Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE

F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines Norte – 4600, Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CHAPTER 1

Nature of Materials

Submitted by

Bo, Mary Jean D.

Jacob, Niño Jose V.

Manzo, John Paul Jason

Submitted to:

Engr. Loreimay Andaya

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CHAPTER 1: NATURE OF MATERIALS

Topic Outline:

1.1 Types of Engineering Materials

b. Metals
c. Ceramics
 Ferrous Alloys
 Non-Ferrous Alloys
 Crystalline Ceramics
 Glasses
 Glass-Ceramics
b. Polymers
c. Composite
d. Advanced Materials
 Semiconductor
 Biomaterial
 Smart Material
 Nanoengineered Material

1.2 Engineering Materials Composition

 Composition of Metal
 Composition of Ceramic
 Composition of Polymer
 Composition of Composite
 Composition of Semiconductor

1.3 Chemical Bonding

 Ionic Bonding
 Covalent Bonding
 Metallic Bonding

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1.1 TYPES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Engineering materials refers to the group of materials used in the construction

of manmade structures and components. The primary function of an engineering
material is to withstand applied loading without breaking and without exhibiting
excessive deflection.

For example, the things we use every day, the cellular phones or the pen, are
manufactured through controlled processes. These gadgets make use of materials
such as copper, aluminium, tin, plastic, etc. in their fabrication. Civil construction
works like bridges, dams, houses, roads, and pavements are carried out with raw
materials like stone, cement, clay, paint, bar, steel, etc.

Everything we use in our everyday life can be tailored to use for specific
cases. This can be done efficiently if we know the properties of each material
beforehand. Materials have been extensively tested for their properties and classified
into broad groups. From this grouping, we can know the property of any group of
material.

The major classifications of engineering materials include metals, ceramics,

polymers, and composites.

a. METALS

Metals are materials that are mainly used in the field of engineering. Type of
chemical element characterized by its conductivity of heat and electricity,
malleability, ductility, and metallic luster.

Properties of Metals

1. Metals have high melting and boiling points, allowing them to remain solid
in high temperatures.

2. Metals are known for their ability to conduct electricity and heat due to free
electrons that move freely throughout the metal and carry electrical and
thermal current.

3. Metals are malleable and ductile, allowing them to be pounded, rolled into
different shapes, or drawn into wire without breaking.

4. Most metals have a shiny or metallic appearance known as luster, which

reflects light.

5. Metals are dense, solid materials that weigh more than nonmetals.

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6. Most metals are naturally solid at room temperature, except for mercury,
which is liquid at room temperature.

7. Metals can be mixed with other elements to form alloys, which are
materials with improved properties (such as increased strength or corrosion
resistance).

8. Metals are prone to losing electrons and forming positive ions. This is
because the outermost electrons in a metal’s atoms are not strongly attracted
to the positively charged nucleus and can be easily removed.

Metals can be classified into two categories:

1. Ferrous Alloys

Ferrous alloys are used in the majority of metallic applications in

different engineering fields. These are metals in which iron is the prime
constituent, they are produced in larger quantities than any other metal type.

The presence of iron in this category of metals offers exceptional

strength, durability, and magnetic properties that can be used for a wide array
of applications, including construction, manufacturing, automotive, and
infrastructure development industries

Properties of Ferrous Metals:

 They are easily magnetized;

 Capable of withstanding heavy loads and mechanical stresses;
 Can endure harsh conditions and maintain their performances over
time;
 They also have high melting point; and
 The abundance of iron in its composition makes it susceptible to
corrosion.

Example of Ferrous Metals:

Ferrous metals include steel, cast iron, carbon steel, alloy steel, and
wrought iron as its example.

Engineering Application of Ferrous Metals:

 Ferrous steel is produced as sheet for automobiles, appliances, and

containers
 As plates for ships, boilers and bridges, as a structural member (such
as I- beams)

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 Bar products for leaf springs, gears ales, crankshaft and railroad rails
 As music wire and as fasteners such as bolts, rivets and nuts
 Ferrous materials comprise 70% to 80% by weight of virtually all
structural members and mechanical components.

2. Non-Ferrous Alloys

Nonferrous alloys belong to the category that doesn’t contain iron as

their primary element. Non-ferrous metals are renowned for their lightweight,
excellent thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, and malleable properties,
making them a perfect option for various applications where strength,
durability, and resistance to rust are paramount.

Properties of Non-Ferrous Metals:

 Non-ferrous metals have low density;

 They are very ductile;
 exhibit exceptional malleability; and
 Non-Ferrous metals are not attracted to magnets.

Example of Non-Ferrous Metals:

Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, and tin as its
example.

Engineering Application of Non-Ferrous Aloys:

 Lead and its alloys are used in x-ray shields and storage batteries
 Tin are used as coating for carbon steel cans that are used as food
containers
 Zinc alloys are used in padlocks, plumbing fixtures, automotive parts, and
used as coating for carbon steel to become galvanized steel
 Chromium is used as coating for stainless steel

b. CERAMICS

Ceramics is a material that is neither metallic nor organic they are compounds
between the metallic and non-metallic elements chemically bound together. It may
be crystalline, glassy or both crystalline and glassy.

Ceramics are typically hard and chemically non-reactive and can be formed or
densified with heat. They are typically insulative to the passage of electricity and
heat and are more resistant to high temperature and harsh environment than
polymers and metal.

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We can divide this into three categories, Crystalline ceramics, Glasses, and
Glass-ceramics.

1. Crystalline Ceramics

Most ceramics are crystalline. They tend to have high melting points
and be very hard and brittle. Their tensile strengths are limited by brittle
fracture but their compressive strengths are high. They retain high harnesses
at elevated temperatures.

Engineering Applications of Crystalline Ceramics:

 Typical application of ceramic crystalline are pottery, clay (such as brick,

tile, and sewer pipe);
 They are also used in electronics industry;
 They are also useful as refractories such as furnace innings;
 Used as protective parts for power lines; and
 Additionally development of ceramic engine for automobiles, and for ultra-
high-temperature jet engines are also candidates for future application.

2. Glasses

Glasses are amorphous material, often, but not always, derived from
a molten liquid. The term “amorphous” refers to materials that do not have a
regular, periodic arrangement of atoms. They are categorized as
noncrystalline ceramics, because there is no regularity in the arrangement
of its molecular constituents.

Glasses have lower strength but are flexible that’s why a wide range of
chemical and physical properties, such as mechanical, thermal, electrical, and
in particular optical properties make them the most useful class of material.

Engineering Application of Glasses:

 They can be used as chemical labware and cooking wares;

 Used in construction and vehicle glazing;
 They are also used as electronic components, and
 Used as electrical insulators.

3. Glass-Ceramics

Glass-ceramics are the combination of crystalline ceramics and glass.

They are defined as composite materials constituted of crystals in a glassy
matrix. This combination between amorphous (glass) and crystalline states

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leads to a new type of material having unique properties that can be

adjusted.

Some glass-ceramics can be made optically transparent by keeping

the size of the crystals extremely small ( 6100 nm). Depending on the
microstructure and the chemical composition of glass-ceramics, their
properties can be tuned to meet demanding requirements.

In general, glass-ceramics exhibit almost zero thermal expansion and

high toughness. In addition, they are resistant to thermal shock and have a
high impact resistance.

Engineering Application of Glass-Ceramics:

 Household appliances uses glass-ceramics such as toaster and cooktops;

 They are used as construction material;
 Used in military (missiles) and optical applications;
 Used as electronic components; and
 It is also used in the medical field.

c. POLYMERS

Polymers, or common synonym - Plastics, is a name derived from the

deformability associated with the fabrication of most polymeric products. The term
polymer means “many units,” and in this context, the term mer refers to a unit group
of atoms of molecules that defines a characteristic arrangement for a polymer.

They are produced using a process known as polymerization, where small

molecules consisting of one unit (known as monomers) or a few units (known as
oligomers) are chemically joined to create giant molecules.

Plastics are materials that are composed principally of naturally occurring and
modified or artificially made polymers often containing additives such as fibers,
fillers, pigments, and the like that further enhance their properties.

Application of Polymers:

 Available in wide variety of commercial forms such as fibers, thin films and
sheets, and foams;
 They are used in clothing, toys, home appliances, structural and decorative
items;
 Used in coatings, paints, and adhesives;
 They are also widely used in automobiles as tires, car bumpers, etc.;
 They are used in constructions, window, flooring, rainwater, cladding,
membranes, pipes, glazing, seals, insulation, and signage

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d. COMPOSITES

Composites are produced when two or more phases are used together to give
a combination of properties that cannot be attained otherwise. These materials
involve some combination of two or more components from the fundamental
structural material types: metals, ceramics, glasses, and polymers.

Composite materials may be selected to give unusual combinations of

stiffness, strength, weight, high-temperature performance, corrosion resistance,
hardness, or conductivity.

Composite materials have a wide range of example from construction use to

electronic uses which include mud bricks, wood, fiberglass, carbon fiber, reinforced
concrete, translucent concrete, and etc.

Engineering Application of Composite Material:

 Building, bridges, and structures;

 Automobiles, aircrafts, and spacecrafts;
 Wind turbine blades;
 Household items, imitation granite, cultured marble sinks, and countertops;
and
 Electronic components.

e. Advanced Materials

1. SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS

A semiconductor is a material that is between conductors and

insulators in its ability to conduct electrical current. An intrinsic
semiconductor is one with properties that are not controlled by impurities. An
extrinsic semiconductor (n- or p-type) is preferred for devices since its
properties are stable with temperature and can be controlled using ion
implantation or diffusion of impurities known as dopants.

These materials have an easily controlled electrical conductivity and,

when properly combined, can act as switches, amplifiers, or information
storage devices. They are the foundation of modern electronics, including
radio, computers, telephones, and many other devices. It is used for
amplification of energy, switching, energy conversion, sensors, and more.

Common products and components built with Semiconductor Materials:

 bipolar junction transistors

 diodes

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 field-effect transistors
 integrated circuits
 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
 metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs)
 silicon-controlled rectifiers

2. BIOMATERIAL

Biomaterial are any matter, surface, or construct that interacts with

biological systems. They are employed in components implanted into the
human body to replace diseased or damaged body parts. These materials
must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues
(i.e., must not cause adverse biological reactions).

All of the preceding materials—metals, ceramics, polymers,

composites, and semiconductors—may be used as biomaterials. They often
are biodegradable, and some are bio-absorbable, meaning they are
eliminated gradually from the body after fulfilling a function.

Biomaterial is mostly used in the medical field, it is used as medical

implants (heart valves, stents, and grafts, dental implants, and devices that
stimulate nerve), as a method to promote healing of human tissues
(sutures, clips, and staples used in wound closure), biosensor (blood glucose
monitoring devices and brain activity sensors), and drug-delivery systems
(implantable chemotherapy wafers for cancer patients).

3. SMART MATERIALS

Smart (or intelligent) materials are a group of new and state-of-the-art

materials now being developed that will have a significant influence on many
of our technologies. The adjective smart implies that these materials are able
to sense changes in their environment and then respond to these changes in
predetermined manners—traits that are also found in living organisms.

Components of a smart material (or system) include some type of

sensor (that detects an input signal), and an actuator (that performs a
responsive and adaptive function). Actuators may be called upon to change
shape, position, natural frequency, or mechanical characteristics in response
to changes in temperature, electric fields, and/or magnetic fields.

Type of Smart Materials include, piezoelectric material, shape-memory

materials, halochromic material, chromoactive materials, magnetorheological
materials, and photoactive materials.

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4. NANOENGINEERED MATERIALS

Nanomaterials may be any one of the four basic types—metals,

ceramics, polymers, and composites. However, unlike these other materials,
they are not distinguished on the basis of their chemistry, but rather, size; the
nano-prefix denotes that the dimensions of these structural entities are on the
order of a nanometer (10-9 m)—as a rule, less than 100 nanometers
(equivalent to approximately 500 atom diameters).

Uses of Nanoengineered Materials includes, food storage, food quality

control, food formulation and food packaging. They are also used in
electronics, electrical, biomedicine, and textile.

1.2 Engineering Materials Compositions

A. Composition of Metals

The ferrous group of metals is composed mainly of iron. They may have
small amounts of other metals or other elements added such as carbon,
manganese, nickel, chromium, silicon, titanium, tungsten etc., to give the
required properties. Non-Ferrous are metals which do not contain any iron as
a component.

 Alloy is a new metal which is formed by mixing two or more metals and
sometimes other elements together.

The most used metals are: Iron, Aluminum, Copper, Titanium, Zinc,
Magnesium etc.

 Iron is the basic component of steel. When carbon, a nonmetal, is

added to iron in amounts up to 2.1 %, the result is an alloy known as
steel.

In connection with the above mentioned steel is an alloy composed of

iron and other elements such as carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur,
nickel, chromium, tungsten, niobium (columbium), titanium etc. Each element
that is added to the basic constituent of iron has some effect on the properties
of the steel. The alloying additions are responsible for many differences
between the various types or grades of steels.

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Based on carbon content, the steels are divided into three main groups:

 Low carbon steels

 Middle carbon steels
 High carbon steels

The aluminium industry uses aluminium as cast and wrought aluminium

alloys.

Regarding to the properties, titanium and titanium alloys can be divided

into three main groups:

 Corrosion resistant alloys

 High strength alloys
 High temperature alloys

The most widely used Copper and its alloys are in forms of brasses and
bronzes.

A Brass is defined as a copper-zinc alloy


 A bronze is an alloy of copper and other metals
B. Composition of Ceramic

Ceramics are non-metallic, inorganic materials typically made by

shaping and then firing a mixture of minerals. The composition of ceramics can
vary widely depending on the specific type of ceramic being produced. However,
there are some basic components and elements commonly found in ceramic
compositions.

Clay

Clay is a primary component in many ceramics. It is a natural material that

is rich in minerals such as kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite. Clay provides
plasticity to the ceramic mix, allowing it to be easily shaped and molded. Different
types of clay can be used, including ball clay, kaolin, stoneware clay, and fireclay,
each with its own unique properties and applications.

Atomic and molecular nature of ceramic materials and their resulting

characteristics and performance in industrial applications. Industrial ceramics are
commonly understood to be all industrially used materials that are inorganic,
nonmetallic solids. Usually they are metal oxides (that is, compounds of metallic
elements and oxygen), but many ceramics (especially advanced ceramics) are
compounds of metallic elements and carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur. In atomic
structure they are most often crystalline, although they also may contain a
combination of glassy and crystalline phases. These structures and chemical

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ingredients, though various, result in universally recognized ceramic-like

properties of enduring utility, including the following: mechanical strength in spite
of brittleness; chemical durability against the deteriorating effects of oxygen,
water, acids, bases, salts, and organic solvents; hardness, contributing to
resistance against wear; thermal and electrical conductivity considerably lower
than that of metals; and an ability to take a decorative finish.

C. Composition of Polymer

The composition of a polymer can vary widely depending on the specific

type of polymer and the monomers used in its production. However, the basic
structure of a polymer consists of repeating units of monomers. These monomers
can be the same or different, and the arrangement of monomers can greatly
affect the properties of the resulting polymer.

In addition to monomers, polymers may also contain various additives and

modifiers to enhance their properties. These can include plasticizers, stabilizers,
fillers, and colourants, among others. These additives can help improve the
polymer's flexibility, strength, stability, or appearance.

Polymers can be classified into different categories based on their

composition and properties. These include:

1. Thermoplastics: These polymers can be melted and reshaped multiple times

without undergoing significant chemical change. Examples include
polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene.
2. Thermosetting polymers: These polymers undergo a chemical reaction during
moulding, which sets their shape permanently. They cannot be re-melted or
reprocessed once they are formed. Examples include epoxies, phenolics, and
polyurethanes.
3. Elastomers: These polymers have elastic properties and can return to their
original shape after being stretched. Examples include natural rubber and
silicone rubber.
4. Fibres: These are polymers with a linear and highly oriented structure, which
gives them high tensile strength. Examples include nylon, polyester, and
aramid fibers.
5. Biodegradable polymers: These polymers are designed to break down into
natural components when exposed to specific environmental conditions,
helping to reduce environmental impact.
6. Conducting polymers: These polymers have the ability to conduct electricity,
making them suitable for use in electronics and other high-tech applications.

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D. Composition of Composite

The composite is a combination of two or more constituent materials with

significantly different physical or chemical properties, resulting in a final material
with characteristics that are different from those of its individual components. The
composition of a composite material is crucial in determining its properties,
performance, and applications.The composition of composites can be tailored to
meet specific performance requirements for various applications. By selecting the
appropriate combination of matrix and reinforcement materials, along with
controlling their composition, manufacturers can engineer composites with
desirable properties such as high strength, stiffness, toughness, thermal stability,
and corrosion resistance.

E. Composition of Semiconductors

The composition of semiconductors is vital to their functionality in

electronic devices and optoelectronic applications. Semiconductors are primarily
composed of particular elemental semiconductors and compound
semiconductors, each with specific atomic compositions that impart unique
electrical and optical properties.

The composition of semiconductors is further tailored through doping,

wherein specific impurities are intentionally introduced to modulate the electrical
conductivity and electronic properties of the material. For example, adding
elements like phosphorus, arsenic, or antimony introduces extra electrons,
resulting in n-type semiconductors, while adding elements like boron, aluminium,
or indium creates "holes" in the crystal lattice, leading to p-type semiconductors.

Furthermore, the composition and structure of semiconductors are integral

to the fabrication of heterostructures and quantum structures, where layers of
different semiconductor materials are precisely engineered to create unique
electronic, photonic, and quantum computing devices. The controlled composition
and arrangement of these materials at the nanoscale enable the exploitation of
quantum mechanical effects for advanced functionality.

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1.3 Chemical Bonding

The attraction between atoms, ions and molecules to form a chemical

compound is called chemical bond. A Chemical Bonding is a lasting attraction
between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds. The bond may
result from the electrostatic force of attraction between atoms with opposite charges
or through the sharing of electrons.

Atoms that form bonds with other other atoms by sharing them or transferring
them is known as the Octet Rule.

 Atoms are stable when they have 8 valence electrons.

 When the atoms have 8 electrons, it is called an octet.
 Atoms must lose, gain or share electrons to attain the octet.

However, there are elements that have exceptions to this rule.;

 Hydrogen needs only one more to fill its valence shell.

 Helium has a full valence shell - it is stable and does not bond with other
atoms.

Types of Chemical Bonding

Ionic Bonding

 When atoms gain or lose an electron, they become an ion.

 This type of bonding occurs when one atom gives up one or more electrons to
another atom. This results in the formation of positive and negative ions,
which are held together by electrostatic forces. Ionic bonding typically occurs
between metals and non-metals.
 Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the classic ionic material.

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Covalent Bonding

 Atoms that share electrons form covalent bonds.

 In covalent bonding, atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to achieve a
more stable electron configuration. This type of bonding occurs between non-
metal atoms.
 If the atoms have a covalent bond and are the same type of atom. They are
diatomic molecules. For example;

 Two atoms that are covalently bonded will each contribute at least one
electron to the bond, and the shared electrons may be considered to belong
to both atoms.

Metallic Bonding

 Metallic bonding is the type of bonding found in metallic elements. This is the
electrostatic force of attraction between positively charged ions and
delocalized outer electrons.
 Metallic bonding refers to the interaction between the delocalized electrons
and the metal nuclei.
 Where the outer electrons are delocalized and free to move throughout the
structure. This leads to properties such as conductivity and malleability in
metals.
 Valence electrons are not bound to any particular atom in the solid and are
more or less free to drift throughout the entire metal. They may be thought of
as belonging to the metal as a whole, or forming a “sea of electrons” or an
“electron cloud.”

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Askeland, D. R., Fulay, P. P., & Wright, W. J. (2010). The science and engineering of
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Callister, W. D. (2010). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction (8th ed.).

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Metal Composition. (n.d.). Totalmateria.com. Retrieved February 16, 2024, from

https://www.totalmateria.com/page.aspx?ID=MetalComposition&LN=EN

Ngo, T.-D. (2020). Introduction to Composite Materials. In T.-D. Ngo

(Ed.), Composite and Nanocomposite Materials - From Knowledge to
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Shackelford, J. F. (2014). Introduction to materials science for engineers (8th ed.).

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What is Materials Science and Engineering? (2022, May 20). Michigan

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