Reading and Writing Module 1

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there is no paper answer key.

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Reading and Writing
Instructions

The Reading and Writing section presents short reading passages (or passage pairs) followed by a single multiple-choice question.
Questions on the Reading and Writing section represent one of four content domains—Craft and Structure, Information and Ideas,
Standard English Conventions, and Expression of Ideas. To help you budget your time, questions that test similar skills and
knowledge are grouped together and arranged from easiest to hardest.

1.
The Iroquois, who lived in the northeast of North America, developed ------- system of government among the six nations that
made up the Iroquois Confederacy. Each nation played a role in the governance of the region based on the Great Law of
Peace, the oral constitution of the confederacy, which some scholars believe influenced the creation of the American
constitution.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A
a complex

B
a cautious

C
an accidental

D
an unusual

2.
The 1978 musical The Wiz takes the classic characters from the 1900 children’s classic The Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum
and recasts the themes for an African American audience in the wake of the turbulent Civil Rights Movement. In both stories, a
determined but compassionate Dorothy sets off down the yellow brick road with her familiar companions, but The Wiz also ----
---- many subtle social critiques.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A
incites

B
inspires

C
encompasses

D
anticipates

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3.
During a 2023 study of the remains of victims of the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic, Amanda Wissler at the University of
Colorado Boulder found that many of the 50 million victims of the pandemic might have succumbed to the illness due to
preexisting environmental, social, or nutritional stressors. This called into the question the ------- idea that the illness most
significantly affected the young and healthy.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A
fringe

B
established

C
prime

D
novel

4.
The following text is adapted from Oscar Wilde’s 1890 novel A Picture of Dorian Gray.

There is a fatality about all physical and intellectual distinction, the sort of fatality that seems to dog through history the faltering
steps of kings. The ugly and the stupid have the best of it in this world. They can sit at their ease and gape at the play. If they
know nothing of victory, they are at least spared the knowledge of defeat.

As used in the text, what does the word “gape” most nearly mean?

A
Abscond

B
Widen

C
Stare

D
Encourage

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5.
The following text is from the 1915 poem “Serepta Mason” by Edgar Lee Masters, from a book of poems that describes the
lives of the townspeople in the fictional town Spoon River.

My life's blossom might have bloomed on all sides

Save for a bitter wind which stunted my petals

On the side of me which you in the village could see.

From the dust I lift a voice of protest:

My flowering side you never saw!

Ye living ones, ye are fools indeed

Who do not know the ways of the wind

And the unseen forces

That govern the processes of life.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A
To refute the idea that the speaker’s life was full of hardship and
pain

B
To lament about the many difficulties incurred by a natural
disaster

C
To rail against the lack of care the speaker felt from the village regarding her many
hardships

D
To describe the misfortunes that occurred in the speaker’s
garden

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6.
The following text is from Rabindranath Tagore’s 1913 poem “The Judge.”

Say of him what you please, but I know my child's failings.

I do not love him because he is good, but because he is my little child.

How should you know how dear he can be when you try to weigh his merits against his faults?

When I must punish him he becomes all the more a part of my being.

When I cause his tears to come my heart weeps with him.

I alone have a right to blame and punish, for he only may chastise who loves.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

A
It expresses the need to make judgments on children even while they’re
young.

B
It describes a parent’s anguish about their child’s
misdeeds.

C
It asserts that judgments don’t matter because the child is dear to the
parent.

D
It enumerates ways in which one might chastise their child.

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7.
The following text is adapted from Aphra Behn’s 1689 novel The History of the Nun. The Lady Abbess, who runs a nunnery,
has taken in her niece, Isabella, after the death of her father.

The Lady Abbess, her Aunt, was not a little proud of the excellencies and virtues of her fair niece, and omitted nothing that
might adorn her mind; because, not only of the vastness of her land and fame, and the credit she would do her house, by
residing there for ever; but also, being very loath to part with her considerable fortune, which she must resign, if she returned
into the world. She used all her arts and strategies to make Isabella become a nun, to which all the fair sisterhood contributed
their cunning, but it was altogether needless; her niece showed inclination toward the strictness of devotion, her early prayers,
and showed continual, and innate steadfastness, and calm.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A
It describes a character’s desire for her niece to become a nun and the niece's inclinations toward that
life.

B
It establishes that a character is desperate to claim the land and riches of her niece as long as she stays
under her control.

C
It presents a character’s concern about allowing a child to venture out into the world
alone.

D
It reveals the inspiration behind a young nun’s religious devotion and the excitement of another character’s
ability to foster that devotion.

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8.
The following text is adapted from Anna Sewell’s 1877 novel Black Beauty. Black Beauty, a horse, tells stories of life as
working for different owners.

They always seemed to think that a horse was something like a steam-engine, only smaller. At any rate, they seemed to think
that if they only pay for it, a horse is bound to go just as far, and just as fast, and with just as heavy a load as they please.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A
Black Beauty thinks horses are similar to a steam
engine.

B
Black Beauty thinks that steam engines will mean that horses will not matter any
longer.

C
Black Beauty feels that horses can work as hard as machinery like steam
engines.

D
Black Beauty feels that owners push horses to work harder than they are meant
to.

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9.
Austrian artist and architect Friedensreich Hundertwasser was known for building projects that combined ecological elements
with vibrantly colored living spaces. His famous Hundertwasser House in Vienna is an apartment complex that incorporates
natural features and landscapes through the building by adding forested roofs and trees that grow inside of rooms. He also
built the floors so that they were uneven, believing that this was more pleasing and healthy to walk on. The overall look of the
complex is vibrant and despite its more unusual features, residents have suggested that it should be used as a model of how
to incorporate the natural world into urban homes.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A
Although the apartments are surrounded by natural elements and vibrant colors, the Hundertwasser House
serves mainly as a sightseeing attraction.

B
Hundertwasser's main goal with blending architecture and ecology was to find an effective way to save
energy.

C
The city of Vienna has always supported Hundertwasser and his goals of building more ecological
housing.

D
Although the design may seem unconventional, Hundertwasser House may provide ideas for more ways to
incorporate nature into urban environments.

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10.
The following text is from Countee Cullen’s 1922 poem “If You Should Go.”

Love, leave me like the light,

The gently passing day;
We would not know, but for the night,
When it has slipped away.

So many hopes have fled,

Have left me but the name
Of what they were. When love is dead,
Go thou, beloved, the same.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A
To boast about the speaker’s success in
love

B
To recount fond memories of a past love

C
To give love permission to leave

D
To plead with love to stay a little longer

11.
“On Pain” is a 1923 poem by Kahlil Gibran. In the poem, Gibran suggests that pain is necessary for healing, writing, -------

Which quotation from “On Pain” most effectively illustrates the claim?

A
“Your pain is the breaking of the shell that encloses your
understanding.”

B
“[Pain] is the bitter potion by which the physician within you heals your sick
self.”

C
“Much of your pain is self-chosen.”

D
“Even as the stone of the fruit must break, that its heart may stand in the sun, so must you know
pain.”

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12.
Minutes per Day Spent Practicing Free Throws and Percentage of Success for Five Basketball Students
Player Minutes Practicing Free Throws Percentage of Success
Adam 15 56%
Jordan 30 74%
Emma 45 78%
Josie 60 62%

A science class at a local high school conducted an experiment with their basketball team trying to determine a correlation
between time spent practicing free throws and the percentage of free throws that went through the basket successfully. Four
basketball players, Adam, Jordan, Emma and Josie, each spent a different amount of time per day practicing free throws for
one week. At the end of the week, each player took 50 free throws and the science class recorded the percentage of success.
They found that there was not a strong correlation between the amount of time spent practicing and the success rate. Thus,
they claim that increasing practicing time doesn't necessarily improve the rate of success when it comes to free throws.

Which choice best describes data from the table that supports the science class' claim?

A
Adam's success rate was lower than Jordan's success rate.

B
Adam's success rate was lower than Josie's success
rate.

C
Jordan's success rate was lower than Emma's success rate.

D
Emma and Jordan's success rates were roughly the
same.

13.

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Chemical pesticides have many harmful environmental side effects, which has led some ecologists to investigate natural
means of pest control, often by introducing species who are natural predators of certain pests into environments. In order to
study the effectiveness of releasing Gambusia affinis (also known as mosquito fish) in reducing the number of mosquito larvae
that hatch, an ecologist set up two artificial ponds filled with mosquito larvae, one with Gambusia affinis and the other without.
The ecologist then recorded the estimated number of mosquitoes in each pond for 4 weeks, and concluded that the difference
in the number of surviving mosquitoes was most likely due to the consumption of larvae by Gambusia affinis.

Which choice best describes data from the graph that weaken the ecologist's conclusion?

A
The greatest increase in mosquito count for the pond with Gambusia affinis was from week 2 to
3.

B
The mosquito count was lower in the pond with Gambusia affinis at week
1.

C
The mosquito count in the pond with Gambusia affinis increased significantly at the end of the 4
weeks.

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 D The mosquito count in the pond without Gambusia affinis increased at a faster rate in the first two
weeks.

14.
After surveying more than seven thousand tenure-track college professors in the United States, researchers found that median
childhood household income for professors was twenty percent higher than that of the general public. Faculty surveyed were
twenty-five times more likely to have a parent with a PhD than the general public, and about half of the faculty reported at least
one parent with a master’s degree or higher. Based on these findings, the researchers concluded that -------

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A
having a parent with a graduate degree correlates with a person's decision to go into
academia.

B
professors come from a variety of socioeconomic
backgrounds.

C
a parent with a master’s degree doesn’t predict whether someone will get a
PhD.

D
the socioeconomic background of professors is not markedly different from the general
public.

15.
In 1822, Joseph Marion Hernández was the first Hispanic American to serve as a delegate in the United States Congress. A
territorial delegate from the Territory of ------- faced racism and obstacles to voting in Congress, because other members
wouldn’t build coalitions or political alliances with him.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A
Florida he

B
Florida; he

C
Florida. He

D
Florida, he

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16.
American artist Richard Serra is best known for his large-scale minimalist sculptures. His site-specific metal sculptures are
colossal, strangely balanced, and make their viewer feel small and fragile in -------- of his practice is exploring the relationship
between humans and the surrounding world.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A
comparison, the very essence

B
comparison, in fact, the very essence

C
comparison the very essence

D
comparison; the very essence

17.
Texas is a state that has always experienced a variety of extreme weather. It is difficult to predict what kind of extreme
weather climate change will bring to Texas, because the possibilities range ------- and tornadoes.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A
from droughts, and wildfires to hurricanes

B
from droughts and wildfires to hurricanes

C
from droughts, and wildfires, to hurricanes

D
from droughts, and, wildfires to hurricanes

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18.
In their initial reviews of Vladimir Nabokov’s 1955 novel Lolita, ------- However, over time, critics have come to understand
Lolita as a novel about the nature of art and consciousness.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A
the salacious subject matter was the critics’
focus.

B
critics focused on its salacious subject
matter.

C
the salaciousness of the subject matter was the subject of the critics’
debate.

D
debate arose over the novel’s salacious subject
matter.

19.
Marcia C. Inhorn is an anthropologist renowned for her study of the social impacts of infertility in Egypt, the United Arab
Emirates, and Lebanon. Her works include Local Babies, Global Science: Gender, Religion, and In Vitro Fertilization in --------
and Cosmopolitan Conceptions: IVF Sojourns in Global Dubai.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A
Egypt, The New Arab Man: Emergent Masculinities, Technologies, and Islam in the Middle East;

B
Egypt, The New Arab Man: Emergent Masculinities, Technologies, and Islam in the Middle East,

C
Egypt; The New Arab Man: Emergent Masculinities, Technologies, and Islam in the Middle East,

D
Egypt; The New Arab Man: Emergent Masculinities, Technologies, and Islam in the Middle East;

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20.
Marine researchers at the University of Cambridge are looking into more sustainable ways to grow and harvest bivalve
mollusks for human consumption. One of their suggestions involves switching farming efforts to focus on fast-growing species
traditionally seen as marine ------- shipworm and the naked clam.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A
pest. The

B
pest; the

C
pest the

D
pest: the

21.
The scientific theory of a supercontinent called Pangea was initially proposed by Alfred Wegener in his 1912 work The Origin
of Continents. Despite some scientific evidence supporting his claim, other scientists remained unconvinced since his theory
lacked a mechanism for how the supercontinent broke apart. ------- Wegener's ideas weren't fully adopted until the 1960s,
when the theory of tectonic plates was put forth.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A
Hence,

B
Moreover,

C
Nevertheless,

D
Next,

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22.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

A hypersaline body of water has a higher level of salinity than the ocean.
The Don Juan Pond, in the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica, has a salinity of 44%.
The Don Juan Pond occupies a mere .03 square kilometers of surface area.
The Dead Sea in the Middle East is so named because no life can survive at its level of salinity—33.7%.
The Dead Sea covers an area of 605 square kilometers.
Typically, when water has a high level of salinity, it is not useful for agriculture.

The student wants to compare the salinities of the Don Juan Pond and the Dead Sea. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A
Both the Don Juan Pond and the Dead Sea are examples of hypersaline bodies of
water.

B
Despite being famous for its salinity, the Dead Sea has a salinity level of only
33.7%.

C
The Don Juan Pond covers fewer square kilometers than the Dead
Sea.

D
The Don Juan Pond has a salinity of 44%, while the Dead has a slightly lower salinity of
33.7%.

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23.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

Phrenology is a pseudoscience developed in 1796 by German physician Franz Joseph Gall, which studies the
measurements of bumps on the outer surface of the skull to predict mental traits.
"Pseudoscience" is a term coined in the late 18th century to encapsulate practices which have the appearance of being
scientific but are in fact false and incompatible with the scientific method.
Phrenology was used in the 18th century as a way to affirm the superiority of white men.
Even though phrenology has been thoroughly debunked, the study of the inner surface of the skulls of archaic humans
has allowed researchers to understand the cognitive abilities of prehistoric humans.

The student wants to specify how the study of human skulls has changed. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A
Phrenology as a study of the human brain has been debunked because it was incompatible with the scientific
method.

B
Researchers no longer study the outer surface of skulls but instead in the inner surface of the skulls of
archaic humans.

C
Phrenology, developed in 1796 by Franz Joseph Gall, is the study of bumps on the outer surface of the
skull.

D
The evolution of neuroscience has led to the study of the inner surface of
skulls.

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24.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

Researcher Emmanuel Mendoza has tried to make a pea plant bloom in soil meant to mimic Mars’s inhospitable
regolith.
Mendoza added a fertilizer called 'frass' to the inhospitable soil.
Frass is the waste left behind by black soldier fly larvae.
Gardening in space would require insects and microorganisms to keep ecological systems in working order.
If astronomers are to live on a different planet for an extended period of time, they need to be able to grow their own
food.

The student wants to emphasize why astronomers need to bring bugs to Mars. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A
In order to sustain life in space, astronomers need to bring bugs to Mars to help maintain a working
ecological system.

B
To garden in space, astronauts need frass, a fertilizer developed from the waste of fly
larvae.

C
Scientists are investigating ways that inhospitable soil for growing, like Mars' regolith, can be made to sustain
life.

D
The waste of black soldier fly larvae can be used to make frass, a fertilizer that can make inhospitable soil
better for growing.

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25.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

Chiharu Shiota is an artist.

She specializes in performance and installation art.
Shiota is interested in the psychic perception of space as well as memory, territory, and alienation.
In 2010, Shiota created an installation titled Dialogue with Absence that featured an oversized wedding dress hung up
on a high wall with a series of electric cables and test tubes dangling from it.
In her installation House of Windows (2005) she collected hundreds of old windows and created a house assembled
entirely of those discarded windows.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two installations. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A
Both Dialogue with Absence (2010) and Installation House of Windows (2005) showcase an interest in the
psychic perception of space.

B
Chiharu Shiota is an artist who specializes in performance and installation art and explores themes of space,
memory, and alienation.

C
Chiharu Shiota’s 2005 installation House of Windows was composed out of discarded old windows, while her
2010 installation Dialogue with Absence used a wedding dress and a series of tubes.

D
House of Windows and Dialogue of Absence, two installations created by Chiharu Shiota, were both
completed between 2005 and 2010.

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26.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

A modern stereotype of the Middle Ages is that it was an era of filth and bad hygiene.
In truth, medieval art and literature suggest that people delighted in bathing and appreciated its medicinal value.
Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum is a Latin poem written in the eleventh century.
The poem offers common-sense advice like washing hands and face in the morning and taking care to keep warm after
a bath.
De Balneis Puteolanis by Peter Eboli is another Latin poem dedicated exclusively to baths.

The student wants to emphasize the role of medieval literature in debunking the misconception that people in the Middle Ages
didn’t care about their hygiene. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?

A
Both Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum and De Balneis Puteolanis are medieval poems that emphasize good
hygiene.

B
The modern stereotype that people in the Middle Ages didn't have good hygiene doesn’t take into account
that people in the era delighted in bathing.

C
While the poem De Balneis Puteolanis was dedicated exclusively to baths, the poem Regimen Sanitatis
Salernitanum offered a larger variety of common-sense advice.

D
Despite the common misconceptions about the lack of good hygiene in the Middle Ages, poems like
Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum and De Balneis Puteolanis demonstrate that good hygiene was an oft-praised
value in the era.

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27.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

Jackson Pollock (1912-1956) was an abstract expressionist artist who painted on huge canvases.
Pollock was famous for his “drip technique” of pouring or splashing liquid paint onto a huge horizontal surface, allowing
him to paint in a frenetic dancing style.
Helen Frankenthaler (1928-2011) was an abstract expressionist painter who shifted to color field painting in 1960.
Color-field paintings don’t use gestural, expressive brushwork.
Helen Frankenthaler worked on an ambitious scale because she wanted to reproduce the effects of nature.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two painters. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A
Jackson Pollock was famous for his “drip technique,” while Helen Frakenthaler’s work eschewed gestural,
expressive brushwork.

B
Both Pollock and Frankentheler painted on a massive, ambitious
scale.

C
Even though Frankentheler started out as an abstract expressionist, she later abandoned the style
popularized by Jackson Pollock.

D
Though both Pollock and Franketheler used large canvases, Pollock’s work emphasized movement while
Frakenthaler’s work emphasized the effects of nature.

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Reading and Writing Module 2B

This test must be scored online;

there is no paper answer key.

Generated 05/24/2024, for

Tofig Mammadov

Unauthorized use is prohibited.

Reading and Writing
Instructions

The Reading and Writing section presents short reading passages (or passage pairs) followed by a single multiple-choice question.
Questions on the Reading and Writing section represent one of four content domains—Craft and Structure, Information and Ideas,
Standard English Conventions, and Expression of Ideas. To help you budget your time, questions that test similar skills and
knowledge are grouped together and arranged from easiest to hardest.

1.
Jane Addams was an American writer, social worker, and activist who, In 1889, founded Hull House, a settlement house in
Chicago, to provide services to the local community. Over the decades, the Hull House eventually grew to ------- a night school
for adults, a bathhouse, a book bindery, a music school, a library, and an employment bureau.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A
comprise

B
promote

C
condemn

D
propose

2.
The Guerrilla Girls, an artist collective formed in 1985, is known for protest art, including surprise exhibitions that highlight
inequalities in the art world. As their fame has spread over the past three decades, their name has become nearly ------- art
activism.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A
antithetical to

B
deleterious to

C
relevant to

D
synonymous with

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3.
Scholarly analyses of Jane Austen’s novels often highlight the depth and interiority with which she ------- her female
protagonists. Unlike many of her predecessors and contemporaries, Austen uses techniques such as free indirect speech and
irony in order to render the women in her novels as thoughtful, well-rounded characters.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A
portrays

B
commits

C
illustrates

D
signifies

4.
The work of American dancer and choreographer William Forsythe is significant in part due to the amalgam of his ------
influences: neoclassical German works, Georgian American choreographer George Balanchine, and classical ballet positions.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A
homogenous

B
unknown

C
disparate

D
intermittent

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5.
Text 1

Conventional wisdom has stood firm in the belief that human psychology is a complex yet independent entity, which has
remained largely the same for as long as humans have existed. While cultural institutions, governments, and religions have
slightly colored how the humans within them think, the actual processes of thought are biologically based and thus largely the
same across cultures and times. That is to say, the way modern humans think is quite similar to how ancient and even
prehistoric humans thought.

Text 2

In a 2020 book, Harvard professor Ada Wells utilizes cultural evolution and evolutionary psychology as means for examining
the ways in which cultural institutions have impacted human psychology, and vice versa, throughout time. While the book is
wide-reaching, Wells focuses on the institution of the Catholic church and the ways in which it spurred more individualistic
thinking in Western cultures.

Based on the texts, how would Wells (Text 2) most likely respond to the “conventional wisdom” presented in Text 1?

A
By conceding that biology is the main structure that affects how humans
think

B
By agreeing with the idea that ancient humans and modern humans are quite similar
mentally

C
By challenging the assumption that cultural institutions have the ability to affect how humans
think.

D
By disputing the idea that human psychology is an independent entity largely unaffected by exterior
forces

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6.
In 1966, scientist Valerii Vinokur developed a theory regarding the Hall effect, which states that when a material is subjected to
a magnetic field, its voltage points in a certain direction based on the field’s orientation and the material’s current. Vinokur’s
theory posited that the Hall effect essentially reverses with materials that become superconductors, meaning the positive end
of the superconductor will become negative. The theory was unconfirmed until a team of Harvard researchers developed a
bismuth-based, ultra-thin superconductor material that they used to confirm it.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A
Researchers have obtained the most definitive evidence to date of the reversal of the Hall effect with regard
to superconductors.

B
Researchers have identified an innovative new method for working with
superconductors.

C
Bismuth is the most important of the components required to examine the impacts of superconductors and
magnetic fields.

D
It’s difficult to understand superconductors because of the confusion put forth by the controversial Hall
effect.

7.
What was, until recently, the earliest evidence of the use of bows and arrows in Europe was discovered in peat bogs in
Northern Europe and was dated to approximately 12,000 years ago. However, this year, a team of archaeologists unearthed
more than 300 tiny, intricate arrowheads in the Rhône Valley. The arrowheads were found in Grotte Mandrin, a cave now
believed to have likely been inhabited by early modern humans about 54,000 years ago. Striation marks on the arrowheads
imply that they were used. More generally, they call into question the assumption held by many archeologists that early
modern humans arrived in Europe 40,000 years ago.

According to the text, why was the discovery of the arrowheads significant?

A
The recently discovered arrowheads represent the largest collection of early arrowheads ever discovered in
Europe.

B
The recently discovered arrowheads indicate that early humans arrived in Europe much earlier than
previously thought.

C
The recently discovered arrowheads have striation marks that suggest early modern humans struggled to
survive in the Rhône Valley.

D
The recently discovered arrowheads' location in Grotte Mandrin implies that early modern humans were
better suited for survival in the peat bogs of Northern Europe.

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8.
The following text is adapted from a translation of Gaston Leroux’s 1910 novel The Phantom of the Opera.

The Opera Ghost really existed. He was not, as was long believed, a creature of the imagination of the artists, the superstition
of the managers, or a product of the absurd and impressionable brains of the young ladies of the ballet, their mothers, the box-
keepers, the cloak-room attendants or the concierge. Yes, he existed in flesh and blood, although he assumed the complete
appearance of a real phantom; that is to say, of a spectral shade.

According to the text, what is true about the Opera Ghost?

A
The Opera Ghost is the product of artists’ and managers’ irrational
fears.

B
The Opera Ghost took advantage of the young
ballerinas.

C
The Opera Ghost is real and not merely a superstition of those who work at the opera
house.

D
The Opera Ghost disguised himself as a cloak-room
attendant.

9.
Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm is a 1903 children’s novel by Kate Douglas Wiggin which tells the story of a young girl,
Rebecca, growing up with her aunts in Maine. While portraying Rebecca's life, Wiggin highlights moments of childhood joy, as
when Wiggin writes -------

Which quotation from Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm most effectively illustrates the claim?

A
“Rebecca sat down carefully, smoothing her dress under her with painstaking precision, and putting her
sunshade under its extended folds between the driver and herself.”

B
“Rebecca was obliged to reprove Mr. Cobb, tacitly and quietly, but none the less surely, though the reproof
was dealt with one glance, quickly sent and as quickly withdrawn.”

C
“Rebecca turned the full light of her eyes upon him reproachfully, almost severely, as she answered his
question.”

D
“Upon hearing his offer to bring her to the big city, a thrill of delicious excitement ran through Rebecca’s
frame, from her new shoes up, up to the leghorn cap and down the black braid.”

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10.
Effect of Humidity on Rise and Bake Time of Sourdough Bread
Batch Humidity level Rise time (hours) Bake time (minutes)
A 32% 2 36
B 45% 1.85 45
C 34% 1.9 38
D 60% 2 58
E 25% 2.2 35
F 42% 1.9 45

The writers of commercial recipes meticulously test their recipes under a multitude of different conditions in order to determine
which instructions function the best overall. As part of the process of creating a sourdough bread recipe, the recipe writers
baked a number of different batches of the bread in differing levels of humidity in order to test whether or not humidity had any
effect on the rise time required for the dough to double in size and the time the dough was in oven (at a temperature of 475º
F) before it was fully baked. Based on the results, the recipe writers determined that humidity had an effect on how long the
dough needed to be in the oven before it was fully baked.

Which choice best describes data from the table that support the recipe testers' conclusion?

A
The bake times for batches A and C were similar to each other, while the bake time for batch D differed
significantly from any other recorded bake time.

B
The humidity level for batch D was 60% and resulted in the shortest bake time, while the humidity level in
batch E was 25% and resulted in the longest bake time.

C
Batch F had a humidity level of 42% and resulted in a rise time of 1.9 hours and bake time of 45
minutes.

D
The bake times for batches B and F were equivalent, even though their levels of humidity were 45% and
42% respectively.

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11.
During the 1980s, lobster fishers put together artificial reefs in the western Atlantic Ocean in order to attract Caribbean spiny
lobsters, which are among the most popular lobsters among seafood restaurants. Soon after, dozens of piles of clam shells
were discovered just outside of the reefs. Marine biologist Dr. Nicholas Higgs conducted a study to test his hypothesis that
sea-grass-dwelling lucinid clams make up a portion of the spiny lobsters’ diets, believing that it was the lobsters who were
depositing the shells close to the artificial reefs.

Which finding, if true, would most directly undermine Higgs’ hypothesis?

A
The shells of lucinid clams are hard to open and as a result, Caribbean spiny lobsters only eat the clams
when there are shortages of easier to obtain prey.

B
The piles of shells were covered by a layer of silt, which indicates that they were already there before the
artificial reefs were constructed.

C
The population of Caribbean spiny lobsters was found to increase wherever the population of the lucinid
clams increased.

D
The number of shells was found to increase in areas frequented by lobster
fishermen.

12.
Bemisia tabaci, also known as silverleaf whiteflies, are agricultural pests that pose a threat to a wide-range of crops. Tomato
plants are particularly susceptible to the flies. A team of researchers led by Dr. Xiao-Ping Yu found when silverleaf whiteflies
attack tomato plants, the plants release an odor which indicates to nearby tomato plants that the plant is under attack from a
fungus or bacteria. Dr. Yu and his colleagues hypothesize that this warning suppresses the plants' ability to resist the insects,
since they are focusing on protecting themselves from pathogens rather than insects.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers' hypothesis?

A
Silverleaf whiteflies are particularly dangerous to plants because they are transmitters of bacterial
pathogens.

B
When exposed to silverleaf whiteflies, the likelihood of a tomato plant surviving a growing season
decreases by nearly 50%.

C
Isolated tomato plants prove more resistant to silverleaf whitefly attacks than ones found in groups of tomato
plants.

D
Tomato plants thrive more readily in areas with low silverleaf whitefly
populations.

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13.
The Naukan people are a group of people indigenous to Siberia. Based on a variety of archaeological findings, they are
believed to have lived on the Chukotka Peninsula east of the Bering Sea around 2,000 years ago. Geographically, this area is
extremely close to what is modern-day Alaska, despite being on a different continent. A recent study suggests that Naukan
people carry “First American” DNA, that is, DNA that is found nearly exclusively in groups indigenous to North America. Thus,
researchers concluded that -------

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A
the archeological evidence which places the Naukan people at Chukotka Peninsula 2,000 years ago must be
false.

B
conditions of the Chukotka Peninsula were not fit for habitation, which caused the Naukan people to migrate
to Alaska.

C
at some point, the Naukan people migrated to Alaska and intermingled with the people there, before settling
in Siberia.

D
there were significant cultural ties and trade between Siberia and Alaska 2,000 years
ago.

14.
In 2008, California passed Marsy's Law, also known as the California Victims' Bill of Rights Act. The goal of the law was to
codify certain rights for victims of crime and their families, including being notified of all court sessions, being able to give
victim impact statements before sentences are handed down, as well as the right to not provide evidence to the court in certain
circumstances. However, the law had many critics, including the ACLU and editorial boards of nearly every major newspaper
in California, who argued that some aspects of the law could undermine due process and potentially damage a cornerstone of
the American justice system: the presumption of innocence. Because of this, some critics argued that the law could have the
unintended effect of -------

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A
slowing down court proceedings by requiring more extensive hearings and
trials.

B
encroaching on the rights guaranteed to defendants by the
constitution.

C
forcing victims to remain silent about the true impact of the crime on their lives and the lives of their loved
ones.

D
encouraging a dialogue between defendants and victims that could be re-traumatizing.

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15.
The common jalapeño pepper (Capsicum annuum) is native to southern North America, the Caribbean, and northern South
America. The name "jalapeño" comes from the Spanish "from Xalapa" (known in English as Veracruz), the city where the chili
pepper was initially cultivated. Traditionally, jalapeños are most common in the cuisine of northern Mexico, where Spanish
colonial rule was the most powerful. This had led some to presume the Spanish were the first to cultivate the plant when they
arrived in Mexico in the 16th century, although chili pepper seeds have been discovered with the remains of other
domesticated plants in the Ocampo Caves in Mexico, dating to about 6,000 years ago. There is also some archeological
evidence that suggests the peppers were sold in Aztec markets. This has led researchers to conclude -------

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A
jalapeños were cultivated in Mexico before the Spanish arrived on the
continent.

B
the Spanish introduced jalapeños into traditional Mexican cuisine.

C
domestication of the jalapeños was a combined effort between indigenous farmers and Spanish
settlers.

D
jalapeños are likely derived genetically from plants brought to Mexico by the
Spanish.

16.
White Sands National Park gets its name from the striking white sand dunes that surround Lake Lucero. As the -------
distinctive color by leaving behind crystals of white gypsum which eventually make their way to shore.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A
lake's water evaporates, it causes the
dunes'

B
lakes' water evaporates, it causes the
dune's

C
lake's water evaporates, it causes the
dune's

D
lakes' water evaporates, it causes the
dunes'

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17.
Serbian artist Marina Abramović’s celebrated performance pieces include The Artist is Present, a 2010 installation at the
Museum of Modern ------- a collaborative recipe book; and her first well-known installation, Cleaning the Mirror.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A
Art, Spirit Cooking

B
Art; Spirit Cooking

C
Art; Spirit Cooking:

D
Art; Spirit Cooking,

18.
Japanese bullet trains use electromagnets to travel over 300 miles per hour. By levitating the trains above their tracks, -------

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A
the electromagnets eliminate friction and allow the trains to quickly reach top
speeds.

B
the electromagnets quickly reach top speed, eliminating
friction.

C
the trains use electromagnets to eliminate
friction.

D
the elimination of friction by electromagnets allows trains to quickly reach top
speed.

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19.
The photographer Manuel Álvarez Bravo is known for his poetic, sometimes surreal images of everyday life following the
Mexican Revolution. His photographs often use framing techniques to render the familiar ------- the line between dreams and
reality.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A
strange: blurring

B
strange; blurring

C
strange. Blurring

D
strange, blurring

20.
In the faux-autobiographical novel The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, author Laurence Sterne uses digression and
double entendre ------- the fantastical story of the title character’s life.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A
telling

B
to tell

C
was told

D
have told

21.
Duke Ellington was one of the 20th century’s best-known jazz musicians—his compositions continue to have a profound
influence on contemporary jazz music. Ellington did not perform most of his music -------- he created and performed his most
famous works as the leader of his world-renowned jazz orchestra.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A
alone; however

B
alone: however,

C
alone, however;

D
alone however,

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22.
Compared to that of direct current, ------- the ease with which it can be transferred across long distances with very little energy
loss and comparative inexpensiveness makes it a more attractive option when it comes to providing cities with electricity.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A
alternating current has a significantly more extensive
functionality:

B
a significantly more extensive functionality can be found with alternating
current:

C
alternating current's functionality is significantly more
extensive:

D
the significance of alternating current is its more extensive
functionality:

23.
When 2008 British film Slumdog Millionaire won the Oscar for Best Picture in 2009, it made Academy Award history. ------- no
other film to win the award boasted a cast whose featured roles were all played by people of color, making Slumdog
Millionaire, which is set in India and stars Indian actors, the first.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A
As a result,

B
Previously,

C
However,

D
Likewise,

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24.
Studies show that while the process of research and analysis may have traditionally been pain-staking and incredibly time-
consuming, technology has enabled a shift in the opposite direction. ------- academics have relied on software such as SPSS
and later Qualtrics in order to eliminate some of the grunt work and streamline the process.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A
Similarly,

B
For this reason,

C
Furthermore,

D
Increasingly,

25.
Food waste, coffee grounds, and other materials can be brought to composting facilities where they will be repurposed and
utilized within the community. ------- compost can be repurposed for a variety of personal uses: as an additive to potting soil in
backyard gardens, incorporated into tree beds, or even mixed with soil for indoor plants.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A
Alternatively,

B
Specifically,

C
For example,

D
As a result,

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26.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

In the early 1900s, 40% of Americans lived on farms and 60% lived in rural areas.
During the 20th century, there were more changes to the field of agriculture due to advances in technology than there
had been in over ten thousand years of human farming history.
Synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides were introduced in the early 1900s to increase production and eliminate
weeds, and between the mid 1960s to mid 1970s pesticide use in the US increased by 143%.
Today about 1 billion pounds of conventional pesticides are used each year in the US.
Beyond Pesticides is an organization that attempts to protect the Earth and future generations from these harmful
chemicals by reducing the need for them.

The student wants to emphasize the rise of pesticides in the US and specify why this increase occurred. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?

A
Beyond Pesticides is an organization dedicated to protecting future generations from the dangerous
chemicals used in pesticides.

B
The 1900s saw a massive influx of agricultural technologies that radically changed how farming worked,
leading to a decline in the number of Americans who were farmers.

C
As part of the massive influx of agricultural technologies in the 1900s, American farmers began relying
heavily on chemical pesticides to eliminate weeds and other pests.

D
In the 1960s and 70s the use of chemical pesticides by American farmers increased by 143%, which led to
the creation of organizations like Beyond Pesticides, who advocate against the dangerous chemicals.

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27.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

The phenomenon of summer reading in the US rose to prominence in the 19th century.
The phenomenon rose with the emergence of the middle class and its embracing of summer leisure activities and
vacations.
In 2012, professor Donna Harrington-Lueker published the book Books for Idle Hours: Nineteenth-Century Publishing
and the Rise of Summer Reading.
Its subject is the publishing industry’s framing of the pastime of summer reading as a respite from modern life through
the act of reading popular novels.
One of the novels discussed is William Dean Howells’ 1920 novel The Vacation of the Kelwyns.

The student wants to introduce Donna Harrington-Lueker’s book to an audience already familiar with the practice of summer
reading. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A
A leisure activity known as summer reading, referred to in Donna Harrington-Lueker’s book Books for Idle
Hours: Nineteenth-Century Publishing and the Rise of Summer Reading, became prominent in the nineteenth
century.

B
Donna Harrington-Lueker’s Books for Idle Hours: Nineteenth-Century Publishing and the Rise of Summer
Reading discusses how the publishing industry made reading into a summer leisure activity.

C
Books for Idle Hours: Nineteenth-Century Publishing and the Rise of Summer Reading examines summer
reading, a practice which emerged as part of the middle class’s embrace of leisure and vacation time.

D
A novel discussed by Donna Harrington-Lueker is The Vacation of the Kelwyns by William Dean
Howells, which was a popular summer reading novel in 1920.

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