ety a0 6 | Integration Objectives Students should be able to: © see integration as reverse Process of differentiation; ¢ find a function whose derivative we already know. 6.1 Anti-derivative Ifyisa function of x, we represent the derivative ofywith respect to x by a Given that 2 = 9(2), how do we find y? Inother words, how do we find the function y=G(x) such that its derivative is g(x)? IfG(x) exists, it is called the anti-derivative of ()- 2 The anti-derivative of x is a because if 2 hon ro then 7 3 x a The anti-derivative of x? is z because if 3 eee ye 3 »then me e Similarly, the anti-derivative of x" is "> ity= 2 (n # -1), because if y= wal then The Arbitrary Constant _x ay Ify= ZT then “= 2 ae a So => isan anti-derivative of x. 2 x Ify== +5, ae x then 7 =x and 5 +5 is also an anti- derivative of x. Ingeneral, if 2 y= = te ten oe n aye 2 x = 245 72 are particular solutions of ‘Theconstante, inthe general solution iscalled an arbitrary constant of integration. The general solution of a - 4 y* nel The constant of integration can only be deter- mined if additional information is given. Generally, the general solution can be considered asa family of curves. Consider y =x +¢ Fig. 6.1 The general solution y = x + cis a family of straight lines of gradient 1 and intercept c on the y-axis, Consider also the general solution 2 yo -Dte 7 te ) Fig. 6.2 “The general solution = # +e , 2 isa family of curves as shown in Fig. 6.2. The process of going from the derivative form to the anti-derivative form is called integration. The process of integration is the reverse form of the process of differentiation. Indifferentiation, we denote the derivative of y = f(@) by 2 ‘The notation shows that y’is to be differentiated with respect to x. Similarly, the process of integrating g(x) with respect to xcan be denoted by JeQoae dy ro = dy = gx) de wd = Iowa Je) avis called the indefinite integral of g(x) with respect to x.‘The justification for the choice of the. ‘symbol J will be much appreciated as we proceed as jntegration will be seen asa process of summa- tion. Standard Integral 6.2 Forms d w GlGG) +41 = gay fe de fan = G@)+e 4 fea = ate a (x o 4(4 +4) as wl 2 so see 2 fra = Freee Similary, d (ac @ 4 (s+) = ax" 4 2, festa = ges ng-t) n+l © Loineto 2. Joosxae © ZL ¢cose+e) c. Frsinede d ® GZ ltnrte) c. frecteds @) Scoot te) . foosectxdte @ Lees +c) focoxtan xd oO 4 (cosecx + ¢) . frosecxcot ade d ® Eero aa a oO =z (Inx +c) th ae x = cosx = sinete = -sinx = cosx + = sec’x = tanxt+e = cosec*x =-cot+e = secx tanx = seextc = cosecx cotx = ~cosecx + ¢ =e sete‘These results can be summarized ina tabular Solution form for easy reference. @ feta = forae + fl Table 6.1 oe e | fe) free rg inc n 1 1. ax" 2 tes (ne-l) © eax 2 fx? & n 23 2. cose sine +e = 2sFac 3._ sine mcosx +6 4. sec’x tanx +c (e _ fea 5. cosectx | ~eote +e © Ye 73 6. secx tanx secx +c 2 7, cosecreotx | —cosecr +e = fx dae 8. e& ete 1 1 ' = +c = + T 9 Inne J =,4 | Example 1 3x3 +C | 7 @ for tne @ fax? +3x+8)dr | wed = fPaes Brae + [bdr de = 23,3 o Fie = 3% +58 48x40 © Jor +3x48)dr © fee-nGe+2\ax © fe-De+2dr " 2 fox+a e+ (e-2de fo? +2-2)d0 © (te F = fxd + fax - fade @)(2x +3)(x+1)(x-2)de @ = (2x? -2x?— 42432? 3x 6)de 5 Joe +x? -12-6)de 4 3 ea = 73 2° 6x+C alae I o Jet; = Judes Fide = Esa Cc 2 inx+i (x3 -3x? 42x45) oy [ae = (2 ~3e4245 la ferar- Prax + Pracs foac x 3 = © 32s 2r4simeec 3.2 Example 2 Evaluate: © Jose + 2x)de ® fe —secx tanx)dx © fm x Pha x Solution @ [ccosr+2xde = f-cosxdi+ f2xde = sing +P+C © fle’ ~seextanxydr = e-seexte © [si x+ 6.3 The Integral Sf ‘flaxtb)de Let ue [& BIS c. [fl@r+o)as Example3 Evaluate: (@) f(ex+3)'ds 3d ) leap © Joos 7xdx @ fiindxde © fer rae ferae - foeextanxdx = foinxete + fea "Solution @ 0 Put uw du a&k a du 2x+3 2. Jex+3yae = Put u = du ) Put wu = du a& © Joost xdx = ssinute = ssin?x+e -1 @ Put u = 37% du _y #L, m7? du Jaina = foinus Say 2 = 2 fin udu = -2cosutec = -eostx+e © Put uw = -Sx+2 ug wd x Eup) fesPar fe edu =—4 ferdu =-terte =-femt+e cis) 6.4 The Integral Fay dx Let u = fix) ca Zz ~ £@) du = f'(x)de te Lg, u S@)du (£8) [t - Fee I@) di pt = f= ft = logu (LO a -toaw = Fry FQ) uence FFG) = log.) +e Example 4 plus: 2x ae @ fra I 3x?-+4x © Wye 47 © fianxar @ feotxax Solution @ Lc +1) =2 d,2 —(x° +1 f 2x (+1) x4] ere = log, @2+1)+C ® LS 427+ = 3xt+4x eS. 3x? 44x 42x? a foe +2x747) 342x747 = log, (+28 +7)+C © fame eieoos cost d aco) = -sine flames = [% ax cose d eco ae a sx) cosx = =log, cose +C 1 = log St = log, seex+C cos txdx = |——de © foots Jains 4 im = a (ims) = cose est 4 (sinx) sinx a = log, sine+c 6.5 Integration by Algebraic Substitution ‘Sometimes, an integral that isnot in the standard form, can be reduced to ane that is in the standard form by making an appropriate algebraic substitution.WV Examples Evaluate fre" de 2x = > du feta = foo 2x = $ Jette ser +c = te ac 2 Example6 Evaluate fx*cose?de Let uae # owe a& & lt du 3x? ae oe fercosxrax = frrcosu. - > a £ = Example7 dsinute fine te Evaluate feVi+2° de Solution du c.f = Examples 1+x2 feet 4 fulea Evaluate fx7(3+x°) de Solution Put u du ae ia} du 34x 3x7ee 3 fraser tar = frat 3 = 5 futau i a > te 2 _2 ~ Iu te ~ Bb+r} +e Example) g?ag? Evaluate fe"G-+e")'de Solution Put uo = 3+e au a@~* aa de® a = & e feGrerytar = ferut e = se = gute 1 GO sGteyre 6.6 Integration by Trigonometric Substitution Certain integral forms require trigonometric substitutions. Atthis level, we shall only consider integrals which have one of the following forms: 1 @ va-x of Tp 1 © a (©) Powers of sinx and cosxor combinations of powers of sinx and cosx. 1 If Ja -x? or va’ -x' Jat —x? is present in the integral, use the substitu tion x= sind. asin => = sin () a Put x= ax me 7 20030 dx = acosd® @ x = a—arsin’d = a@(1-sin’®) = aos’ = VaFcos*o = acos® Example 10 Evaluate [¥a? —x?dx Solution oO x = asin, d= acos0d® -, Va Hae = facos6+acosedd= fa?cos’ aad = gi feos 60 ; gst0+l) cos'0 = [> 2 a foos*edd = & [fcos20+a0 A a? foos*aao = i ficos20+1)0 a S82 so]e0 2L 2 2 = Findcoso+6) +e 2 Y x LZ) O Fig. 63 x sind = = a cosd = ; F © sind cosd+ 22 +6 2 2 @ (2sin@ cos® a 2 *8Jre , = © sino.cosa+ e+e 2 2 Example 11 1 de Evaluate eres Solution mene), Put x = asind => @= sin 2) dx = acos0+d8 f lee 1 fa? =x’ laws * acos® dO = foo = O+c 1 If Page is present in the integral, use the substitution. x atanO dx = asec?@d0 eta = atan’® +a @(tan’@ + 1) = a’sec?®Example 12 atand ascc*0d0 jee @d0 a sec’ I = aa = dose a = jan{2} +0 a a Example 13 nl f 2de Evaluate as Solution Put x = J§tand >= fan de = J& sec? odd e+5 = Stan?O+5 S(tan? 8 +1) = Ssec*® pes _ ppEseciow a9 P45 Ssec@ 6.7 Powers of Sine and Cosine Example 1 Evaluate fsin? xde Solution (1=cos2x)dx sinx = 2 fein? xa = foiceosteide 2 SxS) ne | 3 J = by sins 2 4 Example 15 Evaluate feos? xd Solution 0 cos*x (24) 2 feost ar = pects 2 3 (esi) 2 2 I sin2x + 2°at —— aefore = fe-ace food uv = fuav+ du fede = tay Judy ‘This technique is very useful in integrating cers integral forms. The technique is called integration by parts. Example 20 Evaluate fesin xdx. Solution Put v = xand du=sinxde = dx; u=-cosx = -xcosx + Joos xdx = -xcosx+sinx +c Example 2 Evaluate fre‘de, Solution Pu v = x; du = edx then d= dure fou = ww — fuav fretar = xe ferae = xe-e't+e = (x-Nette Example 22 Evaluate flog, xdx, Solution Eo ¥ = logs; du = xde w= £2 x 2 frac = a fucv frlog, xae = © hogx- x ae 2 x = > boex- [oa x x = 7 logs- +e 2 = i (log.x-4)+6 Example 23 Evaluate fx? cosxdr, Solution Put v = x, du=cos xdx dv = 2xdx, u = sinx fr cosxdy = x sinx— [2xsin adr = x sine 2 frsin xd But fasin xe = -xcost+sinx +, = 2 frsinxde = 2x cosx—2sinx fecosxds = xsine+2.xcosx-2sinxte6.9 Integration by Partial Fraction Tf a rational expression is not in a standard integral form, it could be transformed into a standard form by splitting it into partial fractions. Example 24 f 4x-5 Evaluate JOG y Solution 4x- First split @pe-p* into its partial fractions. 4x-5 _ A B (e+D@-2) 7 x41” x-2 A(e~2) + Bx +1) (+1) (2) w 4e-5 =, A@e—2)+ Bet 1) Put x = 2 3 = 3B=>B=1 Put x =-I, -9=-34 => 4=3 4x-5 ee) + 1 “)(+I-2) 7 x41” x=2 4x-5 (@+D@-2) eee © Syed 1 fae = Bin(vtl) +In(x-2}te Example 25 Solution 4x—23 (x-5)* 3 = Ainge) + +6 Example 26 2x3 - 2x? 2y_ Evaluate [22 —28 = 2277 4, xo -x-2 Solution In this case, the degree of the numerator is higher than the degree of the denominator. We decide to make the expression a, proper algebraic fraction. 2x —x-2[28-28_2-7 20 ~ 2x2 ~ 4x 2x-72x3 - 2x? -2x-7 2x-7 x ox-2 dx Split 75 7 into its partial fractions: Qen7_ eT w-x-2 — (x+1)(x=2) A B = 4,4 x+l” x-2 = 422) B+) (x+1)(-2) 28-7 = A(x-2)+ Beet) Put x= 2 3=B Be-l Put x =-l -9 = -34 4=3 2x-7 3 1 + (xtI)(e-2) 7 x41 x-2 Bree fee oe ae xtax-2 x4 pe eee fees, x xox? +1 1 zaps = 43In(et+1)— In@e-2) + Example 27 Sx? +2412 Ev jn ed f x(x? +4) =2r+ 27 1 ~ x=2 Solution SP+x+12 A Bet C xr) eg _ AQP +4) + (Bx+O)x ~ x(x? +4) SP +x+12 = Att 4d + Bot+ Cx = (A+Bye+Cx +44 By equating coefficients: A+B =5 c=l 44 = 12 From (3), A=3 Substituting the value of 4 into (1) gives B=2 Hence Sx? +x+12 _ x(Qx744) x xd 2 f= +2412 4 - (48)« x(x" +4) x x4 3 2x+1 = Pace dx i ve : aoe a fae _ _ x44 aa foe x44 = In(?+4)+ San-(2) 2 2 eeeniee ae ratea & = Sinetingt+4)Exercise 6 danf=) 2 +3 2) te 1, Evaluate: 5 3 Ade Example 28 oe 3 2 (de Evaluate [=—4r. ® Ip x4 @ jira Solution @ [erz2e-x+9a © |e+3& 2. Evaluate: @ |e +3x?-20)a A(z +2)+B(x-2) © sept Az+24 + Bx-2B 2 = (4+ Br+24-2B 2. depo 7 © [Pe @x+4x)er 24-28 = 2 ~-Q) xia a Multiplying (1) by2 ON 24+2B = 0 Q) © |-2)@x+3)(e-5)de Add (2) & 3) 3. Evaluate: M4 = 224-5 @ f+ Gx-2)a From(I), B= -A=> Bo-5 © seh} ase en © Jor+sypac waa "3 1 @ JQ@e-2)'d& = Fn 2) ine +2)}¢0 1 © bkeoawe ~ to(E? a = zh x42 teEvaluate: @) fox -5x)*de © Josinx-Seosxyay © fox-nbae de @ 5 (ax-2y? Using appropriate substitutions, evaluate each of the following: 3 @ Saen* © Wo-2 de 3x o Toa 4 @ i ea 5 dx (e) (3+x)(3-x) Evaluate: (@) [@sinx+3x°)de ) J@cosx+2sinx)dx (© foos9xdr @ fein 3 xa © fer +2} Evaluate: @ frcos2x? de © fe (x? +5) de 6) f(a +937 +2) (ee? + 2x)'de (@) fpe*(e*-7)'de ©) frePar Evaluate: 3x7 de @ § 43 44325 © Va eses2 8x+10 © Sas eN+7 ® iB +7x « xl © Ieapa () footaxde Evaluate: @ ies © fas-x?)ax Sdx Sree 1 o here lw © Ia10, Evaluate each of the following integrals: (a) sin Sxde [eos 6xdx (©) fsin@@+Dde (@ feos (3x-2)de (@) sec? xax I © Bet de @ bras 2x ® Ire 11. Evaluate: (a) fsinsx cos2xdx (&) fsinSxsin dade (©) Joos4xcos3xde @ _— foos*xsin® xdx (©) feosxsin? xdx 12. Evaluate: 3x, dk @ fe5 ® fi 2th x? 10x: (c) tan Sxdx 2x41) © Baes* sin! x © foe . Evaluate: axt—xol © Fla * 4—5x+7x? —3x° [BONS OS de o Fr 2x4 43x? +6x+10 © FPwe * 2x4 — 5x? — 6x? +15x+2 o Fas 2xds © Jae . Integrate each of the following with respectte % 2x43 @ Gene) » —2e © G-32G+D 3x41 © Fox I 4 —— ® Fyosi x+8 © Wri Evaluate: @ fesin xd ©) exe’ a © fesin 3xdx@ frrcosxde kets ) © fre tae " Fe 5" (WAEC) 16. Evaluate the following integrals: 19, Evaluate: @) fox log.xds @ Jex+3Pa @ frera @) f(e?-2)@x+1ae fx? log, xd © f © joe P+) ae @ fe? sin xdx (WAEC) (© fe* cos2xde dy 7 20. (a) tae x and y = 2 when x= 1, express y in terms of x. (Evaluate peel, 4—, 17, Evaluate: [5 ae 18, Evaluate: @ (234)« Summary Integration is the reverse of differentiation. 1H Thesymbol forintegrationis [- ar 2re then dy = f(x)de fo = frou y = FQ@)dete. Given the derivative of a function, we can find the function by an appropriate integration. Some methods of integration are (a) by substitution, (b) by parts, (c) by partial fraction,M Werecall the following standard integrals: fe) Jfere n+l 1 ax" @ tea e-l) n+l 2._cosr sine+e 3.___ sine =cos te 4, sectx tanx +c l 5. cosec*x —cotx tc 6.__secx tanx secx +c cosecx cour —cosecx +c 8 et ete 9 + lncte x a Gtsenlas = [fovde + ffenara4 F*GGH2) eo eed 10 67x+20 44365) 3@? 4x4 14x435 . 243565 3@t—x+h 2 2 -t+toe 1-1” @al? ales 1+ 4@-1f ” 4643) 12 7 *y+2 Geely 1 9 + 442) ae 7 Ax-1) Ax+l) 3__ 6 18 W452 x43 1 1. 1+ @F 2,2 7 2. 1-3, 4 37 7 3@43) Exercise 6 22 =3 =x°+C — tC L @ 5% © © NPs @ 2xt edad Sa 4504C © gxS43e4C 2 @) jrtewautec ) Ge eds? ain c © deaxtec La @ a -Inx+C © pat the Fat asorec 3. @ 2482 10s4C) © @ @) () © @) @ ®) © @ @ ® © (3x +5)" 12 16 13. 64 Wy 96 3° +87 - 1604 +16x+C 1 ~ 20(5x-4y? *C 3 I _ 1000 x" 41255 40 9 16.13 _ 160 11 6003" 9 ~cost ~ Ssinx +C 2 9 <(5x-7)2 456" )2+C 1 (x-2)3 +C Zine 1y+c 9. fx) x 2 2sin-{ |42 Vox? + ba (ees Bx? +1+€ ~() 3 ~Seose + Gxt +e 3siny —2cosx + C | inox+C 9 @® @) () © @ @ ) © @ © 0) @ ® (@ = deu(2]+ 55 Le otact A sina? +C a 2 +5P 4+ 2043} Zot 3x2 42x) +E Lese 3 per t3yte InQt +34 5x42) 4+C 2in (2x? + 5x) +C ia fetta +C Sins? 434-4) +C zl (sin2x) +C ~ deossx+C 5(b) () @) © oO (s) (hy) ll. (a) @) (©) @ © ) © @ © 13. (a) 272 dingy 4C 6 reap EC \ dingy 2940 sing tanx+C Fins +1)+C In2v+3)+C In(x? +3)+C = beos7x—Leos3x+C 14 6 ues - sin 9x+C 18 sine + dines 14 2 — teosS xt Leos? x+C 5 7 tsink x4 3 ney) =In(x* -1)+C 5 ( ) Vite? sine? + 102-4) +C - ln(oos5s) + In(x? +2x+3)+C In(sin“! x) +C feast eee x? +x-In(1-3x)+C (©) @® @ © @ 0) © @ © @ A 2 Prirtesrec 2 la 2 ae ~3¢ +In(2x—-5) 72 )+C I I pete tye J nax-1)+C g in —Hincon-+ Sintec 3in(x—3) + In(x+2)+C edine + Bingax—3) + 3 2 —6In(x+2)+ 7in(x+1)+C =x cosx + sinx +C pxeF—2ee+C ~frcosix + Lsin3e+C x? sinx + 2x cosx—2sinx +C mete + C 2 x =xInx- 40 2 ex —3x2e% — 6ex+C 6xe* — ttinx-Liatec 4 16 —weosx + 2x sinx + 2cosx+C gO sind + 6% cos2e+C “x+8in(44x)+Cyr 3 te 2 i. @ TH ETC ro) i @®) t-v¥x-4 9. (a) paxtt2x-8 (©) 3% 10. (a) y=-3x? o 3 9. @ +67 +940 3 n. BE 12.) yaxted -x?-x42 (i) yp=4x-2 3. @ @ (0,3).(, 0),-1, 0) @) 244 Gi) (1,4) (© 103 2 14. @ 2%4ms! 303m OT 15, 3.5m Exercise 7 6 OF @ 158 xercl 1 L @ 913d @ Ist 7 @ $x) 38 +64 55 Z i (e) 0.73 2 @ 9 0) 55 18. @ | 1 ot x05 1 15 2 25 3 3 eG y 7 4 3 25 22 2 4. 1 2 @ 7 ©) oul 5 @ oe 19. @ 607 () 2818 tan iG)—tarrt@+C 20. @ 0921, 0.51% 6 17 2 nb Exercise 8 5 25 1. @ Focus (8, 0), directrix; x=-8 & @ (@,12)(3°3 (b) Focus (10, 0), directri (©) Focus (0,3), directrix; y=—3 273OS'~CS'=o io OSS ree eee (k +1) +2) S27 ad 28. Prove thatthe sum af the firat terms of the series whose Ath term is re ! kk +1)(k+2) 84 > O(n Dn +2) 2x43 29. Express G—pyy-q3) in partial frac- tions. 4x45 30. Express Ger + 2et4) in partial fractions. Chapter 6: Integration x . Find |= ae. 1 Find fa (WAEC) 2. Using the substitution U=cosx or other- wise find Joos’ xsin xx (WAEC) 3, Find fR« , #20. (WAEC) 4. Usingthe substitution U=x?+3x—9, find fer +3x—9)(2x+3)dr, (WAEC) 5. Find [(r+1)@"-2)dr. (WAEC) 6. dx Gay reo? Evaluate f ) (WAEC) Find fe log xex (WAEQ) (Evaluate k (i) Using the substitution (14+ 29)=1, orotherwise, evaluate: = fees Find: frcos2x dx @ fesine ds Find: @ fre* ae (i) rine di Find: @) Fee . ds i) een _ de fot 0 le f ax x? Tx 410 Find) frsin2xdx4 20. Gi) frtants ae frerar (i) fe" inves Find: (i) Find: (a) fsinv cos3x cx fsin2x cos3s als (© foin2xsin3x atx @ — foos2xcos3x ax Find: 0 ES @ mat iy ae Integrate with respect tox @ 10 i) Vx Integrate with respect to x: (@) sin@x-2) (b) cos(3-2x) ). Integrate with respect to x: @ ft = CO8t 4, de (b) [eae 1+ cosx sinx Find: [ieee I+sinx @ (ae sinx =o Chapter 7: Application of Integration Find, in square units, the area of the finite region bounded by the curve y=x2+4x+2, and lines y=0, x=4 and x=6. (WAEC Adapted) 9 Evaluate: [= . (WAEC) pt The gradient ofa curve at any point (x, y) is 6x? — 6x + 11. If the curve passes through the point (3, 0), find its equation. (WAEC Adapted) The table below shows the velocity V ms“ ofa particle in relation to time ts within a period of seconds. Using the trapezium rule: Sh #2y2 + 2)5 +04 Vy) find the approximate distance travelled. (WAEC) Evaluate: jie2 ee (WAEC) 2 Evaluate: J*Gr+ Dede 0 (WAEC)! -L)_! 6 16. es st) nel 2 ~ Sere Jot gs 45k txt 1 3k 2(k+2)? 4G TEED 18. 9. 20. 21. 2. 2B. m4. eee ee 1 1 B Tel p42 2-2) 9 @ Zxsin2x+ jc0s2x+C o (i) -xcose+sinr +C " 10. @ -xe¥-eF+C AL 2k+7 ) Ome F ac 2|12 (+3 +4) © i e- + » JS if) ce % aly-1 ” x42 nod MaJ* cae ee x 3. yap xe? * Ga @ w5)+e Revision Exercise 6 2 1 (=) a x-lsindx (_ In(1—cosx)+C wre Revision Exercise 7 @ = x @ Atnr-s)+Incosx+ + . 24 un oS os posretzerse eens @ - 2 7% 3. 28H 3x2 + 112-60 1 1 4. 65.5sq. units a eer ora 5. In3 1 I pad @) ~ Gpeesiet yeas te & 5 zl 1 1357 (©) -— zsinSx+csine+C Lo 10 2 a pexrt3xr-2 | cases sines @ jo et ys te A 100 nts x-3In(e+3)+C 10. . 12. 32mcubic units 13. 5 squni 5 sq. units 14, 8sq.units 32 1 15. 5° sq. units 16. 70sq. units 7 | 18. +4 x 19. (2) deny —2+C zi% () Zan ($+2)-x+c 20. @ intt+sinx)+C