Football

History, Laws of the game, Terminology, and Fundamental Skills

History: Origin of football was in China in late 3rd and 4th century
• Association football more commonly known as football or Soccer, can be traced to as far back as
the medieval period in Britain.
• The modern game of association football originates from the formation of the football association in
London.
• 1886
IFAB was formed. International Football Association Board, the authority over the rules and their
interpretation continued under the jurisdiction of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales, even
though they were not affiliated with FIFA.
• 1904
Federation International de Football Association (FIFA) was formed in Paris on May 21.
Charter members included: France, Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and
Switzerland. The International Board, the authority over the rules and their interpretation continued
under the jurisdiction of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales, even though they were not affiliated
with FIFA. Switzerland is the headquarter of FIFA and Gianni Infantino is president of FIFA.
• AFC – Asian Football Confederation Australia has been a member of the AFC since 2006
• CAF - Confederation of African Football
• OFC – Oceania Football Confederation
• UEFA – Union of European Football Associations

Oldest Football Tournament in India

• FA Cup- The Football Association. Founded in 1871
• Scottish Cup- Founded in 1873.
• Durand Cup- Founded in 1888.
LAWS OF THE GAME
1 – THE FIELD OF PLAY
2 – THE BALL
3 - THE NUMBER OF PLAYERS
4 – THE PLAYERS’ EQUIPMENT
5 – THE REFEREE
6 – THE OTHER MATCH OFFICIALS
7 – THE DURATION OF THE MATCH
8 – THE START AND RESTART OF PLAY
9 – THE BALL IN AND OUT OF PLAY
10 – DETERMINING THE OUTCOME OF A MATCH
11 – OFFSIDE
12 – FOULS AND MISCONDUCT
13 – FREE KICKS
14 – THE PENALTY KICK
15 – THE THROW-IN
16 – THE GOAL KICK
17 – THE CORNER KICK

LAW 1: THE FIELD OF PLAY

 Metric Measurement of the field of play

Measurements of International Ground According to the IFAB

Dimension for International matches
• Length: minimum 100 m (110 yards)
• maximum 110 m (120 yards)
• Width: minimum 64 m (70 yards)
• maximum 75 m (80 yards)
• High of flag post- 1.5 m
Distance of technical area from the touch line – 1 m

Dimension for Normal matches

• Length: minimum 90 m (100 yards)
• maximum 120 m (130 yards)
• Width: minimum 45 m (50 yards)
• maximum 90 m (100 yards)
 LAW 2: THE BALL

Specification of the Ball

The ball is: Spherical, made of leather or other suitable material of a circumference not more than 70 cm (28 ins)
and not less than 68 cm (27 ins)
• Not more than 450 g (16 oz) and not less than 410 g (14 oz) in weight at the start of the match
• Of a pressure equal to 0.6 – 1.1 atmosphere (600 – 1,100 g/cm2) at sea level (8.5 lbs/sq in – 15.6 lbs/sq in)

LAW 3: THE NUMBER OF PLAYES

Number of Players
• A match is played by two teams, each consisting of not more than eleven
• Consists of fewer than seven players.
• Number of substitutions
Official competitions
• Up to a maximum of three substitutes allow in a match.
LAW 4: THE PLAYER’S EQUIPMENT
Basic equipment
• The basic compulsory equipment of a player comprises the following separate
• items:
• A jersey with sleeves – if undergarments are worn, the colour of the sleeve must be the same main
colour as the sleeve of the jersey or shirt.
• Shorts – if undershorts or tights are worn, they must be of the same main colour as the shorts.
 Shinguards are covered entirely by the stockings are made of rubber, plastic or a similar suitable
material provide a reasonable degree of protection.
Stockings – If tape or similar material is applied externally it must be the same colour.
Colours
• The two teams must wear colours that distinguish them from each other and also the referee and the
assistant referees.
• Each goalkeeper must wear colours that distinguish him from the other Players, the referee and the
assistant referees.
LAW 5: THE REFEREE

Duties of the Referee:

• Enforces the Laws of the Game
• Controls the match in cooperation with the assistant referees and, where applicable, with the fourth official.
• Ensures that any ball used meets the requirements of Law 2.
• Ensures that the players’ equipment meets the requirements of Law 4.
• Acts as timekeeper and keeps a record of the match
• Stops, suspends or abandons the match, at his discretion, for any infringements of the Laws.
• Stops, suspends or abandons the match because of outside interference of any kind.
• Stops the match if, in his opinion, a player is seriously injured and ensures that he is removed from the field of
play. An injured player may only return to the field of play after the match has restarted
• Allows play to continue until the ball is out of play if a player is, in his opinion, only slightly injured.
 Ensures that any player bleeding from a wound leaves the field of play. The player may only return on
receiving a signal from the referee, who must be satisfied that the bleeding has stopped Play and its immediate
surrounds Acts on the advice of the assistant referees regarding incidents that he has not seen
• Ensures that no unauthorized persons enter the field of play
• Indicates the restart of the match after it has been stopped
• Provides the appropriate authorities with a match report, which includes information on any disciplinary action
taken against players and/or team officials and any other incidents that occurred before, during or after the
match.
Signals of the Referee

LAW 6: THE OTHER MATCH OFFICIALS

Duties
Two assistant referees may be appointed whose duties, subject to the decision of the referee, are to indicate:
• When the whole of the ball leaves the Field of play
• Which team is entitled to a corner kick, goal kick or throw-in
• When a player may be penalized for being in an offside position.
When a substitution is requested
• When misconduct or any other incident occurs out of the view of the referee
• When offences have been committed whenever the assistant referees have a better view than the referee (this
includes, in certain circumstances,
offences committed in the penalty area)
• Whether, at penalty kicks, the goalkeeper moves off the goal line before the ball is kicked and if the ball
crosses the line.
Fourth official
• The fourth official’s assistance also includes:
• Supervising the substitution procedure
• Checking a player’s/substitute’s equipment
• The re-entry of a player following a signal/approval from the referee
• Supervising the replacement balls
• Indicating the minimum amount of additional time the referee intends to
play at the end of each half (including extra time)
• Informing the referee of irresponsible behaviour by any technical area occupant
Additional assistant referees
• The additional assistant referees may indicate:
• When the whole of the ball passes over the goal line, including when a goal is scored
• Which team is entitled to a corner kick or goal kick
• Whether, at penalty kicks, the goalkeeper moves off the goal line before the ball is kicked and if the
ball crosses the line.
Goal Line Technology ((GLT)
GLT system may be used to verify whether a goal has been scored to support the referee decision.
Principles of GLT
GLT applies solely to the goal line and is only used to determine whether a goal has been scored.
The indication of whether the goal has been scored must be immediate and automatically confirmed within one
second by the GLT system only to the match officials (via the referee watch, by vibration and visual signal).
Video Assistant Referee (VAR)
The referee may assist by the video assistant referee only if the event f a clear and obvious error or serious
missed incident in relation to:
a. Goal/no goal
b. Penalty/no penalty
c. Direct red card
d. Mistaken identity
 LAW 7: THE DURATIONN OF THE MATCH
• The Duration: A football match consists of two halves and each half is 45 minutes long. Between the two
halves, there is an interval, which is not more than 15 minutes long. Stoppage time (also called injury time)
is the time added on at the end of each half at the discretion of the referee.
LAW 8: THE START AND RESTATRT OF PLAY
• A kick-off is a way of starting or restarting play:
• At the start of the match
• After a goal has been scored
• At the start of the second half of the match
• At the start of each period of extra time
• Goal may be scored directly from the kick-off.
Procedure
• Before a kick-off at the start of the match
• A coin is tossed and the team that wins the toss decides which goal it will attack in the first half or
to take kick-off.
• The other team takes the kick-off to start the match.
• The team that decided which goal to attack in the first half takes the Kick-off to start the second
half.
• In the second half of the match, the teams change ends and attack the opposite goals.
Kick-off
• After a team scores a goal, the kick-off is taken by the other team.
• All players must be in their own half of the field of play
• The opponents of the team taking the kick-off are at least 9.15 m (10 yards)
from the ball until it is in play
• The ball must be stationary on the centre mark
• The ball is in play when it is kicked and moves anywhere
• The kicker must not touch the ball again until it has touched another player

LAW 9: THE BALL IN AND OUT OF PLAY

Ball in play
The ball is in paly at all other times, including when:
a. It rebounds off a goalpost, crossbar or corner flag.post and remains in the field of play.
b. It rebounds off either the referee or an assistant referee when they are on the field of play.

Ball out of play

The ball is out of play when:
a. It has wholly crossed the goal line or touch line whether on the ground or in the air.
b. Play has been stopped by the referee.
 LAW 10: DETERMINING OUCTCOME OF THE MATCH

LAW 11: OFFSIDE

It is not an offence in itself to be in an offside position.

A player is in an offside position if:
• He is nearer to his opponents’ goal line than both the ball and the second-last opponent
A player is not in an offside position if:
• He is in his own half of the field of play or
• He is level with the second-last opponent or
• He is level with the last two opponents
• A player in an offside position is only penalized if, at the moment the ball touches or is played by one of his
team, he is, in the opinion of the referee, involved in active play by:
 • Interfering with play or
• Interfering with an opponent or
• Gaining an advantage by being in that position
No Offence
There is no offside offence if a player receives the ball directly from:
• A goal kick
• A throw-in
• A corner kick
LAW 12: FOUL AND MISCONDUCT
A direct free kick is awarded to the opposing team if a player commits any of the following seven offences in a
manner considered by the referee to be careless, reckless or using excessive force:
• kicks or attempts to kick an opponent
• Trips or attempts to trip an opponent
• Jumps at an opponent
• Charges an opponent
• Strikes or attempts to strike an opponent
• Pushes an opponent
• Tackles an opponent
• A direct free kick is also awarded to the opposing team if a player commits any of the following three offences:
• Holds an opponent
• Spits at an opponent
• Handles the ball deliberately (except for the goalkeeper within his own penalty area)
A penalty kick is awarded if any of the above ten offences is committed by
• A player inside his own penalty area, irrespective of the position of the ball, provided it is in play.
Indirect free kick
An indirect free kick is awarded to the opposing team if a goalkeeper, inside his own penalty area, commits any of
the following four offences:
• Controls the ball with his hands for more than six seconds before releasing it from his possession.
• Touches the ball again with his hands after he has released it from his possession and before it has touched another
player.
• Touches the ball with his hands after it has been deliberately kicked to him by a team-mate
• Touches the ball with his hands after he has received it directly from a throw-in taken by a team-mate.
• An indirect free kick is also awarded to the opposing team if, in the opinion of the referee, a player:
• Plays in a dangerous manner
• Prevents the goalkeeper from releasing the ball from his hands
• Commits any other offence, not previously mentioned in Law 12, for which play is stopped to caution or send off a
player.
Caution able Offences
A player is cautioned and shown the yellow card if he commits any of the following seven offences:
• Unsporting behavior
• Dissent by word or action
• Persistent infringement of the Laws of the Game
• Delaying the restart of play
• Dailure to respect the required distance when play is restarted with a corner kick, free kick or throw-in
• entering or re-entering the field of play without the referee’s permission
• Deliberately leaving the field of play without the referee’s permission
Sending of Offences
A player, substitute or substituted player is sent off if he commits any of the following seven offences:
• Serious foul play
• Violent conduct
• Spitting at an opponent or any other person
• Denying the opposing team a goal or an obvious goal scoring opportunity by deliberately handling the ball (this does
not apply to a goalkeeper within his own penalty area)
• Using offensive, insulting or abusive language and/or gestures.
• Receiving a second caution in the same match
• A player, substitute or substituted player who has been sent off must leave the vicinity of the field of play and the
technical area.
LAW 13: FREE KICK
Free kicks are either direct or indirect.
The direct free kick
Ball enters the goal
* If a direct free kick is kicked into the opponents’ goal, a goal is awarded.
* If a direct free kick is kicked directly into the team’s own goal, a corner kick is awarded to the opposing team.
The indirect free kick
Ball enters the goal
A goal can be scored only if the ball subsequently touches another player before it enters the goal.
* If an indirect free kick is kicked directly into the opponents’ goal, a goal kick is awarded.
* If an indirect kick is kicked directly into the team’s own goal, a corner kick is awarded to the opposing team.
LAW 14: THE PENALTY KICK
• A penalty kick is awarded against a team that commits one of the ten offences for which a direct free kick is
awarded, inside its own penalty area and while the ball is in play.
• A goal may be scored directly from a penalty kick.
LAW 15: THE THROW IN
A throw-in is a method of restarting play.
• A throw-in is awarded to the opponents of the player who last touched the ball
• When the whole of the ball crosses the touch line, either on the ground or in the air.
• A goal cannot be scored directly from a throw-in.
 LAW 16: THE GOAL KICK
A goal kick is a method of restarting play.
• A goal kick is awarded when the whole of the ball passes over the goal line, either on the ground or in the
air, having last touched a player of the attacking team, and a goal is not scored in accordance with Law 10.
• A goal may be scored directly from a goal kick, but only against the opposing team.
LAW 17: THE CORNER KICK
A corner kick is a method of restarting play.
• A corner kick is awarded when the whole of the ball passes over the goal line, either on the ground or in the
air, having last touched a player of the defending team, and a goal is not scored in accordance with Law 10.
• A goal may be scored directly from a corner kick, but only against the opposing team.

TERMINOLOGY
Attacker- the player with possession of the ball
Advantage-law permitting a referee to recognize a fouls but not call it and allow the game to continue if he feel it is in
the best interest of the player who was fouled.
Center Line-the halfway line drawn across the center of the field
Chip-when a ball is kicked using a stabbing motion which lofts the ball over the opponents head.
Kick-off- When offensive players initiate play inside the circle by kicking the ball. The ball must roll the length of its
circumference before another player can touch it.
Corner Kick- A direct free kick taken from the corner. It happens when the ball goes across the goal line and was last
touched by a defender.
Cover- A defensive concept to help back up a fellow defender putting pressure on the ball.
Direct Free Kick- A free kick that can be directly kick inside of the goal post without the ball being touched by
another player.
Indirect Free Kick- A free kick that cannot score without first being touched by another player.
Extra Time: The time allotted to decide the winner of the match in case of a draw after the expiration of normal
duration. The duration of extra time is two halves of 15 minutes.
Injury Time: It is time for which the game has been stopped temporarily due to an injury or time was wasted in
substitution etc. This stopped duration of the game is added in regular time of each halves.
Dribbling- Using touches with your feet to control the ball.
Feinting- Fake. A deceptive move to fool an opponent
Hand Ball-The INTENTIONAL use of the hands by a field player. The result is a direct free kick.
Goal Kick- A goal kick is taken by the defending team when the ball goes over the goal line and was last touched by
an offensive player.
Goal Line/End Line- The boundary line at each end of the field where the goals are.
Pressure- refers to a defender putting pressure on his opponent with the ball
Marking- the defensive concept of guarding another player .
One Touch Passing or Shooting- To pass or shoot on the first touch of the ball.
Push Pass- A pass using the side of your foot keeping the ball close to the ground.
 FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS
 PASSING
 SHOOTING
 DRIBBLING
 RECEIVING
 HEADING
 KICKING

Passing/Push Pass: It is a fundamental skill in which ball is slightly pushed by the inner part of the foot so that it
should reach to the own team mate.
Instep Pass: Where the distance between you and your team-mate in 25 yard or greater, using instep is a
good option for passing the ball the ball to him. The instep is the portion of the foot extending from the base
of the toes to the curve of the ankle or the part of the foot covered by the shoelaces.
Dribbling: In football, a dribble is one of the most difficult ball skills to master and one of the most useful
attacking moves. In typical game play, players attempt to propel the ball toward their opponents' goal
through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling (the usage of technical maneuvers).
SHOOTING
Types of shots
• Instep drive: This shot is done with the laces of a boot and is widely used. The ball is struck through with
the laces or the top part of the foot. The shot is powerful but less accurate.
• Swerve Shot: This shot is made using the side of the foot (or the outside of the foot on occasion) and is
usually but not exclusively used in free kicks. The ball bends or swerves in such a way that it beats the
keeper, the only drawback is that it lacks great power.
• Chip: Also known as the lob, this shot focuses on getting the ball to a certain amount of vertical height,
where the goalkeeper can't reach it and then have it come back down again into goal, it takes a certain
amount of technique and precision to do.
• Knuckleball: A freekick or shot from distance that has no spin and has erratic movement, Juninho
Pernambucano, Andrea Pirlo, Cristiano Ronaldo and Gareth Bale are known for using this technique.
• Receiving: Four important body surfaces-the instep, thigh, chest, and head- are commonly used to receive
and control the balls dropping from the air. Your choice of surface depends on the trajectory of the ball, your
own position on the field and the amount of pressure coming from the opponent.
• Heading: It is a fundamental skill in which player uses his forehead to a overhead coming ball, to score a
goal, defend a goal, or to pass. This can be done by standing, jumping or diving position.
• Kicking: As a player’s most valuable technical asset and frequently used element of play, kicking is the
conscious passing or placing of the ball using inside/outside of the foot, inside/outside of the instep. Full
instep, toe or thigh as the situations demand.