Storyline
Chapter 18:
Temperature
Physics for Scientists and Engineers,
10e
Raymond A. Serway
John W. Jewett, Jr.
Temperature and the Zeroth Law
of Thermodynamics
If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium
with a third object C, then A and B are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
Quick Quiz 18.1
Two objects, with different sizes, masses, and
temperatures, are placed in thermal contact. In which
direction does the energy travel?
(a) Energy travels from the larger object to the smaller
object.
(b) Energy travels from the object with more mass to
the one with less mass.
(c) Energy travels from the object at higher
temperature to the object at lower temperature.
Quick Quiz 18.1
Two objects, with different sizes, masses, and
temperatures, are placed in thermal contact. In which
direction does the energy travel?
(a) Energy travels from the larger object to the smaller
object.
(b) Energy travels from the object with more mass to
the one with less mass.
(c) Energy travels from the object at higher
temperature to the object at lower temperature.
Thermometers and the Celsius
Temperature Scale
The Constant-Volume Gas
Thermometer
P = P0 + ρ gh
The Constant-Volume Gas
Thermometer
and
T the
C= T −Absolute
273.15 Temperature Scale
The Absolute Temperature Scale
The Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin
Temperature Scales
TC = T − 273.15
9
TF = TC + 32°F
5
5
ΔTC = ΔT = ΔTF
9
Example 18.1:
Converting Temperatures
On a day when the temperature reaches 50 F, what is
the temperature in degrees Celsius and in kelvins?
9
TF = TC + 32°F ⇒
5
5 5
TC = (TF − 32 ) = (50 − 32 ) = 10°C
9 9
TC = T − 273.15 ⇒
T = TC + 273.15 = 10°C + 273.15 = 283 K
Thermal Expansion
of Solids and Liquids
Thermal Expansion of Solids
Thermal Expansion of Solids
ΔL /Li L f − Li = α Li (T f − Ti )
α≡
ΔT ΔL = α Li ΔT
Thermal Expansion of Solids
Coefficients of Linear Expansion
Volume Expansion
ΔV = β Vi ΔT
Vi + ΔV = (! + Δ )(
! w + Δw )(h + Δh )
= (! + α Δ!T )(w + α wΔT )(h + α hΔT )
3
=! wh (1 + αΔT )
2 3
= Vi 1 + 3αΔT + 3 (αΔT ) + (αΔT ) ⎤
⎡
⎣ ⎦
2 3
ΔV /Vi = 3αΔT + 3 (αΔT ) + (αΔT )
ΔV /Vi = 3αΔT ⇒ ΔV = (3α )Vi ΔT
β = 3α
Example 18.2:
Expansion of a Railroad Track
A segment of steel railroad track has a length of 30.000
m when the temperature is 0.0 C.
(A) What is its length when the temperature is
40.0 C?
ΔL = α Li ΔT
−1
= ⎡11× 10−6 (°C ) ⎤ (30.000 m )(40.0°C ) = 0.013 m
⎣ ⎦
L f = 30.000 m + 0.013 m = 30.013 m
Example 18.2:
Expansion of a Railroad Track
What if the temperature drops to 40.0 C? What is the
length of the unclamped segment?
L f = 30.000 m − 0.013 m = 22.987 m
Example 18.3:
The Thermal Electrical Short
A poorly designed electronic device has two bolts attached to
different parts of the device that almost touch each other in
its interior as in the figure. The steel and brass bolts are at
different electric potentials, and if they touch, a short circuit
will develop, damaging the device. (We will study electric
potential in Chapter 25.) The initial gap between the ends of
the bolts is d = 5.0 mm at 27 C. At what temperature will
bolts
the touch? Assume
the distance between
the walls of the device
is not affected by the
temperature change.
Example 18.3:
The Thermal Electrical Short
ΔLbr + ΔLSt = α br Li ,br ΔT + α st Li ,st ΔT = d
d
ΔT =
α br Li ,br + α st Li ,st
5.0 × 106 m
ΔT = −1 −1
= 7.4°C
6 6
⎡19 × 10 (°C ) ⎤ (0.030 m ) + ⎡11× 10 (°C ) ⎤ (0.010 m )
− −
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
ΔT = 27°C + 7.4°C = 34°C
The Unusual Behavior of Water
The Unusual Behavior of Water
Macroscopic Description of an Ideal
Gas
Ideal Gas Law
m
n=
M
PV = nRT
R = 8.314 J/mol ⋅ K
R = 0.082 06 L ⋅ atm/mol ⋅ K
Champagne
Boltzmann’s Constant
PV = nRT
N
PV = nRT = RT
NA
PV = NkBT
R
kB = = 1.38 × 10−23 J/K
NA
Example 18.4:
Heating a Spray Can
A spray can containing a propellant gas at twice atmospheric
pressure (202 kPa) and having a volume of 125.00 cm3 is at
22 C. It is then tossed into an open fire. (Warning: Do not
do this experiment; it is very dangerous.) When the
temperature of the gas in the can reaches 195 C, what is the
pressure inside the can? Assume any change in the volume of
the can is negligible.
PV PV Pf V f Pi Pf
PV = nRT ⇒ = nR i i
= ⇒ =
T Ti Tf Ti T f
⎛ Tf ⎞ ⎛ 468 K ⎞
Pf = ⎜ ⎟ Pi = ⎜ ⎟ (202 kPa ) = 320 kPa
⎝ Ti ⎠ ⎝ 295 K ⎠
Example 18.4:
Heating a Spray Can
Suppose we include a volume change due to thermal
expansion of the steel can as the temperature increases. Does
that alter our answer for the final pressure significantly?
ΔV = β Vi ΔT = 3αVi ΔT
−1
= 3 11× 10 (°C ) ⎤ (125.00 cm3 )(173°C ) = 0.71 cm3
⎡ −6
⎣ ⎦
⎛ Tf ⎞ ⎛ Vi ⎞
Pf = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ Pi
⎝ Ti ⎠ ⎝ Vf ⎠
Vi 125.00 cm3
= = 0.994 = 99.4%
V f (125.00 cm + 0.71 cm )
3 3
