MODERN TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT

OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION:
PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES

Edited by S. Stankevych, O. Mandych

Tallinn
Teadmus
2022
UDC 631.1:338.43:339.9

Modern trends in the development of agricultural production:

problems and perspectives. Monograph. Edited by S. Stankevych,
O. Mandych. – Tallinn: Teadmus OÜ, 2022. 191 p.

ISBN 978-9916-9859-1-5

Reviewers:
Mykola DOLYA, Ph.D., Prof., Head Department of Integrated Plant
Protection and Quarantine of National University of Bioresources and
Nature Management;
Oleksandr KUTS, Ph.D., leading of science collaboration, Director of the
Institute of Vegetable Growing and melon growing of NAAS of Ukraine.

The monograph presented for review is a collection of the results of

actual achievements of domestic agricultural scientists, obtained directly in
real conditions. The authors are recognized experts in their fields, as well as
young scientists and postgraduate students of Ukraine. Research is
conceptually grouped into 5 sections: modern technologies in crop
production and fodder production; economy of the agro-industrial complex;
breeding and breeding in the 21th century; protection and quarantine of
plants; agrochemistry and soil science. The monograph will be interesting
for experts in plant breeding, economics, plant protection, selection,
agrochemistry, soil science, scientific workers, teachers, graduate students
and students of agricultural specialties of higher education institutions, and
for all those who are interested in increasing the quantity and quality of
agricultural products.
Keywords: modern technologies, crop production, fodder production,
plant protection, quarantine, agrochemistry, soil science, economy of agro-
industrial complex.

ISBN 978-9916-9859-1-5 © Team of authors

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION 1. MODERN TECHNOLOGIES IN CROP

PRODUCTION AND FODDER PRODUCTION 5

IZHBOLDIN, O., NAZARENKO, M., IZHBOLDINА O.

ECOGENETIC VARIABILITY OF WINTER WHEAT UNDER
THE GAMMA RAY’S ACTION 6
ROZHKOV, A., VOROPAI, Yu., CHIGRIN, O.,
POTASHOVA, l., GEPENKO, O.
CHICKPEA VARIETIES PRODUCTIVITY DEPENDING ON
COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT SOWING METHODS AND
SOWING RATE IN THE EASTERN FORESTS STEPPE OF
UKRAINE 26

SECTION 2. ECONOMICS OF THE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL

COMPLEX 45

MANDYCH, O., BABKO, N.

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE DIGITAL
TRANSFORMATION OF THE UKRAINIAN ECONOMY 46

SECTION 3. BREEDING AND SEED PRODUCTION IN

THE 21ST CENTURY 54

BONDARENKO, S., ROMANOVA, T., ROMANOV, O.,

STANKEVYCH, S.
DIAGNOSTICS, PREVALENCE AND HARMFULNESS OF
THE MAIN CUCUMBER DISEASES OF GHERKIN TYPE 55

SECTION 4. PROTECTION AND QUARANTINE OF

PLANTS 72

HORNOVSKA, S.
THE BEET WEBWORM LOXOSTEGE STICTICALIS (L.)
IS A DANGEROUS PEST OF SUNFLOWER IN UKRAINE 73
ZABRODINA, I., STANKEVYCH, SIROUS, L., LEUS, V.
BIOLOGICAL PROTECTION OF APPLE-TREE FROM 83
APPLE-BLOSSOM WEEVIL (ANTHONOMUS POMORUM
LINNAEUS, 1758)
MELENTI, V., LEZHENINA, I., BAIDYK, H.,
STANKEVYCH, S.
ENTOMOPHAGES OF SPRUCE BUD SCALE (HEMIPTERA:
COCCIDAE: PHYSOKERMES) IN THE UKRAINE 97
POEDINTSEVA, A., ZHUKOVA, L., STANKEVYCH, S.
DANGER OF FUSARIUM WILT IN BEAN CROPS 107
POLOZHENETS, V., NEMERYTSKA, L., ZHURAVSKA, I.,
STANKEVYCH, S., STANKEVYCH, M.
EVALUATION OF POTATO VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS
ON THE RESISTANCE AGAINST BLACK SCAB UNDER
CONDITIONS OF UKRAINE’S POLISSIA 117
ROZHKOVA, T., BATOVA, O., KOSHELIAIEVA, Ya.,
KUCHERENKO, Ye.
REGULATION OF WINTER WHEAT SEEDS MYCOBIOTA
BY SPRAYING WITH FUNGICIDES 126
STANKEVYCH, S., YAREMENKO, M., ZANKOV, V.
FILATOV, M.
FPESTS OF OIL PRODUCING CABBAGE CROPS IN THE
FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE 143
TITOV, I., ZHUKOVA, L., BATOVA, O.
PATHOLOGY OF WINTER BARLEY SEEDS 156
TURENKO, V., HORIAINOVA, V., ZHUKOVA, L.
INTEGRATED PROTECTION OF ALFALFA AGAINST
FUNGAL DISEASES IN THE EASTERN FOREST STEPPE
OF UKRAINE 165

SECTION 5. AGROCHEMISTRY AND SOIL SCIENCE 174

PISMENNIY, O, KROKHIN, S.
THE INFLUENCE OF CONTENT ESP ON ANTI–
DEFLATION STABILITY OF THE SOILS STEPPE IN
UKRAINE 175
FILON, V., SKYDAN, M.
THE PROBLEM OF SOIL FERTILITY UNDER THE
CONDITIONS OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION AND WAYS
TO SOLVE IT 182
PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES .
DIAGNOSTICS, PREVALENCE AND HARMFULNESS OF THE
MAIN CUCUMBER DISEASES OF GHERKIN TYPE

Svitlana BONDARENKO
PhD of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of
Agrochemistry, State Biotechnological University
[email protected]
Tetiana ROMANOVA
PhD of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of
Agrochemistry, State Biotechnological University
Olexij ROMANOV
PhD of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of
Fruit and Vegetable growing and storage of Plant products, State
Biotechnological University
Serhij STANKEVYCH
PhD of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the B.M.
Litvinov Department of Zoology, Entomology, Phytopathology, Integrated
protection and Quarantine of Plants, State Biotechnological University

By examinations the phytosanitary condition of agrocenoses of

cucumbers under open ground conditions, it was established that the main
diseases symptoms on the plants in the field looked like spots, coating
(sporulation or mycelium), rot, complete or partial wilting of plants. All
these symptoms had the characteristic visual signs of damage (leaf
apparatus, stems, fruits). During further incubation of the affected plant
particles (selected herbarium material) in a wet chamber, the appearance
of coating of mycelial hyphae on them indicated the fungal origin of the
disease, exudate drops indicated the bacterial nature of the disease. The
results of our research clearly showed that in the region of conducting
research under open ground conditions on cucumber plants in recent years,
the nature of the development and intensity of the main diseases spread is
actively changing, in particular downy mildew – from moderate to strong,
angular bacterial spot disease, anthracnose, powdery mildew – from
moderate to depressive. However, we would like to note separately that
today fusarium wilt should be added to the zonal list of potentially
dangerous diseases of cucumber of Gherkin type in the open ground. All the
above arguments allow us to draw a convincing conclusion that it is downy
mildew that today annually occupies a dominant position in the zonal
pathocomplex of open ground cucumber of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of

55
 MODERN TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION:
Ukraine, which served as the main argument for choosing it as the main
scientific object of our research.
Key words: diagnostics, prevalence, harmfulness, cucumber of
gherkin type.

Monitoring studies, collecting herbarium infectious material and

analysis of seasonal changes in populations of the main pathogens were
carried out by us on breeding crops of cucumber of Gherkin type during
2011–2013.
During every decadal examinations, the absence or presence of
symptoms expression specific to each disease on various organs of
cucumber plants was determined visually according to the recommended
scales and methods.
By examinations the phytosanitary condition of agrocenoses of
cucumbers under open ground conditions, it was established that the main
diseases symptoms on the plants in the field looked like spots, coating
(sporulation or mycelium), rot, complete or partial wilting of plants. All
these symptoms had the characteristic visual signs of damage (leaf
apparatus, stems, fruits).
During further incubation of the affected plant particles (selected
herbarium material) in a wet chamber, the appearance of coating of mycelial
hyphae on them indicated the fungal origin of the disease, exudate drops
indicated the bacterial nature of the disease.
Symptoms or diagnostic signs of the disease expression on cucumber
of Gherkin type and the species affiliation of disease pathogens were
determined by macro-and microscopic analysis using the appropriate
specialized literature.

Materials and methods. The monograph summarizes and analyzes

the results of research obtained by the author directly during 2011–2013 in
the fields of breeding rotation of the laboratory of pumpkin crop selection
of the Institute of Vegetables and Melons growing of NAAS – the branch
scientific center of Ukraine for breeding and genetic research on the main
vegetable and melon crops.
Phytosanitary monitoring of seasonal changes in pathocomplex of a
cucumber of Gherkin type and immunological studies of the level of
resistance of this vegetable crop breeding material were carried out on the
original author's material in the dynamics of its creation.
The author expresses his sincere gratitude to the breeders, namely the

56
PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES .
head of the laboratory Oksana Sergienko and researcher Lina Dmytrivna
Solodovnik for the presented original breeding material and joint fruitful
scientific cooperation.
When conducting research, we used the following methods of research
and analysis of experimental material: field – when monitoring the
phytosanitary state of crops, when collecting herbarium material and
determining the immunological characteristics of the breeding material of
Gherkin type cucumber under conditions of a natural infectious background;
laboratory – when determining the species composition of pathogens of the
most common diseases; statistical – when determining the parameters of
trustworthiness, stability and variability of the obtained experimental data
and the research of interrelations between a complex of economic
characteristics.
Field experiments were laid down and conducted in accordance with
the “Methods of field experience in vegetable growing” (Grinko, Rodigin &
Zherdeckaya, 1993).

Results of the research. Before proceeding to the direct presentation

of the results of our research, it should be noted that when analyzing the
specialized literature, it was found that the symptoms of cucumber plant
damage by diseases are described differently by researchers from different
regions of the world (Babadoost, Weinzieri & Masiunas, 2004).
In accordance with this, during the route surveys of Gherkin type
cucumber crops we have studied their specific diagnostic symptoms in the
dynamics of development and maximum spread on the crop. Apart from that
we have established the degree (R, %) and intensity of spread (P, %) of a
number of diseases.
Immunological characteristic of all cucumber breeding material about
a diseases complex were provided to samples at the end of the critical phase
of ontogenesis for this crop – mass fruiting of plants. In the region of
breeding research, this process coincides with the first and second decades
of July.
Based on the experimental data obtained by us, it was primarily
determined that diseases such as downy mildew, angular bacterial spot
disease and fusarium wilt took part in the zonal pathocomplex of cucumber
of Gherkin type under open ground conditions, with different dynamics of
seasonal development.
The original description of zonal (regional) specific diagnostic
symptoms of these diseases on cucumber plants of Gherkin type in the open

57
 MODERN TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION:
ground (taking into account the biological peculiarities of its growing) during
the research period is given below. Thus, based on the obtained results of
phytosanitary monitoring, it was established that in the field, downy mildew
on cucumber plants developed first on the upper surface of leaf plates in the
form of angular, first light yellow, and then light brown spots.

a b

c d
Fig. 1. Specific diagnostic symptoms of downy mildew expression on
cucumber plants are characteristic spots on the upper surface of the
leaf blade (a), the outer look of leaves at severe lesion (b), the
beginning of sporulation (c) and its active phase, (d) – the view from
the underside of the leaf blade.

In the future, these spots quickly increased in size and later merged.
This period lasted under open ground conditions from 1 to 8 days. The
severely affected tissue of such leaves in the sun rapidly dried up, became
brittle, the leaves twisted and fell off. With this course of the pathological
process, only leaf petioles remained on the stems of severely affected plants
(fig. 1 a, b).
58
PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES .

0 score 0.1 scores

1 score 2 scores

3 scores
Fig. 2. Visual three-point scale for assessing the lesion degree of
cucumber samples by downy mildew (photo by S. V. Bondarenko)
59
 MODERN TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION:
Our research found out that in the future, the rapid loss of leaf mass
directly affected the process of forming the fruits setting that were on the
plant earlier (before the lesion), their further physiological development.
Thus, in plants severely affected by downy mildew (scores 3, 4) (fig. 2) the
formed fruits had slight colouration, were necrotic, and did not have a
characteristic cucumber taste or smell.
When the leaf surface of plants is strongly moistening both in the field
and in laboratory conditions (wet chamber), on the lower surface of the
affected leaves, namely in places of spots from the outer surface (see fig.
2.1 a) there was an active sporulation of this fungi-like organism – an
abundant greyish-purple coating of sporulation was formed (fig. 1 c, d)
(Cohen, 1977).
When conducting a microscopic analysis in the laboratory, we have
found that this process is a consequence of asexual sporulation of the fungi-
like organism Pseudoperonospora cubensis, which in this representative of
oomycetes is represented by zoosporangia and zoospores (fig. 3) (see
section 1) (Criswell et al., 2008).
As it noted above, the second place in the pathogenesis of this
vegetable crop in the region of research in years was occupied by such
disease as bacterial leaf rust (the causative agent is the bacterium
Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans). The characteristic diagnostic
symptoms of this disease on cucumber plants of Gherkin type are shown in
fig. 4.

Fig. 3. Zoosporangia (a) with zoospores (dark balls – b) of the fungi-

like organism Pseudoperonospora cubensis (wet chamber, washout,
Lumam M1 microscope, UFO DS-8330 camera, 2012)
60
PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES .
Initially, on physiologically young plants that were beginning to
bloom, on the leaf apparatus, the disease had a characteristic expression in
the form of small, irregular in shape, slightly greasy greyish-brown marginal
spots (like sunburns). At the same time, the colour of tissues that were not
damaged by the pathogen did not change and remained rich green (fig. 4 a).
Gradually, on severely affected leaves, the spots merged and became
angular due to the restriction of their size by leaf veins. The affected tissue
discoloured, and the leaves themselves looked like “burned”. Limited by the
veins, the affected tissue then quickly dried out, rotted and destroyed, which
made the leaf surface parchment-like and holey (fig. 4 b).

a)

b)
Fig. 4. Characteristic diagnostic symptoms of angular bacterial spot
disease expression on cucumber plants of Gherkin type:
a – physiologically young plants; b – severe lesion by bacteriosis

61
 MODERN TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION:
Among other diseases of cucumber of Gherkin type in the open
ground, we have recorded plants with characteristic symptoms of fusarium
wilt (the main causative agent is the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
cucumerinum) (fig. 5).

a) b)
Fig. 5. Specific diagnostic symptoms of fusarium wilt expression on
cucumber plants: a – most of the plant has wilted, b – the plant is
underdeveloped, dwarf, the internodes are short, the leaves and fruits
are small, drying out
It should be noted that when cucumber plants were affected by
fusarium wilt in the field, we met two forms of visual specific symptoms of
its expression – when the entire plant or a significant number of lateral
shoots directly withered (fig. 4 a).
Often, if the second type of pathogenesis of this disease occurred, the
cucumber plant had a visually noticeable suppressed physiological state
(dwarfism), the shoots remained underdeveloped, the internodes were short,
the leaves and fruits were small and without turgor (fig. 5 b).
When analyzing the specific seasonal combination of weather and
climatic factors, it was found that the main indicators of harmfulness – the
intensity of spread (P, %) and the degree of lesion (R, %) of cucumber
samples of Gherkin type by a diseases complex, in particular downy
mildew, under open ground conditions directly depended on two basic
components:
– firstly, it depends on the peculiarities of the meteorological factors
combination at the end of June and in July, which falls on the critical phase
of ontogenesis of this vegetable crop – the period of plants mass fruiting
(table. 1);
– secondly, it depends on the level of reaction expression of field
(protracted) resistance to downy mildew of the studying cucumber breeding
material (fig. 6).
62
PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES .
As can be seen from the indicators given in the table 1, the variability of
the intensity value of development or prevalence (P, %) of downy mildew in
different by the resistance of the breeding material of Gherkin type cucumber
in the years of research ranged from 24 to 100 %. At the same time, the
calculated weighted average population indicator of downy mildew
prevalence ( weighted average population indicator = 63 %) on breeding crops
of cucumber of Gherkin type in the critical phase of ontogenesis (the end of
the first decade of plants mass fruiting) confirmed the annual high intensity of
the natural infectious background of this disease and the objectivity of the
obtained characteristics of the resistance level to it of breeding material. As a
comparative analysis showed, calculated by us the weighted average
population intensity indicator ( weighted average population indicator) of
development (prevalence) of downy mildew in the cucumber crops of Gherkin
type annually amounted to more than 63 %, angular bacterial spot disease –
10 % (less by 6.4 times), fusarium wilt – 3 % (less by 20 times) (Table 1).
Table 1
The intensity of development or prevalence (P,%) of the main
diseases, open ground cucumber – the end of the first decade of
fruiting, %
Angular
Downy mildew bacterial spot Fusarium wilt
Year disease
LV νmin ÷ νmax* LV νmin ÷ νmax LV νmin ÷ νmax
2011 25,5 ÷ 100 0,0 ÷ 5,0 0,0 ÷ 5,0
2012 29,0 ÷ 100 0,0 ÷ 34,0 0,0 ÷ 1,0
2013 24,0 ÷ 100 0,0 ÷ 20,0 0,0 ÷ 10,0
In total by years 24,0 ÷ 100 0,0 ÷34,0 0,0 ÷ 10,0
weighted average
63,0 10,0 3,0
population indicator*
Frequency of
82,0 13,2 4,8
occurrence
Note: * here and in the future, LV νmin ÷ νmax is the limit of trait
variation (the smallest ÷ the largest), weighted average population indicator
is its weighted average population value.

Thus, according to our research, it was established that the individual

share of the contribution to the overall process of zonal pathocomplex

63
 MODERN TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION:
formation of open ground cucumber of Gherkin type (the frequency of
occurrence of a biological object [128]) of such a disease as downy mildew
was 82% in the years of research, angular bacterial spot disease – 13.2%,
fusarium wilt – only 4.8 % (fig. 7, table 1).
In the future, we determined that between such valuable economic
characteristics of cucumber of Gherkin type as the total crop capacity, yield
for the first fruiting decade, the period of mass fruiting and the basic
indicators of downy mildew harmfulness (lesion degree, intensity of spread)
on breeding samples with different expression of reactions, the correlation
interrelation was medium and close, but opposite in the direction of action.
It should be emphasized separately that a certain number of breeding
samples that did not have field (protracted) resistance to downy mildew
under conditions of a natural infectious background had stable crop losses
at the level of 60-80%, in some years (2011) were characterized by the
complete death of all plants on the experimental plots even before the
beginning of fruiting phase.
At the same time, we have found that from 80 to 100 % of plants of
susceptible and highly susceptible groups (1–3 scores of the immunological
scale) could not reach the critical for this vegetable crop in the research
region phase of ontogenesis– the period of mass fruiting (fig. 6).

Fig. 6. The immunological reaction of a control breeding sample

susceptible to downy mildew (Nizhynsky local variety, the last on the
right, 2011)

Taking into account this fact, we consider it necessary to specifically

focus on the peculiarities of seasonal dynamics of the development of the
main zonal diseases of Gherkin type cucumber under open ground
conditions for all years of research.
64
PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES .
Thus, in 2011, the first specific diagnostic signs of cucumber plants
lesion by downy mildew under open ground conditions in field crop rotation
(fig. 2) were recorded by us during route surveys of breeding crops in the
third decade of June (formation phase of runners). The mass spread of the
disease in plants of breeding crop rotation occurred in the first half of July
(Table 2).
In addition, in 2011, during a phytopathological examination of
breeding crops, we recorded individual cucumber plants with characteristic
symptoms of lesion by angular bacterial spot disease and fusarium wilt, but
these diseases did not become widespread under open ground conditions
(Table 1, Table 2).

Fig. 7. Zonal pathocomplex of open ground cucumber of Gherkin

type, individual share of the main diseases contribution, summarized
for 2011-2013, %
As we noted abov, the hydrothermal conditions of June – July 2012
were specific (abnormal) and by the indicators of temperature regime and
moistening regime did not meet the standard values of the long-term climate
norm for the zone of conducting research.
The first visual lesion signs of cucumber samples of Gherkin type by
downy mildew in the breeding crop rotation on the experimental plots in
2012 were recorded in the first decade of July. Mass disease development
on the leaf apparatus of plants of control cucumber samples (as a priori – in
the field crop rotation) was in the second decade of July (Table 2).
In addition, under the field conditions, on some breeding samples this
year were visually recorded specific symptoms of damage to cucumber
plants by diseases such as angular bacterial spot disease (for the first time –
in early June, en masse – in the second decade of this month) and fusarium
65
 MODERN TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION:
wilt – focal. Occasions of individual plants damaged by fusarium wilt
pathogens in experimental areas were noted in the third decade of June
(Table 2, fig. 8).
The study of seasonal changes in the zonal pathocomplex of cucumber
of Gherkin type on breeding crops in 2013 showed the following.
Table 2
Characteristics of the development of the main cucumber diseases of
Gerkin type under open ground conditions of the Left-Bank Forest-
Steppe of Ukraine
Beginning
Mass spread of the
Year Disease (appearance of the
disease
first lesion signs)
downy mildew ІІІ decade of June І–ІІ decade of July
2011 fusarium wilt ІІ decade of June --
angular bacterial spot
ІІІ decade of June --
disease
downy mildew І decade of July ІІ–ІІІ decades of July
fusarium wilt ІІІ decade of June --
2012
angular bacterial spot
І decade of June ІІ decade of June
disease
downy mildew ІІІ decade of June І decade of July
2013 fusarium wilt ІІІ decade of June --
angular bacterial spot
ІІІ decade of June --
disease

Fig. 8. Characteristic specific falling out of cucumber plants on

experimental plots when they are affected by fusarium wilt, 2013.
66
PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES .
The beginning (third decade of June) and further spread of this fungi-
like organism against the background of a rapid increase in the intensity
indicators (P, %) and degree of lesion (R, %) of breeding crops of Gherkin
type cucumber were usually recorded by us in the first decade of July.
It was this time period that coincided in most breeding samples with the
critical ontogenesis period of this vegetable crop – namely, the phase of mass
fruit formation in experimental plants of different breeding origin (Table 2).
These facts once again clearly confirmed the presence of an annual
hard natural infectious background of downy mildew in the research region
(basic breeding and genetic center of Ukraine), which indicates a high
representativeness of the conducted assessments of cucumber breeding
material by the protracted resistance trait.
In the future, to confirm the above conclusion about the constant
dominance of such disease of Gherkin type cucumber as downy mildew in
the open ground in the region, we have combined the experimental data
obtained by us with 16-year research results of other authors.
Comparison of long-term changes in the list of cucumber diseases, the
nature of their dynamics, variability of basic indicators of harmfulness in the
open ground with the obtained experimental data is summarized in Table 3.
Thus, according to summary data, the nature of downy mildew
development for the period from 1990 to 2005 is characterized as moderate,
only in some years – as strong. At the same time, the indicator of
development intensity (P, %) in agrocenoses of open ground cucumber
fluctuated at the level of 8.9–54.6 % (weighted average population indicator
or weighted average population indicator – 27.8 %), the value of lesion
degree of plants (R,%) – at the level of 2.2–27.4 % ( weighted average
population indicator – 14.5 %) (Table 3).
During the period from 2011 to 2013, against the background of global
climate changes, the weighted average population intensity indicator of
downy mildew prevalence on the crops increased more than 2 times – from
27.8 to 63.1 %. Accordingly, the limits of the maximum values of this
indicator also increased – from 24 to 100 %. The maximum indicator values
of the lesion degree of samples also increased – from 27.4 to 75 %. The
weighted average population value ( weighted average population
indicator) of this indicator increased 2.5 times – from 14.5 to 35.6 %
(Table 1, Table 3).
All this gives us reason to say that during the period from 1995 to 2013
in the region of research, the nature of downy mildew development on
cucumber crops in the open ground gradually changes its character from
moderate to consistently strong (by the type of epiphytotia) (Table 3).
67
 MODERN TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION:
Table 3
Characteristics of zonal ecologically and adaptive changes in the
development intensity (P) and lesion degree (R) of cucumber by
a diseases complex (Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, Kharkiv
region), %
1990–2005 рр. [104] 2011–2013 рр.
LV νmin ÷ νmax The LV νmin ÷ νmax The
weighted average nature of weighted average nature
Disease population the population of the
indicator disease indicator disease
developm develop
P R P R
ent * ment *
24,0 ÷
Downy 8,9÷54,6 2,2÷27,4 2,5÷75,0
M-S 100 S
mildew 27,8 14,5 35,6
63,1
Angular 4,0 ÷ 0,0 –
1,0÷20,0 2,1÷50,0
bacterial spot 42,2 M 34,0 M
11,1 17,4
disease 22,1 9,8
Powdery 1,0÷38,0 0,1÷9,0 The disease has not been
M
mildew 13,2 3,9 diagnosed
2,7÷7,0 6,0÷14,0 Affected fruits on single
Anthracnose D
5,1 10,3 seed plants
0,0
Fusarium 0,0÷9,8
No data available ÷10,0 D
wilt 4,9
2,95
Note: * D – depressive; M – moderate; S – strong
(in some years – epiphytotic) [60].

Unlike downy mildew, our summary data of long-term changes in the

dynamics of cucumber disease such as angular bacterial spot disease showed
that against the background of a gradual decrease in the weighted average
population value of development intensity (P) by more than 2 times (9.8 vs.
22.1 %), the average value of lesion degree of plants (R) in crops in recent
years have been gradually increasing – from 11.1 to 17.4 % (more than 1.5
times) (Table 1, Table 3).
Taking into account the obtained data, we specifically emphasize that
determined by us tendency of gradual increase in the aggressiveness of
bacteriosis in pathocomplex of open-ground cucumber bases on proved by

68
PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES .
various authors the evolutionary ability of this disease to dramatically
change the nature of its development in certain weather conditions from
depressive to moderate and strong.
Based on the obtained research results, we also note that due to the
global changes of weather and climatic conditions over the past decades, the
nature of the dynamics of the development intensity and the prevalence of
this disease in the region in recent years is sufficient reason to include it in
the list of potentially dangerous.
In the future, we’ll note that long-term changes in the characteristic of
expression of weather and climatic conditions negatively (depressingly)
affected the development and parameters of harmfulness of such cucumber
diseases as powdery mildew and anthracnose in zonal agrocenoses of
cucumber of open-ground (Table 3).
Thus, for the entire period of research, only in August 2012,
characteristic lesion symptoms by anthracnose were recorded on single
fruits of cucumber seed plants of Gherkin type (Table 3). At the same time,
when conducting monitoring studies of crops, no specific lesion symptoms
of cucumber plants of Gherkin type of open ground by such a disease as
powdery mildew were recorded during the study period (Table 3). In
addition, we have found that in recent years, the symptoms of manifistation
of fusarium wilt – the main pathogen is the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.
sp. cucumerinum are annually recorded on cucumber under open ground
conditions.
Thus, according to our data, fusarium wilt in various types of its
expression (fig. 5), for the period from 2011 to 2013, was annually found in
cucumber crops of open-ground (Table 1). The variability of indicators of
the intensity of its expression on breeding cucumber samples in the open
ground varied by year at the level of 0 to 10 % ( weighted average
population indicator – 2.95 %), the indicator variability of the degree of
plant lesion was by years from 0 to 9.8 % ( weighted average population
indicator – 4.9 %) (Table 3).
Thus, the results of our research clearly showed that in the region of
conducting research under open ground conditions on cucumber plants in
recent years, the nature of the development and intensity of the main
diseases spread is actively changing, in particular downy mildew – from
moderate to strong, angular bacterial spot disease, anthracnose, powdery
mildew – from moderate to depressive.
However, we would like to note separately that today fusarium wilt
should be added to the zonal list of potentially dangerous diseases of
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 MODERN TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION:
cucumber of Gherkin type in the open ground.
All the above arguments allow us to draw a convincing conclusion that
it is downy mildew that today annually occupies a dominant position in the
zonal pathocomplex of open ground cucumber of the Left-Bank Forest-
Steppe of Ukraine, which served as the main argument for choosing it as the
main scientific object of our research.

Conclusions:
1. The results of our research clearly showed that in the region of
conducting research under open ground conditions on cucumber plants in
recent years, the nature of the development and intensity of the main
diseases spread is actively changing, in particular downy mildew – from
moderate to strong, angular bacterial spot disease, anthracnose, powdery
mildew – from moderate to depressive.
2. However, we would like to note separately that today fusarium wilt
should be added to the zonal list of potentially dangerous diseases of
cucumber of Gherkin type in the open ground.
3. All the above arguments allow us to draw a convincing conclusion
that it is downy mildew that today annually occupies a dominant position in
the zonal pathocomplex of open ground cucumber of the Left-Bank Forest-
Steppe of Ukraine, which served as the main argument for choosing it as the
main scientific object of our research.

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