FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE

UITM SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) ENVIRONMENTAL

TECHNOLOGY

EVT 639
SPECIAL TOPICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
FRESHWATER POLUTION

GROUP MEMBERS:
- NUR AZIATUL ARISSSA BINTI AHMAD (2019594009)
- NUR HAZIRAH BINTI SAZAHLY (2019361605)
- NURUL NATASHAH BINTI ROSLIE (2019341409)
- SYAKIRAH BINTI FABIL (2019761627)
- YUSRA IZZATI BINTI YUSOF (201928037)

GROUP: AS2294C
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 12 DECEMBER 2020
LECTURER: MOHD NIZAM YUSOF
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Freshwater is defined as water that contain less than 1000 milligrams per liter of dissolved

solids, usually salt(Freshwater (Lakes and Rivers) and the Water Cycle, n.d.) and it is an

important part of the water cycle and is a precious human resource. On the other hand, water

pollution is the presence of chemical, physical or biological component or factors producing a

condition of impairment of a given water body with respect to some beneficial use(Schweitzer

& Noblet, 2018). Thus, it can be said that freshwater pollution is contaminated streams, river,

lakes & groundwater. Polluted water does not only harm the environment and its aquatic

creatures but also it could affect the human health.

Earth is frequently referred as the blue planet because of most of the globe are covered

by 75 percent of water(Beeton, 2002), but there is only about 2.5 percent of the water is fresh

while the rest is saline and ocean based(Rajagopal et al., 2017). But even so, there is only one

percent of our freshwater is readily available while most of it trapped in ice and in ground, the

bar chart below shows the breakdown of water sources. In a nutshell, there is only 0.007 percent

of the earth’s water that is available to fuel and feed it’s 6,8 billion people(Clean Water Crisis

Facts and Information, n.d.).

2.0 Current situation of Freshwater Pollution

One of sources for freshwater pollution is metal contamination and this happen in Malaysia.

One of the studies have been conducted to investigate the metal pollution and ecological risk

assessment of Balok River sediment at Pahang, Malaysia. Based on the study, the Balok’s river

water quality is worst due to the anthropogenic impact from the industrial activities in Gebeng

Industrial area. Due to the industrial activities, it probably directly or indirectly contaminated

the river (Abdullah et al, 2015). According to Abdullah et al (2015), it is confirmed that the

river surface water has been contaminated with some metals including Pb, Co, CU, Cd and As
at a certain level plus the present of a few heavy metals such as Cr, Cd, Ni, Zn and Hg that

related directly to the wastewater disposal by the industries. Heavy metals are notorious for

their threats to human health and the environment that may be lethal. The toxicity of Zn, Cu

and Cd may alter the central nervous system and respiratory system of humans. There are many

human illnesses associated with exposure to heavy metals likes growth retardation or

malformation, kidney damage, cancer, and abortion. In some cases, the exposure of high

concentration of heavy metal can caused death (Abdullah et al, 2015).

The other study also involved with metal contamination that happened at Perak River.

In this study, the trace metals contamination was found in the muscles of the most consumed

fish species by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES)

from several locations of Perak River (Salam et al, 2020). The toxicity of these trace metals

has proved to be a danger, and there are various related health effects. The ingestion of fish

containing excess trace metal can disrupt the human digestive, cardiovascular and central

nervous system (Salam et al,2020). According to Salam et al (2020), over the past few years,

Malaysia has been a developing country, struggling with rapid urbanization, population

growth, and industrialization and is the major sources of trace metal contamination in the

aquatic environment of Malaysia. Trace metals from these operations also pollute the Perak

River, which is the source of drinking water, and edible aquatic organisms.

Another study conducted in one of Southern Europe's most polluted freshwater sites to

measure the biological consequences of this highly polluted ecosystem of freshwater. The

coastline of Domizio-Flegreo (Campania Region, Southern Italy) and the nearby inner

countryside, known as Agro Aversano, both of which include the Regi Lagni basin, have been

designated as a National Concern Site (NCS) by the Italian Government, because of its huge

pollution potential (Maresca et al, 2018). According Maresca et al (2018), the strong

urbanisation and industrialization (mainly the chemical industry) as well as intensive

agriculture and buffalo farms cause significant pollution. During this study, the moss samples

were used as indicator and at the same time act as alternative first-tier evaluation method for

the identification of potential genetic damage caused by contaminated waters. (Maresca et

al,2018). From the experiment, there are DNA damage toward the moss due to the presence of

heavy metal in the study area.

Another one study was conducted at River Chenab that located at Bhawana, Faisalabad,

Punjab, Pakistan. This river receives a substantial volume of toxic industrial and domestic

waste disposed of by the Chakbandi Main Drain (Hussain et al, 2018) mainly because of

pollution. This proved that the Labeo rohita is very sensitive toward pollution and used as

bioindicator (Hussain et al,2018). According to Hussain et al (2018), as the result the acute

level of toxicity and high pollution load in this portion of the Chenab River were shown by the

water quality parameters (WQPs) analyzed in this study to show that water is not even suitable

for irrigation purposes. In Labeo rohita specimens harvested from three sites in the

contaminated areas of the Chenab River, five components of the comet assay showed

significant DNA damage (Hussain et al,2018).

3.0 SOURCES OF FRESHWATER POLLUTION

Figure 1. Sources of Freshwater Pollution. Reprinted from Water Pollution by Matthew (n.d).
As can be seen on Figure 1, there are various sources that lead to the freshwater pollution where

these sources may be directly or indirectly. First and foremost, one of the sources that lead this

pollution are by air pollution itself. As stated by Mushtaq et al., (2020), rapid urbanization is

the main factor that leads to many disturbances in natural environment. Furthermore, Jerry A.

Nathanson (2020) stated that, gases such as carbon monoxide, particulate matter, sulfur

dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and volatile organic compound (VOCs) are the major factors to the

air pollution.

Additionally, surface runoff that were showed on Figure 1 also lead to the freshwater

pollution. This happened when contaminant on surface were flows into the freshwater.

According to the Pollution Issues (n.d), pesticides and fertilizers that mainly used in

agriculture, golf courses and suburban lawns will flush out into the freshwater and causes

freshwater pollution. Furthermore, Mushtaq et al., (2020) also stated that the fertilizer and

pesticides that mainly used to increase the production in agriculture will affect the quality of

water via flushing into the freshwater. According to the Pollution Issues (n.d), surface runoff

containing manure from livestock or farms may causes freshwater pollution. As well, as stated

by Mushtaq et al., (2020), the leakage of the petroleum during the transportation process will

ultimately discharged into the water bodies that eventually lead freshwater contaminant and

Pollution Issues (n.d), also state the same thing. Furthermore, groundwater contaminant also

may occur through seepage.

Besides, municipal wastewater also may lead to the freshwater contaminant. According

to the Mushtaq et al., (2020), sewage from municipal wastewater contain all kind of waste

materials that come from many sources such as household, schools, industries, farms, and

cities. This may cause freshwater pollution if all these wastes are not rightly treated by

wastewater management before being discharge into freshwater. Furthermore, Mushtaq et al.,

(2020) also stated 70% of water bodies pollution are due to the domestic waste. Currently, it
has been proved that industrialization bring many benefits to countries especially in term of

economy and many developed countries were doing industrialization rapidly. Thus, many

developing countries are doing industrialization for economic growth. Ironically,

industrialization also may bring to the disaster include freshwater pollution. This occurred

when untreated industrial wastewater was discharged directly into freshwater. According to the

Pollution Issues (n.d), about 70% of untreated industrial wastewater were discharged by most

developing countries.

Furthermore, plastics pollution may indirectly cause freshwater pollution. Plastics

pollution may happen when irresponsible people throwing plastics not at the places it supposed

to be such as water bodies and street. These plastics also may sweep away by wind and spread

everywhere include within water bodies, thus, indirectly causes freshwater pollution.

According to the Winton et al., (2020), Up to 80% of plastics that accumulate in the world’s

oceans were carries by freshwater (i.e., rivers). This showed how from plastics pollution may

lead to the freshwater pollution and indirectly to the oceans pollution. Furthermore, most

plastics are non-biodegradable and required thousands of years to vanish. However, many

studies have stated that even thousand years were passed, these plastics not completely vanish

and will turn into micro-plastics. As stated by, Winton et al., (2020), most of microplastics

were found on the freshwater.

4.0 EFFECTS OF FRESHWATER POLLUTION

Pollutants are not one of the natural contents in freshwater, therefore, their existence will

disrupt the structure and functions of the freshwater itself (Francis, 2019). Freshwater pollution

can occur due to high contents of pollutants. When the freshwater pollution occurs, it will

contribute to another long-term effects and threaten this ecosystem.

The pollution of freshwater can give negative results on water physio-chemical characteristics

(Mushtaq et al., 2019b, p. 35) such as pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, suspended and

total dissolved solid, dissolved oxygen, biological and chemical oxygen demand, and chloride.

The variability of pH from acidic to basic and vice versa can disrupt the ecosystem of the

freshwater. Freshwater should have a balance range of pH for the growth and development of

aquatic life. In addition, decomposition, and mineralization of organic materials in freshwater

can increase the amount of electrical conductivity as the number of cations and anions is higher

which results in excessive chemicals in the freshwater. The factor of temperature also take part

in conducting metabolic activities for aquatic life. If the temperature of freshwater increase, the

rate of respiration will increase too, and this will enhance the decomposition process of organic

compounds. But, if the temperature of freshwater decreases due to presence of the pollutants,

the organic compounds will not easily break down and they will float on the freshwater.

Moreover, total dissolved solid that exist in the freshwater are originated from different

compounds such as carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulphates, phosphates, nitrates,

nitrogen, and calcium whereas suspended solids are emanated from silts, clays, zooplankton,

phytoplankton, and dead particulate matter. The increasing level of both total dissolved solids

and suspended solids will disrupt the cleanliness of freshwater and decrease the level of

dissolved oxygen, whereas increase the biological and chemical oxygen demand. The

unfavorable condition of water physio-chemical characteristics is the beginning process of

death freshwater.

It is proven that uncontrolled amount of nutrients that flow into the freshwater can

contribute to pollution. Excessive nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus can lead to algal

bloom and eutrophication (Mushtaq et al., 2019b, p. 35). The infinite amount of nitrogen and

phosphorus begins the accumulation of algae and when the growth of algae ends, oxygen

gaseous is used at high rate for decomposition processes (Scannone, 2016). The situation will
become worst when the oxygen gaseous is depleted and instinctively turn out to a dead area of

freshwater (2020). Results from this situation, no aquatic animals or plants will survive, and

production of uninteresting odors will spread through this area.

Pollutants can made up from many things such as organic matter, pathogens, microbial,

nutrients, heavy metals, toxic organic compounds, microorganic pollutants, slit, suspended

particles, and generated by salinization, acidification, and thermal processes (Freshwater

Pollution Sources, Effects and Constituents of Concern). Excessive organic matter can decrease

the oxygen level in the freshwater hence, making the aquatic animals and plants endangered.

The aquatic animals and plants cannot survive with limited oxygen level. They will compete

to obtain the necessities of life and those who cannot survive will die.

The major problem in water quality is a disease that related to microbial contaminants and

pathogens (Pandey et al., 2014).

Contaminated freshwater is also affected by the presence of both, microbial

contaminants, and pathogens. As the freshwater is commonly used by human, therefore,

diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, malaria, and ring worm (Water-related diseases: information

sheets, 2016) are easily spreads to the people who drinks and used the contaminated freshwater

as their necessities in life. The other reasons of why aquatic animals and plants and human are

affected by a pollution is due to the presence of heavy metals, toxic organic compounds and

microorganic pollutants. They are all interrelated when the aquatic animals or plants consumed

those three pollutants as they cannot digest it properly. So, the accumulation of the pollutants

occurs in their body, and human will eat them results in diseases such as heavy metal poisoning

that can simply lead to death. For examples, accumulation of mercury in fish can damage the

nervous systems and brains of humans (Water Pollution: Freshwater - Effects, Environmental,

Pollutants, United States, Causes, EPA, Soil, Pesticide, Chemicals, Industrial, Liquid, Fresh,

Wells, Toxic, World, Human, Power, Sources, n.d.).

 To conclude, the ecosystem of freshwater should be maintained starting with their

physio-chemical characteristics. Persistent pollutants and harmful microbes can reduce the

quality of freshwater. Meanwhile, the formation algal bloom and eutrophication can cause a

death to an ecosystem of the freshwater. However, what worst the most is, this pollution can

threaten not only aquatic animals and plants but also a human.

5.0 CONTROL MEASURES OF FRESHWATER POLLUTION

Freshwater pollution can be classified into groundwater and lakes. For groundwater, there are

many control measures to remove the pollutants. According to Talabi (2019), first, dispose the

wastes properly. The disposal plan must provide to ensure waste water discharge connections

and floor drains are eliminated properly, proper use and maintenance of on-site septic systems

and provide plug and cover waste dumpsters (Talabi et al., 2019). Second, store and handle the

hazardous materials such as chemicals and fuels safely by monitoring underground fuels and

chemical tanks. The surface tanks must have preference to be monitored easily. Control the

storage and loading areas by reducing or substituting the use of chemicals (Talabi et al., 2019).

Third, protect the chemicals and waste from rain and flood from penetrating into the aquifers

by isolating the drains from storage and loading areas by using de-icing salt and particles

(Talabi et al., 2019). Fourth, apply management practices such as environmental audit must

conduct periodically. The development of pollution prevention plan must be conducted. Inspect

the high-risk areas regularly and develop an emergency response plan. Land use plans must be

needed to protect important aquifers and well fields. Residents and businesses must be educated

and well informed (Talabi et al., 2019). This can lead to raw material recovery and reduction

in effluent discharges or lower treatment costs (Aboyeji et al., 2013). Hazardous waste

collection must be conducted in all households. Fifth, monitor all pipelines and storage tanks.

The quality of these materials should be secured. Their life span must be noted and replaced at
the appropriate time. For those contain of corrosive chemicals should receive special attention.

Dispose of unused water wells properly (Talabi et al., 2019). Sixth, special attention must be

paid to individual, small and medium scale ventures due to their activities produce chemical

wastes. The level of their financial capability may not enough for them to provide adequate

preventive measures. The government should help them. Eliminate or reduce the use of

insecticides and pesticides to the lowest minimum by relying more on waste from livestock

(Talabi et al., 2019). Seventh, install the monitoring wells at intervals on pipeline network and

the surrounding of storage tanks. These would be inspected periodically for early detection of

leakages (Talabi et al., 2019). Last but not least, legal, administrative and technical measures

are necessary to reduce or eliminate the unpleasant effects of domestic, agricultural oil spillage

and industrial effluents in receiving waters by establishing water treatment plants, good

regulatory strategies and adequate budgetary funding. This can be controlled by standards

created by the authorities (Aboyeji et al., 2013).

For lakes and reservoirs, the control measures to remove the pollutants consist of

diversion, advanced wastewater treatment (AWT), dilution and flushing, and addition of

algicide. According to Karmakar (2013), first, diversion process occurs when the treated

sewage or industrial wastewater is carried away from the degraded water body to waters that

are having high assimilative capacity, by installing the interceptor lines. The advantage is to

reduce the overall nutrient loading to the system (Karmakar et al., 2013). Second, Advanced

Wastewater Treatment (AWT) is reducing the concentration of phosphorus in wastewater

effluent by using chemicals like alum (aluminium sulfate), lime (calcium hydroxide), or ferric

chloride (Karmakar et al., 2013). The advantage is to control eutrophication by limiting nutrient

concentration with suitable chemicals (Karmakar et al., 2013). Third, dilution and flushing

involve the reduction in the concentration of nutrients and washout of algal cells. Flushing may

work well if moderate to high nutrient water is available because the loss rate of cells is
sufficiently great relative to the growth rate. Flushing rate on the order of 10%–15% per day

will afford some control through washout (Karmakar et al., 2013). The advantage is to manage

eutrophication by limiting the concentration of phosphorus (Karmakar et al., 2013). Last but

not least, addition of chemicals such as alum, buffered alum for sediment treatments, chlorine,

and algicide. Copper is an example of efficient algicide (Karmakar et al., 2013). In current

algae problem, the typical treatment by using copper sulfate is an effective short-term solution

predominantly in water supply reservoirs. The advantage is to control eutrophication by

supressing algal growth (Karmakar et al., 2013).

6.0 CONCLUSION

In a nutshell, freshwater pollution is an issue that needs to be paid attention since freshwater

resources is very valuable and it is the source of water we use on our daily basis. In Malaysia

it is found out that one of the highest pollutants in its freshwater is metal contamination, it is

found on the rivers of Malaysia. Freshwater pollution is affected by air pollution, surface

runoff, poor waste management and urbanization. Thus, there are a few effects that was

identified, and one of it is it could give negatives result on water physio-chemical characteristic.

In addition, it could also cause the formation of algal bloom and eutrophication.

Through this assignment it is found out that there are a few control measures that could

combat the issue of freshwater pollution, the suggestion is further divided by two which is

ground water and lakes. For the groundwater, it is suggested that the waste is dispose properly,

while hazardous substances are protected from rain and flood as the could penetrate through

the aquifers. Next is to apply management practices, monitor all the pipelines and storage

carefully as well as to install monitoring wells. On the other hand, suggestion to overcome

problems for lakes is by doing a diversion, dilution and flushing, addition of algicide as well

as advanced wastewater treatment.

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