Experiment Name:
Standard Test Methods
for Tension Testing of
Metallic Materials
Introduction
• The tensile test is a common mechanical
test used to determine the mechanical
properties of materials, including mild steel.
• It helps us understand how a material
behaves under tensile (pulling) forces.
Objectives of the experiment
❑ Yield strength (0.2% offset)
❑ Ultimate strength
❑ Breaking/Fracture/Rupture strength
❑ Modulus of Elasticity
❑ Percentage, % elongation
❑ Percentage, % reduction of area
Significance of the experiment
● Tensile tests provide valuable information about strength and ductility of
materials.
● By submitting a material to uniaxial tension until it fractures we can determine
its yield strength, ultimate strength and fracture toughness.
● This data aid in material selection for applications where high loads are
expected.
Following properties can be determined by tensile testing :
• Yield Strength: It refers to the strength beyond which it exhibits plasticity.
• Ultimate Strength: It refers to the strength at which the materials breaks or fractures.
• Ductility: The ductility of a material is a measure of the extent to which a material will deform
before fracture.
• Elasticity: Elasticity is the ability of an object or material to resume its normal shape after
being stretched or compressed.
• Modulus of Elasticity: It is defined as the ratio of stress to corresponding strain under normal
stress within proportional limit.
• Modulus Of Resilience: The energy stored per unit volume at the elastic limit is the modulus
of resilience.
• Breaking or Rupture Stress: The maximum amount of stress that can be applied before
rupture occurs.
• Modulus of Toughness: A measure of a materials ability to plastically deform without
fracturing.
Stress-Strain curve of mild steel
Apparatus used for testing
The most common testing machine used for tensile testing is the Universal Testing Machine.
Other apparatuses are:
ii. Slide calipers,
iii. Extensometer
Testing specimen:
1. Flat test piece. 2. Round test piece.
Testing procedure
❑ Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. The length may either be length
of gauge section which is marked on the specimen with a preset punch or the total length of
the specimen.
❑ Insert the specimen into grips of the test machine and attach strain measuring device to it.
❑ Begin the load application and record load versus elongation data.
❑ Take readings more frequently as yield point is approached.
❑ Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler.
❑ Continue the test till Fracture occurs.
❑ By joining the two broken halves of the specimen together, measure the final length and
diameter of specimen.
Calculation:
Result and interpretation:
The stress-strain curve of a tensile test shows how a
material behaves under force, from elastic to plastic
deformation to fracture. High yield and ultimate tensile
strengths signal suitability for heavy loads.
Understanding mild steel's tension behavior is essential
for assessing its durability in various applications.
Benefits of tensile testing:
• To determine material properties by measuring the
force required to elongate a specimen to breaking
point.
• To predict how materials will behave in their intended
applications.
• To help engineers decide how and when to use a
material.
• To guarantee the safety of a material.
Experiment Name:
Impact test of metal/PVC
specimen with
Charpy/Izod Test
Method
Introduction
The impact test assesses how
metals withstand sudden,
dynamic loads, simulating real-
world collisions. Understanding
this behavior is critical for
ensuring safety and reliability in
engineering applications.
Properties
Toughness: Toughness is a Ductility : Ductility is a material's
material's capacity to resist fracture ability to stretch or deform under
under stress by absorbing energy and tensile stress without fracturing,
undergoing plastic deformation before making it crucial for applications
breaking. where shaping or molding is required
Significance of impact test:
01 Material Selection: Impact tests help choose suitable construction
materials by assessing their ability to withstand sudden loads.
02 Safety Assurance: Understanding material response to impact ensures
structures can endure unforeseen events like earthquakes or collisions.
03 Quality Control: Routine impact testing ensures construction materials
meet standards, ensuring durability.
04 Performance Prediction: Impact test data aids in predicting structural
performance and lifespan, informing design measures.
05 Regulatory Compliance: Many building codes require impact testing to
ensure safety and regulatory compliance in construction projects.
Specimen for testing:
Charpy simple beam Izod cantilever beam
The standard flexure test The cantilever specimen is a 10 by 10 mm in section and
specimen is a piece 10 by 75 mm long having a standard 45 notch 2 mm deep.
10 by 55 mm notched as The specimen is clamped to act as a vertical cantilever.
shown. The mounting of the specimen and the relative position
of the striking edge are shown.
Testing procedure
1. Measure the lateral dimensions of the specimen at a full section and at the
notch.
2. Set the pointer to read minimum on the graduated disc and note down the initial
error .
3. Set the hammer block in the position ‘A’ (topmost position) and the pointer
along with the carrier, in the position ‘a’ (see figure) and then release the
hammer. When the hammer block stops swinging, the pointer should be in
position ‘b’ (zero absorbed energy), if not read the initial error bb'=i (this is to be
used for high scale).
4. In the same way as described in `3' determine the initial error for the low scale.
5. Place and position the sample appropriately in the vise.
6. Raise the pendulum and fix it in proper position. Release the pendulum and
record the energy absorbed.
7. The corrected energy absorbed by the specimen is then found taking into
consideration of the initial error determined earlier. Note the condition of the
failed specimen (whether broken or not).
8. Repeat steps (5) to (7) for each of the specimen supplied.
Result and interpretation:
The impact test evaluates a metal's fracture
appearance, absorbed energy, and notch
sensitivity. Ductile fractures show deformation,
while brittle fractures indicate sudden breaks.
Higher absorbed energy signifies greater
toughness. Results are compared with
standards to assess suitability for applications.
Thank You !
