Different Types of Road Materials: Soil, Aggregate and Binders

Soil in Road Construction

Soil serves as the foundation of any road construction project, often referred to as the subgrade. The
type of soil used plays a critical role in determining the stability and durability of the road. Subgrade soil
must possess adequate bearing capacity to support the loads imposed by traffic without undergoing
excessive deformation. The permeability of the soil is another important consideration; low permeability
helps prevent water from infiltrating and weakening the subgrade. To achieve the desired properties,
soil is often compacted to enhance its strength and reduce the risk of settlement. In some cases, natural
soil may require stabilization through mechanical means, such as mixing different soil types, or chemical
stabilization, involving additives like lime, cement, or bitumen to improve its properties. This
stabilization process ensures that the soil foundation is strong and durable, capable of supporting the
layers above it.

Aggregates in Road Construction

Aggregates are crucial materials in road construction, providing the bulk and structural integrity
necessary for the various layers of the road. They are typically categorized into coarse aggregates, fine
aggregates, and filler materials based on their size and function. Coarse aggregates, such as gravel or
crushed stone, provide the main structural strength, while fine aggregates like sand fill the voids
between the coarse particles, contributing to the stability of the mix. Filler materials, which are very fine
particles, help to enhance the density and stability by filling in the smallest gaps within the aggregate
matrix. Aggregates must possess sufficient strength to withstand the stresses applied by traffic, and they
should be durable to resist weathering, abrasion, and freeze-thaw cycles. The shape and texture of
aggregates also play a role in the stability of the road layer, with angular and rough-textured aggregates
providing better interlock and friction. In road construction, aggregates form the foundation layers, such
as the base and sub-base, as well as the surface layer, ensuring load distribution and providing a smooth
driving surface.

Binders in Road Construction

Binders are materials used to hold aggregate particles together, providing cohesion and stability to the
road structure. In flexible pavements, bituminous binders derived from crude oil, such as asphalt
cement, cutback bitumen, and emulsified bitumen, are commonly used. Asphalt cement is typically used
in hot mix asphalt (HMA) for constructing the top layers of the pavement, while cutback bitumen and
emulsified bitumen are used for surface dressing, tack coats, and cold mix applications. Bituminous
binders must exhibit strong adhesive properties to effectively bind the aggregates, as well as durability
to resist aging, weathering, and chemical attack. They should also maintain their properties across a
range of temperatures to prevent issues like cracking and rutting. In rigid pavements, cementitious
binders such as Portland cement are used to create concrete slabs that offer high load-bearing capacity
and long-term durability. Additionally, binders are used in soil and aggregate stabilization, improving the
strength and performance of these materials. The proper selection and application of binders are
essential for constructing durable and long-lasting road surfaces.
Introduction to California Bearing Ratio, Method of finding CBR value and its significance

The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is a standardized test used to evaluate the strength and bearing
capacity of subgrade soil, subbase, and base course materials in road construction. Developed by the
California Division of Highways, the CBR test is widely used in the design of flexible pavements. It
provides an empirical measure of the material's resistance to penetration under a standardized load,
expressed as a percentage. This value helps in assessing how well the soil or material can support road
structures and the loads imposed by traffic.

Method of Finding CBR Value

The CBR test involves several steps, typically performed in a laboratory setting:

1. Preparation of the Sample:

 Collect a representative sample of the soil or aggregate material to be tested.

 If the sample is a soil, it is typically compacted in a cylindrical mold of a specified size

(usually 150 mm in diameter and 127.3 mm in height) to the desired density and
moisture content. The standard and modified Proctor compaction methods are
commonly used.

2. Soaking the Sample:

 For soaked CBR tests, the compacted sample is soaked in water for a specified period,
usually 4 days, to simulate worst-case conditions and assess the material's performance
when saturated. This step is skipped for unsoaked tests.

3. Penetration Test:

 Place the mold containing the sample in the testing machine.

 Using a standard plunger with a diameter of 50 mm, apply a load to the sample at a
constant rate of penetration (usually 1.25 mm per minute).

 Measure the force required to achieve specific depths of penetration (typically 2.5 mm
and 5 mm).

4. Calculation of CBR Value:

 The CBR value is calculated by comparing the measured force to the standard force
required to achieve the same penetration in a standard crushed stone material.

 The CBR value at each depth is given by:

CBR(%)=(Measured force/Standard force)×100

  The standard force for 2.5 mm penetration is 13.2 kN, and for 5 mm penetration, it is 20
kN.

 The higher of the two values (at 2.5 mm or 5 mm penetration) is typically reported as
the CBR value.

Significance of CBR

The CBR value is crucial in the design and construction of flexible pavements. Its significance lies in the
following areas:

1. Pavement Design:

 The CBR value helps determine the thickness of various layers in a pavement structure,
including the subbase, base, and surface courses. Higher CBR values indicate stronger
materials, which can support thinner pavement layers.

2. Assessment of Material Quality:

 It provides an empirical measure of the bearing capacity of soils and aggregates, helping
engineers assess the suitability of these materials for use in road construction.

3. Comparative Analysis:

 The CBR test allows for a standardized comparison of different materials under
controlled conditions, facilitating the selection of appropriate materials for specific
construction projects.

4. Performance Prediction:

 By understanding the CBR value of the subgrade and other pavement layers, engineers
can predict the performance and longevity of the road, ensuring it can withstand traffic
loads and environmental conditions over time.

5. Cost-Effectiveness:

 Accurate determination of CBR values leads to more efficient pavement designs,

optimizing the use of materials and reducing construction costs while maintaining
structural integrity.
Aggregates used in Road: source and types, important properties like strength and durability

Aggregates Used in Road Construction

Aggregates are essential materials in road construction, providing the foundation and structure for
various layers of the pavement. They are sourced from different natural and recycled origins and come
in various types, each serving specific functions in the construction process. Here’s a detailed look at the
sources, types, and important properties of aggregates used in road construction.

Sources of Aggregates

1. Natural Sources:

 Quarries: The primary source of aggregates, where large rocks such as granite,
limestone, basalt, and sandstone are extracted, crushed, and sorted into different sizes.
Quarrying is the most common method for obtaining quality aggregates.

 River Beds and Seashores: Aggregates are naturally rounded particles found in
riverbeds and seashores, known for their smooth texture and often used in construction
for specific applications where such properties are desirable.

2. Recycled Aggregates:

 Construction and Demolition Waste: Aggregates can be produced by crushing and

processing concrete, asphalt, and other materials from demolished buildings and
structures. This approach is environmentally friendly and reduces waste.

 Industrial By-products: Slag from steel manufacturing and fly ash from coal-fired power
plants can be processed into aggregates, providing a sustainable alternative to natural
aggregates.

Types of Aggregates

1. Based on Size:

 Coarse Aggregates: Particles larger than 4.75 mm, such as gravel and crushed stone.
These provide the bulk and strength to the pavement layers.

 Fine Aggregates: Particles smaller than 4.75 mm, like sand and crushed stone dust. They
fill the voids between coarse aggregates and contribute to the stability of the mixture.

 Filler Materials: Extremely fine particles, usually smaller than 75 microns, used to fill the
smallest gaps and enhance the density of the mix.

2. Based on Shape and Texture:

  Rounded Aggregates: Naturally formed, typically found in riverbeds, offering less
interlock but better workability.

 Angular Aggregates: Produced by crushing rocks, these have sharp edges and provide
better interlocking and stability.

 Flaky and Elongated Aggregates: These have a greater surface area for a given volume,
potentially leading to weaker mixes if not properly proportioned.

3. Based on Composition:

 Gravel: Natural stone, typically rounded and smooth.

 Crushed Stone: Manufactured by crushing larger rocks, typically more angular.

 Slag: By-product of metal smelting, used in construction for its cementitious properties.

Important Properties of Aggregates

1. Strength:

 Aggregates must be strong enough to withstand the loads imposed by traffic without
breaking or crushing. The strength is typically assessed using tests like the Aggregate
Crushing Value (ACV) and the Los Angeles Abrasion Test.

2. Durability:

 Durability refers to the ability of aggregates to resist weathering and degradation over
time. Durable aggregates resist disintegration from exposure to moisture, temperature
changes, and chemical reactions. Tests like the Sodium Sulfate Soundness Test are used
to evaluate durability.

3. Hardness:

 Hard aggregates resist wear and abrasion. Hardness is important for surface layers of
pavements that directly interact with traffic. The Los Angeles Abrasion Test is a common
method to assess hardness.

4. Shape and Texture:

 The shape and surface texture of aggregates influence the workability and compaction
of the mix. Angular aggregates provide better interlock and stability, while rounded
aggregates are easier to work with but may offer less stability.

5. Specific Gravity:
  Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of the aggregate to the weight of an equal
volume of water. It gives an indication of the aggregate's density and is important for
determining the voids and the mix proportions.

6. Water Absorption:

 Aggregates with high water absorption can affect the water-cement ratio in concrete
and the bitumen content in asphalt mixes. Low water absorption is desirable as it
indicates less porosity and higher density.

7. Gradation:

 The distribution of particle sizes within an aggregate sample affects the compactability
and stability of the pavement layer. Proper gradation ensures a dense and stable mix
with minimal voids.

Binders: Common Binders; bitumen, properties as per BIS specifications , penetration, softening point,
ductility and viscosity test of bitumen, procedures in significance, cutback and emulsion and their
uses, Bitumen modifiers like CRMB AND PMB

Binders in Road Construction

Binders are essential materials in road construction, providing the adhesive properties needed to hold
aggregates together. The most common binder used is bitumen, a by-product of the petroleum refining
process. Let's explore common binders, their properties according to Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
specifications, and various tests used to evaluate their quality and performance.

Common Binders: Bitumen

Bitumen is a viscous, black, and sticky substance that is highly effective in binding aggregates in road
construction. It has several properties that make it suitable for use in flexible pavements.

Properties of Bitumen as per BIS Specifications

1. Penetration:

 Definition: The penetration test measures the hardness or softness of bitumen by

determining the depth (in tenths of a millimeter) to which a standard needle penetrates
vertically under specific conditions of load, time, and temperature.

 Procedure: A sample of bitumen is maintained at a temperature of 25°C. A standard

needle with a weight of 100 grams is allowed to penetrate the bitumen for 5 seconds.
The depth of penetration is measured.

 Significance: The penetration value helps classify the bitumen for different temperature
ranges and climatic conditions. Higher penetration values indicate softer bitumen,
 suitable for colder climates, while lower values indicate harder bitumen, suitable for
warmer climates.

2. Softening Point:

 Definition: The softening point is the temperature at which bitumen reaches a specific
degree of softness.

 Procedure: The Ring and Ball method is used. A brass ring containing a bitumen sample
is suspended in a water bath. A steel ball is placed on top of the bitumen, and the bath
is heated at a controlled rate. The temperature at which the bitumen softens enough to
allow the ball to fall a specified distance is recorded.

 Significance: The softening point indicates the temperature at which bitumen can begin
to flow. It helps determine the suitability of bitumen in different climatic conditions and
its behavior under high-temperature conditions.

3. Ductility:

 Definition: Ductility measures the extent to which bitumen can stretch without
breaking.

 Procedure: A bitumen sample is molded into a briquette and pulled apart in a ductility
testing machine at a standard rate and temperature (typically 25°C). The distance in
centimeters that the bitumen can be stretched before breaking is recorded.

 Significance: High ductility indicates that bitumen can accommodate small movements
and thermal expansions without cracking, making it crucial for areas with significant
temperature fluctuations.

4. Viscosity:

 Definition: Viscosity measures the bitumen's resistance to flow.

 Procedure: The viscosity of bitumen is measured using a viscometer, such as the

Brookfield or Saybolt Furol viscometer, at specific temperatures.

 Significance: Viscosity affects the mixing and compaction of bitumen with aggregates. It
also influences the ease of application and the overall durability of the pavement.

Types of Bitumen: Cutback and Emulsion

Cutback Bitumen

Definition: Cutback bitumen is a form of bitumen that has been diluted with a solvent (such as
kerosene, naphtha, or gasoline) to lower its viscosity, making it easier to work with and apply at lower
temperatures.
Uses: Cutback bitumen is commonly used in:

 Surface Dressing: A method where a thin layer of bitumen is applied to the road surface to
enhance skid resistance and waterproofing.

 Prime Coats: Applied to the surface of a base course to penetrate and bind loose material,
preparing it for the subsequent layer.

 Tack Coats: A light application of bitumen to ensure a good bond between the existing surface
and the new overlay.

Types of Cutback Bitumen: Cutback bitumen is categorized based on the type of solvent used and the
curing time, which refers to the rate at which the solvent evaporates, leaving behind the bitumen
residue:

1. Rapid-Curing (RC):

 Solvent Used: Highly volatile solvents like gasoline.

 Curing Time: Fast evaporation rate.

 Application: Used in situations requiring quick setting, such as patching and surface
dressing in cool or cold climates.

2. Medium-Curing (MC):

 Solvent Used: Less volatile solvents like kerosene.

 Curing Time: Moderate evaporation rate.

 Application: Suitable for prime coats and slow-setting surface treatments, providing a
balance between workability and setting time.

3. Slow-Curing (SC):

 Solvent Used: Non-volatile oils.

 Curing Time: Slow evaporation rate.

 Application: Ideal for mixing with aggregates in plant mixes where prolonged
workability is beneficial.

Significance: Cutback bitumen is advantageous because it:

 Ease of Application: It can be applied at lower temperatures, making it suitable for cooler
climates.
  Rapid Curing: Particularly useful in repair and maintenance operations where quick setting is
required to minimize disruption.

 Flexibility: Available in different curing rates to match specific application needs and
environmental conditions.

Bitumen Emulsion

Definition: Bitumen emulsion is a dispersion of bitumen in water, stabilized by emulsifying agents (such
as soap). The bitumen is suspended in water in the form of tiny droplets, allowing it to be applied at
ambient temperatures.

Uses: Bitumen emulsion is widely used for:

 Cold Mix Applications: Combining aggregates with bitumen emulsion to produce cold mix
asphalt, which can be laid without heating.

 Surface Dressing: Applying a layer of bitumen emulsion followed by aggregate to improve

surface characteristics.

 Maintenance Work: Used for pothole repairs, crack sealing, and other maintenance activities.

Types of Bitumen Emulsion: Emulsions are classified based on the setting time, which indicates how
quickly the bitumen droplets coalesce and break away from the water:

1. Rapid-Setting (RS):

 Setting Time: Breaks quickly upon contact with aggregate or surface.

 Application: Used for surface dressing and tack coats where a quick return to traffic is
needed.

2. Medium-Setting (MS):

 Setting Time: Breaks at a moderate rate.

 Application: Suitable for mixing with fine aggregates for slurry seals and other
applications where a balance between workability and setting is required.

3. Slow-Setting (SS):

 Setting Time: Breaks slowly, allowing extended mixing time.

 Application: Ideal for applications involving dense-graded aggregates and cold mix
asphalt, providing ample time for thorough mixing.

Significance: Bitumen emulsions offer several benefits, including:

  Environmental Friendliness: They are applied at ambient temperatures, reducing the energy
consumption and emissions associated with heating bitumen.

 Safety: Safer to handle and apply since they do not require heating, reducing the risk of burns
and fire hazards.

 Workability: Suitable for a wide range of applications and can be used in wet conditions where
traditional hot bitumen would not be practical.

 Flexibility: The different setting times allow for a wide range of applications, from quick-setting
surface treatments to slow-setting cold mixes.

Bitumen Modifiers: CRMB and PMB

Bitumen modifiers are materials added to bitumen to enhance its properties, making it more suitable for
specific applications in road construction. Two common types of modified bitumen are Crumb Rubber
Modified Bitumen (CRMB) and Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB). Let’s break down these terms and
understand their benefits, uses, and significance.

Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB)

Definition: CRMB is bitumen that has been modified with crumb rubber, which is derived from recycled
tires. This modification improves the performance of the bitumen, making it more suitable for road
construction.

Properties:

1. Improved Elasticity: CRMB has better flexibility, which means it can stretch and return to its
original shape without cracking.

2. Higher Softening Point: The temperature at which the bitumen starts to soften is higher in
CRMB, making it more resistant to high temperatures.

3. Better Resistance to Rutting and Cracking: CRMB roads are less likely to develop ruts
(depressions) and cracks, which are common issues in roads.

4. Enhanced Durability: Roads made with CRMB last longer and require less maintenance.

Uses:

 High-Traffic Roads: Suitable for roads that experience heavy traffic because of its durability and
resistance to wear.

 Areas with Extreme Temperature Variations: Effective in places with very hot summers or cold
winters, as it can withstand temperature changes without degrading.

Significance:
  Recycling and Environmental Sustainability: CRMB promotes recycling by utilizing waste tires,
reducing environmental pollution.

 Superior Pavement Performance: Roads built with CRMB provide a smoother, longer-lasting
surface, reducing maintenance costs and improving safety for drivers.

Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB)

Definition: PMB is bitumen that has been modified with polymers, which are large molecules made up
of repeating units. Common polymers used include styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) and ethylene-vinyl-
acetate (EVA). These modifications improve the properties of bitumen significantly.

Properties:

1. Enhanced Elasticity: Like CRMB, PMB is more flexible, which helps prevent cracking and other
forms of distress.

2. Higher Resistance to Deformation: PMB is better at resisting permanent changes in shape under
heavy loads, which means it can handle the weight of heavy vehicles without deforming.

3. Improved Adhesion to Aggregates: PMB sticks better to the stones and sand in asphalt, creating
a stronger bond that holds the road together.

4. Greater Durability: PMB extends the life of roads, reducing the need for frequent repairs.

Uses:

 Heavy Traffic Loads: Ideal for highways, expressways, and other roads that see a lot of traffic.

 High-Stress Regions: Particularly useful at intersections, roundabouts, and other areas where
vehicles frequently stop and start.

 Areas with Significant Temperature Variations: Performs well in regions with extreme weather
conditions, ensuring road integrity.

Significance:

 Superior Performance: PMB roads offer improved performance, handling stress and strain from
traffic and weather more effectively.

 Longevity and Durability: With PMB, roads last longer and maintain their quality, leading to
lower maintenance costs and better driving conditions.

 Enhanced Safety: Better road conditions mean safer travel for motorists, with fewer hazards
from road damage.
Use of Recycled materials in Pavement

The use of recycled materials in pavement construction is an increasingly popular practice due to its
environmental and economic benefits. These materials help reduce the consumption of natural
resources, minimize waste, and often result in cost savings. Here’s a detailed look at the various recycled
materials used in pavement construction, their benefits, and applications.

Types of Recycled Materials

1. Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP):

 Definition: RAP is old, reclaimed asphalt pavement that has been removed, processed,
and reused in new pavement.

 Application: RAP can be used in both hot mix and cold mix asphalt. It is commonly used
in base and surface layers.

 Benefits: Reduces the need for new asphalt, lowers material costs, and conserves
natural resources.

2. Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA):

 Definition: RCA is crushed concrete from demolished structures like buildings, bridges,
and roads.

 Application: RCA is used as a base or sub-base layer in road construction. It can also be
used in new concrete mixes.

 Benefits: Utilizes waste concrete, reduces landfill use, and decreases the demand for
virgin aggregate.

3. Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB):

 Definition: Bitumen modified with crumb rubber from recycled tires.

 Application: Used in surface layers of roads to enhance performance and durability.

 Benefits: Improves elasticity and resistance to cracking and rutting, promotes recycling
of waste tires, and reduces environmental impact.

4. Reclaimed Aggregate Materials:

 Definition: Includes materials like bricks, tiles, and other construction debris.

 Application: Used as fill material or as a base layer in road construction.

 Benefits: Reduces waste sent to landfills and provides a use for construction debris.
5. Recycled Glass:

 Definition: Crushed and processed glass waste.

 Application: Used in asphalt mixes (glasphalt) and as aggregate in concrete or base

layers.

 Benefits: Diverts glass from landfills and can enhance the properties of asphalt and
concrete.

6. Fly Ash and Slag:

 Definition: Fly ash is a by-product of coal combustion in power plants, while slag is a by-
product of metal smelting.

 Application: Used as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete, enhancing its

strength and durability.

 Benefits: Improves concrete performance, reduces the need for Portland cement, and
repurposes industrial waste.