Linkers & Conjunctions

 Underline the correct linking expressions:

 It is generally accepted that smoking causes
the deaths of large numbers of people. In
order to address this problem governments
should ban smoking in public places. To what
extent do you agree or disagree with this
statement?
Many people think that the best way to reduce deaths from smoking
is to ban smoking in public places. 1 However / In addition, it is not as
simple as that. There are several reasons why I do not consider this
approach to be suitable.
2 Alternatively/ Firstly, banning activities often increases their
popularity by making them seem more exciting. 3 Furthermore/ In
contrast, most smoking takes place in the privacy of people's homes,
and would 4 therefore / nevertheless not be affected by the ban. 5
Thirdly/ Similarly, a ban on smoking would make extra demands on
the police.
6 Although / Despite the ideas behind banning smoking in public
places are good, an alternative approach needs to be taken, in my
opinion. Schools should lead the way in discussing the harmful effects
of smoking not only on the smokers themselves but on others around
them. 7 In addition/Consequently, parents need to support these
efforts by encouraging their children to understand the negative
aspects of smoking.
If we adopted these measures, I believe fewer people would take up
smoking, 8 as a result/ moreover. To some extent these things are
already happening. 9 And / Nevertheless, further efforts are needed.
Many people think that the best way to reduce deaths from smoking is to ban
smoking in public places. 1 However / In addition, it is not as simple as that.
There are several reasons why I do not consider this approach to be suitable.
2 Alternatively/ Firstly, banning activities often increases their popularity by
making them seem more exciting. 3 Furthermore/ In contrast, most smoking
takes place in the privacy of people's homes, and would 4 therefore /
nevertheless not be affected by the ban. 5 Thirdly/ Similarly, a ban on smoking
would make extra demands on the police.
6 Although / Despite the ideas behind banning smoking in public places are
good, an alternative approach needs to be taken, in my opinion. Schools should
lead the way in discussing the harmful effects of smoking not only on the
smokers themselves but on others around them. 7 In addition /Consequently,
parents need to support these efforts by encouraging their children to
understand the negative aspects of smoking.
If we adopted these measures, I believe fewer people would take up smoking 8
as a result/ moreover. To some extent these things are already happening. 9 And
/ Nevertheless, further efforts are needed.
add contrast results
add Contrast Result
As a result
addition contrast result
In addition However As a result
Firstly Although Therefore
Thirdly Alternatively Consequently
Moreover In contrast
Furthermore Despite
And nevertheless
Similarly
Alternatively
1. We enjoyed the meal because of / although /
so that the wonderful cooking.
2. I’m going to have a dessert although / so that
/ in spite of being on a diet.
3. Keep an eye on the sauce because of / though
/ so that it doesn’t burn.
4. I’m really hungry because / though / so that I
had a big breakfast.
5. I never eat vegetables because of / even
though / for I know they’re healthy.
6. It was an excellent meal despite / even though /
so that the unfriendly waiters.
It was an excellent meal, even though the waiters were
unfriendly.

 Although he had diabetes, Wasim bowled at

140 kph
 Akram Khan saved the match with an
unbeaten 67 run. (IC)
 Complex- IC+DC+ conjunction
 Compound – IC+IC+ conjunction
The situation took a different turn in March 2020, so
governments had to enforce total lockdown.

Governments had to enforce total lockdown, for the

situation took a different turn in March 2020.
Task 04
 Coordinating Conjunctions
FANBOYS
 F – for I drank some water, for I was thirsty.
 She put on a sweater, for it was cold outside.

 A – and He was tired, and he had a headache.

 N – nor She doesn’t drink milk, nor does she eat butter.
 I can’t whistle, nor can I sing.
 He didn’t study last night, nor did he read his book.
 They were not wearing jackets, nor were they
carrying umbrellas.
 B – but Tom studied a lot, but he didn’t pass the test.

 O – or He can buy the book, or he can borrow it from

the library.

 Y – yet Tom studied a lot, yet he didn’t pass the test.

 S – so Maria was thirsty, so she drank some water.

 It was cold outside, so she put on a sweater.
 Subordinating Conjunctions
 When writing a sentence which has one part
that is dependent on the other, use
subordinating conjunctions:
 The company was growing although its
products were expensive.
 ON A WHITE BUS
O - once I - if when, in order that,
N - now that, now if then, if = provided
A - as much as, after, that, if only, if then,
although, as if, as even if
though, as, as long as T – that, than, though
W – whenever, whether, E – even, even though
Who, Which, whoever, B – before, because
while, when, whereas, U – unless, until
where if, wherever, S - so that, since,
where supposing
H - how, no matter how
Practice 1
 Combine the short sentences by using the subordinating
conjunction provided to create a complex sentence.
 1. Finish eating your breakfast. Brush your teeth. After
 2. I have to stay for tutoring. I failed the quiz in math. Because
 3. We won’t have practice today. It is raining. Since
 4. I woke up. I saw that it was snowing! When
 5.You eat your vegetables.You cannot have dessert. Until
 6. I was taking a quiz in science. The power went out. While
 7.You practice.You will not get any better at basketball. Unless
 8. The sun rises in the morning. A rooster crows very early. Before
 9.You need to study your vocabulary words.You can do well on
the quiz. So That
Practice 2
 Use these seven subordinate conjunctions to combine sentences in each
question: after, although, because, before, since, unless, while

 1. The truck driver ate a big meal. Later, he went to work.

 2. The newspaper reporter refused to say who gave her the secret
information. She was arrested by the police.
 3. I have no money. I can’t go to the play.
 4. Polar bears are cute. The mothers are dangerous if they think you are
threatening their cubs.
 5. Some university classes are challenging. Others classes are boring.
 6. The typhoon ended on Wednesday. Everybody went to the beach to
inspect the damage.
 7. My pet has fleas. It needs a bath.
 8. We drove to the mountains in the afternoon. We packed the car in the
morning
 FANBOYS

 For = cause / effect

 And= two similar ideas
 Nor= cross out two options
 But= two opposing ideas
 Or= alternatives
 Yet= two opposing ideas
 So= cause / effect
 New age, daily sun, independent , Daily star
 Opinion , editorial
 Op-ed
 The guardian, BBC news, The Hindustan
Times, The Hindu, The dawn
 Since the weather was bad , I took an umbrella
 I don’t know whether government will declare it safe by
November.
 The price of onion is 8 taka in Lahore, while/ whereas it is
80 tk in Dhaka.
 If the pandemic gets over by June, the government will
declare it safe to open schools.
 Once we have two genuine fast bowlers and a leg
spinner, we can win test matches outside BD.
 Unless we have two genuine fast bowlers and a leg
spinner, we cannot win test matches outside BD.
 We cannot win test matches outside BD, unless
 For + So = cause / effect
 The government introduced compulsory
primary education in the 1990s , for
education is the main element behind
economic development.

 Education is the main element behind

economic development, so The government
introduced compulsory primary education in
1990s
 But = two opposing ideas
 Many students nowadays prefer online
courses for academic studies, but some
practical courses like Medicine and
Engineering cannot be taught online for lack
of practical lessons.
And= the media can play an important role in
raising awareness about the Corona pandemic,
and the local government hands can issue social
messages through telco companies to make
people aware.
Or= you can borrow the books from the library, or
a friend can borrow it for you.
Nor= The newspaper cannot raise mass
awareness about the pandemic, nor can radio
raise awareness.
 Overpopulation
 Narrow roads
 Lack of public transport

 Intro
 Reasons
 Solutions
 Conclusion
 Although he was busy, he came to my
wedding.

 Despite his busy life, he came to my wedding.

 Despite bad weather, they came to the party

 Although the weather was bad, they came to
the party
add Contrast Result
As a result
• Onion price is 9 taka in Pakistan, • Once the leather is salted, it is ready to
whereas it is 90 in BD be tanned.
• If PM dies tomorrow, the party will • Once you pay the money, we will send
break into 4 groups you the products.
• I know that this will not happen. • After paying the money, I can get the
• He is lighter than his brother tickets.
• Though onion price is 9 taka in • Although he was sick, he came to
Pakistan, it is 90 in BD office.
• Before taking a step, you should • Although onion price is 9 taka in
discuss it with your father. Pakistan, it is 90 in BD
• Because I was busy, I could not come. • As I was busy, I could not come.
• Unless you have passport, you cannot • I do not know whether he is at home
register for IELTS • While onion price is 9 taka in Pakistan,
• PM will rule until her death it is 90 in BD
• He came to England so that he could • When he was in England, he made a
get a job plan.
• Because / since / as I was busy, I could
not come.
 Reasons/ solutions
 Advantages/ disadvantages
 Problems/ solutions
 Causes/ effects
 1. Narrow roads,
 2. lack of public transport,
 3. unplanned urban areas.
The government has opened many services
after two months.
Since my father was a businessman,
 Complex- compound
 Governments in rich countries often charge
high tax as they have to ensure the highest
standard of living for all citizens, but they fail
to acknowledge that this is indeed socialism
as it collects the excess wealth from the rich
to disburse it to the poor.
Range
Simple
Complex
Compound
Compound- complex
Although he had diabetes, WA could bowl at
140kph
 Although, while, whereas, when, if, since, as ,
because, whether, so that
 Unemployment, drug addiction, traffic jam, child
malnutrition , gender discrimination , air pollution ,
energy crisis

 While cities are suffering from air pollution, villages

suffer from water pollution.
Khaitta Khan