = (1.1)
= shear stress (tau) dy
= viscosity of fluid
du/dy = shear rate, rate of strain
or velocity gradient
• The viscosity is a function only of the condition of the fluid, particularly its
temperature.
• The magnitude of the velocity gradient (du/dy) has no effect on the magnitude of .
NEWTONIAN &
NON NEWTONIAN FLUID
obey refer
Fluid Newton’s law Newtonian fluids
of viscosity
Example: Air, Water, Oil, Gasoline, Alcohol, Kerosene, Benzene, Glycerine
not obey refer
Fluid Newton’s law Non Newtonian fluids
of viscosity
NON NEWTONIAN FLUID
*The slope of a curve at a point is the apparent viscosity of the fluid at that point
PROPERTIES OF FLUID
1.4 VAPOUR PRESSURE, SURFACE TENSION,
AND CAPILLARITY
At the end of this topic student should:
•Be able to define the fluid parameters.(CO1-PO1)
•Be able to apply surface tension and capillarity in solving fluid
engineering problem.(CO1-PO1)
•Be able to use the Newton’s law of viscosity which are the
relationship of shear stress and velocity gradient in solving fluid
engineering problems (CO1-PO3)
4. SURFACE TENSION, σ
Surface tension
• defined as the force acting a unit length of
a line drawn in the liquid surface
Surface tension
• Surface tension tend to reduce the surface
area of a body of liquid
p
• The internal pressure within the droplet, p
and the surface tension forces, must be in
equilibrium.
Surface tension
• Taking vertical equilibrium of the forces acting on
the droplet
• The magnitude of surface tension forces are very
small compared to other forces
• Normally are neglected
2r = pr 2
2 pr
p= = Units : N/m
r 2
5. VAPOR PRESSURE, Pv
Vapor pressure
• defined as the pressure at which a liquid
turns to vapour
• the pressure exerted by its vapor in phase
equilibrium with its liquid at a given temperature
• The molecules which moves above the surface of
the liquid exert pressure in the confined surface
Vapor pressure
Pvapour = P saturation
Units: N/m2 or Pascal
6. CAPILLARITY
When a liquid comes into contact with a solid surface:
- Adhesion forces: forces between solid and liquid
- Cohesion forces: forces within liquid
If cohesive forces > adhesive forces, the meniscus in a glass tube will take
a shape as in figure (a) and (b).
Figure (a) and (b)
Capillary effect is
the rise or fall of a
liquid in a small-
diameter tube
4 cos 4 cos 2 cos
h= @ h= @ h=
gd d gr
where h = height of capillary rise (or depression)
= surface tension
Units= m @ mm = wetting (contact) angle
= specific weight of liquid
r = radius of tube
