Introduction

Join
We usain
are shifting
team from
of healthcare
SickCare
experts, to HealthCare!
scientists,
researchers and engineers.
Sova is on a mission to enhance lives through Microbiome Health.
BugSpeaks report is researched and developed by Leucine
Led by Clinical Nutritionists, Scientists and Gut Health Experts, we
Rich Bio,the
harness South
powerAsia’s first microbiome
of microbes company.
to help you prevent The
and manage
company
conditions is a recipient
linked of multiple
to Gut, Skin, awards
Oral Health, such Health
Metabolic as Frost
& more.
and Sullivan, National startup award (Govt. of India), Super
Startup Asia award etc.

What we do once we get your sample?

Microbiome Sequencing
Microbial DNA is extracted
and sequenced
Sample QC
Your sample is checked
for leakages

Data Analysis
The microbiome
data is analysed &
the report is
generated

Report QC
A multi-step process
of report checking is
performed

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Content

Summary Report
This is your BugSpeaks®
Sova Health Gut Microbiome Summary Report. With this report, our endeavour is to provide key insights, with
the hope that it will guide you to better understand your health and make necessary changes to your lifestyle to lead a
healthier life. You can always refer our complete Scientific Report for a more detailed evidence-based interpretation of
your gut microbiome data.
We have categorized the report into following sections:

Summary Nutritional
Report Report
A one page report on your overall gut 3 Phase (12 Week) Nutritional &
health, the probiotics you require & Dietary Recommendations
pathogen presence.

What's included in
this test report?

A detailed report of your gut A exhaustive collection of all the

microbiome terms & frequently asked questions

Detailed Microbiome
Report Handbook

Please Note:

1. This is not a diagnostic report and should be interpreted or used exclusively by or under the guidance of a practitioner,
including but not limited to, certified physicians, clinicians, dietitians, nutritionists, sports therapists, and such other
persons in similar profession having appropriate validation to undertake such practice. (Please See Disclaimers).

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Summary Report

Rych Index - Your Gut Health Score

Scores in the Green Range represents a Healthy Gut and in the Red Range represents an Unhealthy Gut. Know More about
"Rych Index" within the FAQ Section.

0.35

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

Non - Ideal Range Avg. Healthy User

Probiotics - The Good Microbes

You may require supplements that contain these probiotics. For more details please read the detailed report.

Bifidobacterium animalis Lentilactobacillus kefiri

Bifidobacterium infantis VIII-240 Alkalihalobacillus clausii

Limosilactobacillus reuteri Metabacillus indicus

Lactobacillus delbrueckii

Lactobacillus helveticus

Lacticaseibacillus casei

Lactobacillus gasseri
Supplementation
Needed Lactiplantibacillus pentosus

Lactobacillus acidophilus

Saccharomyces boulardii (nom. inval.)

Pathogen - The Bad Microbes

The following “pathogens” abundance was found to be more than the average healthy individuals. Please correlate
clinically and follow recommendations. For more details please read the detailed report.
Clostridioides difficile

Candida albicans

[Candida] glabrata

Aspergillus terreus

Follow Nutrition Fusobacterium nucleatum

Guidelines Cryptosporidium

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Rych Index - Your Gut Health Score

Rych Index is a proprietary algorithm based output that tends to indicate the overall gut health with respect to the
microbiota profile. Various parameters such as abundance, diversity and richness have been used to come up with the
Rych Index score. Know more about the ‘Rych Index’ in the FAQ section (Microbiome handbook section).

0.35

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

Non - Ideal Range Avg. Healthy User

Pictorial graph representation of various components of your microbiome. Green colour represents healthy / good
/favorable, red colour represents unhealthy / bad / unfavorable.

Category Tag

BugSpeaks Diversity
Sova Diversity Ideal

Kingdom Distribution Below Average

Foundation Microbiota Average

Probiotic Characterization Average

Pathogen Characterization Non-Ideal

Antibiotic Resistance Ideal

Antibiotic Recovery Potential Ideal

SCFA Production Non-Ideal

Vitamin Production Average

Neurotransmitters Ideal

Propensity to Disease Development Above Average

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Detailed Report

Bugspeaks Diversity
Sova Diversity

Category Tag Ideal

This is a proprietary diversity score developed by us taking into consideration individual kingdom diversities and internal
data analysis of healthy and unhealthy.

Kingdom Distribution

Category Tag Below Average

Composition of gut microbiome is defined by 4 major groups of microorganisms - Bacteria, Archaea, Virus and Eukaryota
(Fungi, Protozoa and Metazoa). Below is a representation highlighting these 4 groups, its corresponding abundance and
what it means to you, in context of gut microbiome.

Kingdom Distribution Range(%) Your Sample Value Tag

Bacteria 97.94% - 99.07% 89.26% Atypical

Fungi 0.36% - 0.86% 0.635% Typical

Metazoa & Protozoa 0.21% - 0.51% 0.425% Typical

Archaea 0.11% - 0.28% 9.376% Atypical

Viruses 0.25% - 1.06% 0.304% Typical

Metazoa & Protozoa

Archaea Fungi

Bacteria Viruses

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Detailed Report

Top Abundant Species

Top abundant species of Bacteria in your sample

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii 8.363 % Akkermansia muciniphila 2.314 %

Prevotella copri 3.849 % Bacteroides eggerthii 1.699 %

Dialister succinatiphilus 3.63 % Coprococcus eutactus 1.448 %

Roseburia faecis 3.038 % Ligilactobacillus ruminis 1.33 %

Lachnospira pectinoschiza 2.473 % Oscillibacter sp. MSJ-31 1.221 %

Top abundant species of Archaea in your sample

Methanobrevibacter smithii 9.97 % Methanobrevibacter thaueri 0.023 %

Methanobrevibacter oralis 0.046 % Methanobrevibacter sp. 87.7 0.018 %

Methanobrevibacter woesei 0.041 % Methanobrevibacter curvatus 0.014 %

Methanobrevibacter sp. A54 0.036 % Methanospirillum lacunae 0.014 %

Methanobrevibacter millerae 0.027 % Methanotorris igneus 0.009 %

Top abundant species of Eukaryota in your sample

Tetrahymena thermophila 0.096 % Ichthyophthirius multifiliis 0.023 %

Trichomonas vaginalis 0.032 % Acytostelium subglobosum 0.018 %

Plasmodium vinckei 0.027 % Cavenderia fasciculata 0.018 %

Dictyostelium discoideum 0.023 % Plasmodium chabaudi 0.018 %

Entamoeba dispar 0.023 % Plasmodium gallinaceum 0.018 %

Top abundant species of Viruses in your sample

crAssphage cr7_1 0.2 % Buzura suppressaria nucleopolyhedrovirus 0.005 %

crAssphage cr124_1 0.169 % Cellulophaga phage phi39:1 0.005 %

Megavirus chiliensis 0.009 % Yellowstone lake phycodnavirus 2 0.005 %

Tipula oleracea nudivirus 0.009 % Cbastvirus ST 0.005 %

African swine fever virus 0.005 % Orpheovirus IHUMI-LCC2 0.005 %

Top abundant species of Fungi in your sample

Rhizophagus irregularis 0.073 % Aspergillus steynii 0.014 %

Blastomyces gilchristii 0.018 % Candida albicans 0.014 %

Lobosporangium transversale 0.018 % Letharia columbiana 0.014 %

Pyricularia grisea 0.018 % Puccinia graminis 0.014 %

Wickerhamomyces ciferrii 0.018 % Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 0.014 %

Please Note: All values are % relative abundances.

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Foundation Microbiota

Category Tag Average

Perturbations of these keystone species can have large effects on the overall microbiome. If any keystone species is in
atypical range, please strictly follow the dietary recommendations. Know More about "Foundation Microbiota" within the
FAQ Section.

Keystone Species Relative Abundance Range(%) Your Sample Value Conclusion

Akkermansia muciniphila 0.003% - 0.014% 2.314% Typical

Bifidobacterium longum 1.142% - 3.743% 0.232% Atypical

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii 0.235% - 3.008% 8.363% Typical

Roseburia intestinalis 0.285% - 0.690% 0.332% Typical

Ruminococcus bromii 0.061% - 0.171% 0.123% Typical

Lactobacillus helveticus 0.003% - 0.010% 0.000% Atypical

Lactobacillus delbrueckii 0.004% - 0.013% 0.000% Atypical

Lacticaseibacillus paracasei 0.004% - 0.014% 0.005% Typical

Ligilactobacillus salivarius 0.005% - 0.011% 0.027% Typical

Limosilactobacillus fermentum 0.006% - 0.019% 0.005% Atypical

Limosilactobacillus reuteri 0.007% - 0.021% 0.000% Atypical

Lactiplantibacillus mudanjiangensis 0.028% - 0.099% 0.005% Atypical

Limosilactobacillus mucosae 0.044% - 0.200% 0.000% Atypical

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus 0.047% - 0.102% 0.041% Atypical

Ligilactobacillus ruminis 0.273% - 0.586% 1.33% Typical

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Probiotic Characterization

Category Tag Average

Sova Health identifies and characterizes many probiotics commonly known to be present and beneficial to gut health.
BugSpeaks®
These probiotics are reported with "indicative tags", which can be interpreted as described below.

Supplementation Needed - These probiotics were found either absent or very less in abundance in your sample.

Follow Recommendation - These probiotics were found to be present but less abundant.
Follow your current diet - These probiotics were present in adequate abundance in your sample.

Supplementation Follow Follow your

Needed Recommendations Current Diet

Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium longum Bifidobacterium bifidum

Bifidobacterium infantis VIII-240 Bifidobacterium adolescentis Lacticaseibacillus paracasei

Limosilactobacillus reuteri Bifidobacterium breve Lactiplantibacillus plantarum

Lactobacillus delbrueckii Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Levilactobacillus brevis

Lactobacillus helveticus Limosilactobacillus fermentum Lactobacillus johnsonii

Lacticaseibacillus casei Bacillus subtilis Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Lactobacillus gasseri Akkermansia muciniphila

Lactiplantibacillus pentosus Leuconostoc mesenteroides

Lactobacillus acidophilus Weizmannia coagulans

Saccharomyces boulardii Enterococcus durans

Lentilactobacillus kefiri Ligilactobacillus salivarius

Alkalihalobacillus clausii Streptococcus thermophilus

Metabacillus indicus

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Pathogen Characterization

Category Tag Non-Ideal

Sova Health identifies and characterizes many pathogens commonly known to cause gut infections and other health
BugSpeaks®
issues. These pathogens are reported with "indicative tags", which can be interpreted as described below.
This is not a diagnostic and are not correlated clinically with cfu/ug. Know More about "Pathogen Characterization" within
the FAQ Section.

Nothing to Worry Please follow recommendations and if any symptoms present then correlate clinically and
consult a doctor.

Species Species

Bacterial Pathogens / Primary Pathogens Opportunistic Bacteria

Campylobacter jejuni Bacillus cereus

Clostridioides difficile Enterococcus faecalis

Escherichia coli Enterococcus faecium

Helicobacter pylori Listeria monocytogenes

Salmonella enterica Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Shigella dysenteriae Staphylococcus aureus

Vibrio cholerae Staphylococcus epidermidis

Yersinia enterocolitica Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Potential Autoimmune Triggers Streptococcus agalactiae

Klebsiella pneumoniae Streptococcus pneumoniae

Mycobacterium avium Worms

Proteus mirabilis Giardia intestinalis

Citrobacter freundii Necator americanus

Fusobacterium nucleatum Trichuris trichiura

Ancylostoma duodenale

Ascaris lumbricoides

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Species Species

Protozoa Fungi / Yeast

Blastocystis hominis Candida albicans

Chilomastix mesnili [Candida] glabrata

Cryptosporidium Candida tropicalis

Dientamoeba fragilis Candida parapsilosis

Endolimax nana Pichia kudriavzevii

Entamoeba coli Aspergillus fumigatus

Entamoeba histolytica Aspergillus flavus

Pentatrichomonas hominis Aspergillus niger

Dysbiotic / Overgrowth Bacteria Aspergillus terreus

Citrobacter freundii Aspergillus nidulans

Disclaimer:

1. This is not a diagnostic report. This is not a microbiology (culture based) report.

2. We quantify these pathogens using sequencing-based method, and hence represent quantity only as "% abundances"
of these pathogens. Also, the "indicative tags" does not represent standard scientific notation such as colony forming
units per gram of stool (CFU/g).

3. Please correlate clinically.

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Antibiotic Resistance

Category Tag Ideal

Some bacteria are known to possess genes that can lead to resistance to antibiotics. Our algorithm based output
provides information on possible antibiotic resistance based on the genomic analysis of the sample. This is not a
microbiological assay based output and hence clinical validation is necessary.

Antibiotic Name Antibiotic Name

Amikacin Susceptible Ceftriaxone Susceptible

Aminocoumarin Susceptible Cephalothin Susceptible

Amoxicillin Susceptible Cephamycin Susceptible

Amoxicillin+Clavulanic_Acid Susceptible Ciprofloxacin Susceptible

Ampicillin Susceptible Clindamycin Susceptible

Ampicillin+Clavulanic_Acid Susceptible Colistin Susceptible

Avilamycin Susceptible Dalfopristin Susceptible

Azithromycin Susceptible Diaminopyrimidine Susceptible

Aztreonam Susceptible Doxycycline Susceptible

Benzalkonium_Chloride Susceptible Elfamycin Susceptible

Bicyclomycin Susceptible Ertapenem Susceptible

Bleomycin Susceptible Erythromycin Susceptible

Carbapenem Susceptible Florfenicol Susceptible

Carbomycin Susceptible Fosfomycin Susceptible

Cefepime Susceptible Fusidic_Acid Susceptible

Cefixime Susceptible Gentamicin Susceptible

Cefotaxime Susceptible Glycylcycline Susceptible

Cefotaxime+Clavulanic_Acid Susceptible Hygromycin Susceptible

Cefoxitin Susceptible Imipenem Susceptible

Ceftazidime Susceptible Isoniazid Susceptible

Ceftazidime+Avibactam Susceptible Kanamycin Susceptible

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Antibiotic Name Antibiotic Name

Kasugamycin Susceptible Spectinomycin Susceptible

Lincomycin Susceptible Spiramycin Susceptible

Lincosamide Susceptible Streptomycin Susceptible

Linezolid Susceptible Streptothricin Susceptible

Meropenem Susceptible Sulfamethoxazole Susceptible

Methicillin Susceptible Teicoplanin Susceptible

Minocycline Susceptible Telithromycin Susceptible

Monobactam Susceptible Temocillin Susceptible

Mupirocin Susceptible Tetracenomycin Susceptible

Nalidixic_Acid Susceptible Tetracycline Susceptible

Nitrofuran Susceptible Thiostrepton Susceptible

Nitroimidazole Susceptible Tiamulin Susceptible

Oleandomycin Susceptible Ticarcillin Susceptible

Penicillin Susceptible Ticarcillin+Clavulanic_Acid Susceptible

Phenicol Susceptible Tigecycline Susceptible

Piperacillin Susceptible Tobramcyin Susceptible

Piperacillin+Tazobactam Susceptible Tobramycin Susceptible

Pleuromutilin Susceptible Triclosan Susceptible

Pristinamycin_Ia Susceptible Trimethoprim Susceptible

Pristinamycin_Iia Susceptible Tylosin Susceptible

Quinupristin Susceptible Vancomycin Susceptible

Quinupristin+Dalfopristin Susceptible Viomycin Susceptible

Rhodamine Susceptible Virginiamycin_M Susceptible

Rifampin Susceptible Virginiamycin_S Susceptible

Rifamycin Susceptible Zorbamycin Susceptible

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Microbiota Recovery Potential Post Antibiotic Course

Category Tag Ideal

Antibiotics are known to disrupt the microbiota ecosystem dramatically. Research suggest that recovery of the microbial
ecosystem may be dependent on few species of bacteria among other factors. Our proprietary matrix and algorithm-
based output predicts the microbiota recovery potential after a course of antibiotics. Know More about "Microbiota
Recovery Potential" within the FAQ Section.

Poor potential to recover to a good microbiota Good potential to recover to a good microbiota

Please Note:

This is not a diagnostic conclusion and clinical relevance is yet to be ascertained

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SCFA Production Potential

Category Tag Non-Ideal

Short Chain Fatty Acids improve the gut health through a number of local effects, ranging from maintenance of intestinal
barrier integrity, mucus production, and protection against inflammation. Our proprietary algorithms based output
suggests the following status of SCFA production in your gut based on your gut microbiota profile.

SCFA Production Potential

Butyrate Non-Ideal Acetate Non-Ideal

Propionate Non-Ideal

Vitamin Production Potential

Category Tag Average

The gut microbiota produce a variety of vitamins. Our proprietary algorithms based output suggests the following status
of vitamin production in your gut based on your gut microbiota profile. Please follow your clinician, nutritionist's advice.

Vitamin Production Potential

Vitamin B7 Ideal Vitamin A Ideal

Vitamin B12 Non-Ideal Vitamin B2 Non-Ideal

Neurotransmitters

Category Tag Ideal

Gut microbiome produce neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine and GABA, all of which play a key role in mood
and other brain functions. Our proprietary algorithms based output suggests the following status of neurotransmitter
production in your gut based on your gut microbiota profile. This has not been clinically validated.

Neurotransmitters

Norepinephrine Ideal Acetylcholine Ideal

Serotonin Ideal Dopamine Ideal

Tryptamine Ideal GABA Ideal

Tryptophan * Ideal Histamine Ideal

Please Note: * Tryptophan is a precursor of many neurotransmitters.

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Propensity to Disease Development

Category Tag Above Average

The disease susceptibility index is based on our patent pending algorithm and matrix. Briefly, microorganisms in the gut
are linked to various diseases. We have developed technology to assess the vulnerability of an individual to various
diseases based on the gut microbiota profile. Know More about "Propensity to Disease Development" within the FAQ
Section.

Gut Related Diseases

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Low Risk Clostridium Difficile Infection Low Risk

Irritable Bowel Syndrome Low Risk Colorectal Neoplasm Moderate Risk

Leaky Gut Low Risk Constipation Low Risk

Obesity Low Risk Crohns Disease Low Risk

Ulcerative Colitis Low Risk

Lifestyle Diseases & Traits

Aerobic Endurance Unfavorable Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Low Risk

Muscle Strength Favorable Hypertension Low Risk

Physical Endurance Favorable Sleep Favorable

Prone to Fatigue Unlikely

Other Diseases

Depression Low Risk Anxiety Low Risk

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Low Risk Atherosclerosis Low Risk

Rheumatoid Arthritis Moderate Risk Chronic Kidney Disease Low Risk

Disclaimer:

This is not a diagnostic report, but an algorithm-based susceptibility score based on the gut microbiota profile. Please
correlate clinically. This indicates only susceptibility and not actual disease, hence this does not mean that individuals
with diseases under low risk category will not clinically manifest the diseases or individuals with high disease risk will
clinically manifest those diseases, as there are many factors apart from the gut microbiota that may result in the disease
outcome.

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Nutritional Report

Dietary Recommendations
Our approach to restore the gut balance is based on a three stage strategy:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Phase 1
Restoring your gut microbiome - 2 Weeks

Involves restoration or resetting of your gut microbiome, where we minimize the composition and abundance of
pathogenic or opportunistic microorganisms, to create a gut environment ideal for beneficial microorganisms to grow in
Phase 2. This phase requires strict changes in your diet for a short period of time and supplementation with anti-
inflammatory foods, natural antibiotics, and through restriction of selected inflammatory foods.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Phase 2
Rebuilding your microbiome - 8 Weeks

Involves rebuilding of your healthy gut microbiome, through re-inoculation and replacement with mostly beneficial
microorganisms. We achieve this through incorporation of prebiotics and probiotics, via natural dietary sources and
commercially available supplements. This lasts for up to 10th week of your diet plan (a total of 8 weeks), which ensure the
complete restoration of your gut microbiota.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Phase 3
Maintaining the healthy gut - 2 Weeks

Largely involves a streamlined method for sustaining the healthy gut microbiome built during phase 2. These dietary,
prebiotic and probiotic recommendations can be adopted for long term sustenance, spanning up to 2 weeks of your diet
plan.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

All 3 phases have a total of 6 food categories, each containing a list of foods and a frequency tag. We have used a total of
4 frequency tags that indicates how frequently you can include a specific food in your meal plan.

can be consumed everyday [in 1 meal/day] can be consumed once in 3 days [in 1 meal/3 days]

can be consumed every alternate day [in 1 meal/2 days] Avoid the consumption as much as possible

Please Note:

These recommendations are largely beneficial, with no or minimal negative impact on your health. Even though these
dietary charts are evidence based recommendations, we would strongly suggest you to consult a physician/nutritionist,
before implementing these in your lifestyle. This is specifically true about the extent of inclusion and exclusion of a specific
food and for individuals who are either diabetic, hypertensive and/or having special dietary needs.

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Greens & Vegetables

Items Items
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Ash Gourd Cucumber

Beet Root Drumstick

Bengal Gram Fenugreek Leaves

Bitter Gourd Field Bean

Bottle Gourd French Beans

Brinjal Gogu Leaves

Broad Beans Green Chillies

Broccoli Green Gram

Cabbage Green Peas

Capsicum Horse Gram

Carrot Kidney Beans

Cauliflower Knol

Chickpeas Ladies Finger

Cho Cho Moth Bean

Cluster Beans Mung Bean

Cowpea Mushrooms

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Items Items
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Onion Snake Gourd

Pigeon Pea Spinach

Pointed Gourd Sweet Corn

Potato Sweet Potato

Pumpkin Tinda

Radish Tomatoes

Ridge Gourd Yam

Cereals, Herbs & Condiments

Items Items
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Almond Coriander Leaves

Asafoetida Coriander Seeds

Cardamom Cumin Seeds

Cashew Nut Curry Leaves

Cloves Dates

Coconut Fenugreek Seeds

Coconut Oil Finger Millet

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Items Items
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Garlic Pistachio Nuts

Ghee Poppy Seeds

Ginger Red Chilli Powder

Ground Nut Rice Bran Oil

Honey Rice Flakes

Jaggery Rice Puffed

Kodo Millets Semame Oil

Little Millets Sesame Seeds

Maize Shalgam

Mint Leaves Sunflower Oil

Mustard Oil Sunflower Seeds

Mustard Seeds Turmeric Powder

Olive Oil Walnut

Palm Oil Wheat

Pearl Millet Wheat Flour

Pepper White Rice

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Fruits

Items Items
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Apple Mosambi

Banana Muskmelon

Custard Apple Orange

Fig Papaya

Goosberry Pear

Grapes Pineapple

Guava Pomegranate

Jack Fruit Raisins

Kala Jamun Sapota

Kokum Strawberry

Lychee Watermelon

Mango Wood Apple

Egg & Meat

Items Items
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Beef Catla

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Items Items
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Chicken Prawns

Crab Rohu

Egg Salmon

Goat Sardine

Haddock Sheep

Mussels Trout

Oysters Tuna

Pork Turkey

Milk & Fermented Products

Items Items
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Butter Milk Kombucha

Cheese Panner

Soy Products Sauerkraut

Kefir Shrikhand

Kimchi Yogurt

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Processed Foods

Items Items
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Artificial Sweeteners Ice Cream

Bakery Breads Milk Chocolate

Burger Noodles

Cake Pasta

Cookies Pastry

Crackers Pizza

Dark Chocolate Rolls

French Toast Sandwich

Garlic Bread Taco

Drinks & Beverages

Items Items
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Beer Red Wine

Carbonated Soy Milk

Beverages

Distilled Alcoholic Sugarcane Juice

Beverages

Tender Coconut
Milk Shakes

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Supplements

Probiotics
Probiotics are a set of beneficial microorganisms that help you metabolize the food you eat and have significantly
positive impact on your overall gut health. Consuming foods or supplements rich in these probiotics will aid in restoring
and maintaining a healthy gut in the long run. Below we have listed of probiotics species along with one example of its
natural source.

Bifidobacterium infantis VIII-240 Yogurt Lentilactobacillus kefiri Kefir & Cheese

Limosilactobacillus reuteri Kefir Alkalihalobacillus clausii Fruit Juices

Lactobacillus delbrueckii Greek yogurt Metabacillus indicus Soyabean Natto

Lactobacillus helveticus Italian Cheeses Bifidobacterium animalis Fermented dairy products

Lacticaseibacillus casei Fermented milk Limosilactobacillus fermentum Fruits

Lactobacillus gasseri Kimchi Bacillus subtilis Tempeh & Miso

Lactiplantibacillus pentosus Fermented dairy Bifidobacterium breve Fermented Vegetables

Lactobacillus acidophilus Fermented foods Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Butter milk

Saccharomyces boulardii (nom. inval.) Kefir Bifidobacterium longum Buffalo milk

Also, these supplements are available for purchase through online retailers. Example of a probiotic supplement include
RychBiome.

Prebiotics
PREBIOTICS are a special form of dietary fibers that act as fertilizers for the probiotics in your gut (listed above). Below we
have listed a set of prebiotics along with one example of its natural source.

Isomalto-oligosaccharides Honey Hemicellulosic oligosaccahride Garlic

Arabinoxylan oligosaccharides Cluster beans Inulin Onions

Dextran Artichokes Lactulose Oats

Fructo-oligosaccharides Sugar cane Mannose and Galactose Yogurt

Galacto-oligosaccharides Bamboo shoots Resistant starch Rice bran

Also, these supplements are available for purchase through online retailers. Example of a Prebiotic supplement include
Prebiotic D - a natural fiber to promote colon and gut health.

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Disease Description

Colorectal Neoplasm

Gut bacteria like Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis Enterococcus etc., produces toxins that are reported to be involved
in the development of cancers. Specifically, these toxins are called enterotoxigenic (in simpler terms - toxic to genes),
which means these toxins can directly damage the DNA resulting in activation of uncontrollable cell proliferation, which
eventually leads to cancer.

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Microbiota promote the absorption of monosaccharides from the gut, thereby triggering lipogenesis in the liver. Dysbiosis
is associated with reduced synthesis and secretion of fasting-induced adipocyte factor a powerful metabolism and
adiposity regulator belonging to the angiopoietin-like protein family in enterocytes, which results in increased activity of
lipoprotein lipase (LPL), responsible for the secretion of triglycerides (TG) from very low-density lipoprotein, eventually
resulting in the augmented uptake of fatty acids and accumulation of TG in the adipocytes and leading to NAFLD.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The abundant bacteria in the gut needs complex polysaccharides to survive, which if absent in your gut, starts eating the
mucus layer shielding the colon lining which leads to many opportunistic infections aided by Roseburia and
Actinobacteria, which will further activate several enteric pathogens and triggers inflammatory pathways and causes
inflammation in walls of gastrointestinal tract.

Hypertension

The fermentation of dietary fiber by gut microbiota generates short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like acetate, propionate,
and butyrate. Butyrate is used by colonocytes (cells of the colon) to maintain the intestinal barrier and decrease local
inflammation, while small amounts are transported with acetate and propionate to the liver through the portal vein. Most
of the propionate is metabolized by the hepatocytes (liver cells), whereas acetate and remaining proportions of
propionate and butyrate are released into the systemic circulation, they can reach organs involved in the regulation of
blood pressure and help to maintain or reduce the blood pressure.

Crohns Disease

Increased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae activates other enteric pathogens that trigger a set of inflammatory
pathways, causing irritation of your gut. For instance, Sulfate reducing bacteria inflame the lining of the gut, while
Clostridium and certain fungi trigger the factors that decrease anti-inflammatory bacteria (Lactobacillus,
Faecalibacterium), cumulatively triggering or inducing to Crohn's disease.

Ulcerative Colitis

Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus maintains the gut mucosal integrity through the expression of many tight junction
encoding genes (connections that bridge and hold the cells). Reduction of Bifidobacterium results in marked reduction in
the tight junction expression, in turn reducing the gut integrity. Parallelly, increased abundance of E. coli activates
bacterial TLR2 ligands and other downstream signaling, contributing to colitis pathology.

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Clostridium Difficile Infection

A dysbiotic microbiota can result in the loss of colonization resistance due to changes in the structural and/or metabolic
environment. The loss of specific community members potentially affects the levels of microbial and host-generated
metabolites, resulting in a different functional state that promotes spore germination and vegetative outgrowth. A
dysbiotic microbiota may also result in an imbalanced immune response through the loss of immune regulation and a
proinflammatory state, both of which may affect disease development. Toxin production by vegetative C. difficile can
stimulate the production of inflammatory cytokines, neutrophils, and antitoxin antibodies.

Prone to Fatigue

Tiredness can be a normal response to physical and mental activity. In most normal individuals are quickly relieved from
regular fatigue (usually in hours to about a day, depending on the intensity of the activity). However, extreme tiredness
resulting from physical exertion defines the state of fatigue. Twitch muscle fibers maintains the contractile responses
while performing different motor tasks, and is directly associated with fatigue. Higher abundance of Lactobacillus
acidophilus, and supplementation with multi-strain probiotic of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have shown better
contractile responses and hence minimizing fatigue.

Atherosclerosis

Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is a product of microbial-human co-metabolic pathway, which is derived from dietary
(food based) choline and carnitine and converted to trimethylamine (TMA) by anaerobic bacteria residing within the
lumen of the gut. TMA is then oxidized by a liver enzyme to TMAO. This TMAO is known to be a pro-atherogenic compound,
which is directly implicated in the development of plaques inside the arteries. A dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiota,
resulting in increased anaerobic bacteria, is thought to contribute to the chronic inflammatory state, production of TMAO
and eventually atherosclerosis.

Chronic Kidney Disease

Delivery of undigested protein to the colon results in the proliferation of proteolytic bacteria. These bacteria ferment
proteins and amino acids to generate potential uremic toxins, including p-cresol, indoxyl sulfate and trimethylamine N-
oxide. Impaired gut barrier function allows translocation of uremic toxin into systemic circulation. This contributes to
chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression.

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Diabetes mellitus is associated with chronic (slow developing) low-grade inflammation, and gut microbes have been
shown to contribute to this. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are components of the cell walls of Gramnegative bacteria,
play a key role in the development of such chronic inflammation, resulting insulin resistance in fat, liver and muscle cells,
eventually leading to Diabetes Mellitus Type 2.

Constipation

There are two important luminal (gut) factors, modulated by the gut microbiota, which maintains smooth muscle
contraction and balanced bowel movements. The factors include short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids. The
absence of SCFAs due to low-fiber diet inhibit mucin secretion by intestinal goblet cells, reduce stool volume by
stimulating water and electrolyte absorption, and inhibit smooth muscle contraction in the colon, causing imbalanced
bowel movements/constipation.

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Obesity

Fermentation of polysaccharides by gut microbes results in the production of short chain fatty acids (butyrate,
propionate, acetate), carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrogen (H2). Butyrate is an important energy substrate for the colonic
epithelium. Acetate and propionate can be taken up by the liver and used as substrates for lipogenesis and
gluconeogenesis. This result in increased availability of calories and adiposity to the host leading to obesity.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The human gut microbiota and their metabolites can regulate immune cells and cytokines via epigenetic modifications.
For example, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbiota promote the differentiation of natural T cell into
Treg cells by suppressing histone deacetylases (HDACs). Thus, resulting bacterial metabolites cause aberrant immune
responses via epigenetic modifications, leading to Rheumatoid arthritis.

Colorectal Neoplasm

Gut bacteria like Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis Enterococcus etc., produces toxins that are reported to be involved
in the development of cancers. Specifically, these toxins are called enterotoxigenic (in simpler terms - toxic to genes),
which means these toxins can directly damage the DNA resulting in activation of uncontrollable cell proliferation, which
eventually leads to cancer.

Depression

Depression is a syndrome (a group of symptoms) characterized by sad or irritable mood exceeding normal sadness or
grief, both in its intensity and duration. On one end, specific gut microbes (like Blautia, Clostridium, Klebsiella etc.) are
known to be higher in individuals with depression, which increase inflammation causing biochemicals that cause
depression. On the other end, certain beneficial microbes (like Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium breve etc.) are
known to increase serotonin activity, and decrease norepinephrine and dopamine activities, overall reducing symptoms
of depression.

Anxiety

It is defined as intense, excessive and persistent worry and fear about everyday situations. Anxiety is mostly induced by
stress that triggers immune cells to produce biochemicals (like Interleukin-6) that cause symptoms of anxiety. Several
gut microorganisms, like species of Bifidobacterium and other belonging to group of Bacteroides, release tryptophan, a
precursor of neurotransmitter serotonin and Bacillus, Enterococcus species produce norepinephrine, and dopamine. All
these three biochemicals together reduce the symptoms of anxiety by increasing the action of a brain chemical called
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Hence, gut microbiome has emerged as a key factor to manage anxiety.

Physical Endurance

The ability to perform strenuous, large-muscle exercise or activities for a prolonged period is termed as physical
endurance. High endurance sports / training is accompanied with production of oxidative stress, due to over production
of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Studies have observed that high abundance of
Lactobacillus paracasei, Bifidobacterium sp., Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, in the gut aids in
management of oxidative stress and hence positively correlated with endurance.

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Aerobic Endurance

Aerobic endurance is the ability to sustain an aerobic effort over time, such as distance running or cycling. Aerobic
endurance maintains the ability of the cardiovascular system to deliver oxygen to working muscles and the ability of the
muscles to utilize that oxygen. The most common quantification of endurance is the maximal rate of oxygen uptake
(VO2max). High abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii has been associated with higher aerobic endurance.

Muscle Strength

Muscular strength is a component of fitness that is necessary for optimal well-being and quality of life. In general,
physical endurance is directly correlated to muscle strength. Smooth muscle works most efficiently, and needs much less
energy for its activity and they display considerable plasticity when healthy and young. However, these cells can switch to
largely non-contractile mode in response to inflammatory stimuli, diet or other factors, which result in loss of plasticity
and in turn contractibility. Supplementation with multi-strain probiotic of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have shown
better contractile responses and hence better muscle strength.

Leaky Gut

The occurrence of harmful bacteria in our gut may cause a leaky gut syndrome, which happens due to the high
permeability of the intestinal walls, causing leakage of undigested food particles, bacteria, and many other substances
into the nearby tissues. The leaky gut syndrome is directly connected with several health problems, such as chronic
fatigue, Stomach aches, Insomnia, Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome, Constipation, Diarrhoea, Headaches, Depression,
Cardiac problems, Pancreatic illness, etc. By populating friendly bacteria in your gut for optimal health, in turn through
foods for a healthy gut, ensures the best way to restore your gut flora. This also ensures recovery to better gut health,
specifically via probiotics which heal leaky gut to a great extent.

Sleep

The researchers have observed that gut microbiome plays a significant role in circadian clock along with other
phenotypic characteristics, like, immunity, metabolism, and others. The circadian rhythm is our inner clock, which controls
our body’s energy disbursement, hunger, and snooze. We usually get about seven hours of sound sleep every night. In the
morning, when we wake up, our body warms up to conduct daily chores. To run our body, we need energy, and energy
comes from the food we eat during the day. At night, our body needs rest to rewind, so we fast and go to sleep. Gut
microbiome resonates with this bodily rhythm. The scientific world now accepts the robust connection between sleep and
intestinal wellbeing. A good quality night sleep allows more flourishing and better functioning gut microbiome and vice
versa. Gut flora follows the rhythm by secreting specific molecules at certain times of the day. At night, secretion of
factors responsible for energy metabolism, DNA repair, and proliferation occurs. During daytime, flora harbouring in the
gut releases molecules essential for their colonization. Neurotransmitters like serotonin and GABA secreted by brain
control our sleep-wake cycle. Astoundingly, certain intestinal bacteria including, Turicibacter sanguinis and Clostridia sp.,
release specific signalling molecules that trigger the production of serotonin. By modulating serotonin levels, the gut
microbiome can interfere or improve our sleep pattern.

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Evidences
Belkaid Y, Hand TW. Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation. Cell. 2014;157(1):12141.

Bernstein CN, Forbes JD. Gut Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Other Chronic ImmuneMediated
Inflammatory Diseases. Inflamm Intest Dis. 2017;2(2):116123.

Bhattarai Y, Muniz pedrogo DA, Kashyap PC. Irritable bowel syndrome: a gut microbiotarelated disorder?. Am J
Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2017;312(1):G52G62.

Bouter KE, Van raalte DH, Groen AK, Nieuwdorp M. Role of the Gut Microbiome in the Pathogenesis of Obesity and
ObesityRelated Metabolic Dysfunction. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(7):16711678.

Engevik MA, Versalovic J. Biochemical Features of Beneficial Microbes: Foundations for Therapeutic Microbiology.
Microbiol Spectr. 2017;5(5)

Evrensel A, Ceylan [Link] GutBrain Axis: The Missing Link in Depression. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci.
2015;13(3):23944.

Guarner F, Khan AG, Garisch J, et al. World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines: probiotics and
prebiotics October 2011. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012;46(6):46881.

Han S, Gao J, Zhou Q, Liu S, Wen C, Yang X. Role of intestinal flora in colorectal cancer from the metabolite
perspective: a systematic review. Cancer Manag Res. 2018;10:199206.

Jiang HY, Zhang X, Yu ZH, et al. Altered gut microbiota profile in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. J
Psychiatr Res. 2018;104:130136.

Jie Z, Xia H, Zhong SL, et al. The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nat Commun.
2017;8(1):845.

Karlsson FH, Fåk F, Nookaew I, et al. Symptomatic atherosclerosis is associated with an altered gut metagenome.
Nat Commun. 2012;3:1245.

Kedia S, Rampal R, Paul J, Ahuja V. Gut microbiome diversity in acute infective and chronic inflammatory
gastrointestinal diseases in North India. J Gastroenterol. 2016;51(7):66071.

Krych Ł, Nielsen DS, Hansen AK, Hansen CH. Gut microbial markers are associated with diabetes onset, regulatory
imbalance, and IFNγ level in NOD mice. Gut Microbes. 2015;6(2):1019.

Li J, Zhao F, Wang Y, et al. Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the development of hypertension. Microbiome.
2017;5(1):14.

Ma N, Guo P, Zhang J, et al. Nutrients Mediate Intestinal BacteriaMucosal Immune Crosstalk. Front Immunol. 2018;9:5.

Pérezcobas AE, Artacho A, Ott SJ, Moya A, Gosalbes MJ, Latorre A. Structural and functional changes in the gut
microbiota associated to Clostridium difficile infection. Front Microbiol. 2014;5:335.

Belkaid Y, Hand TW. Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation. Cell. 2014;157(1):12141.

Bernstein CN, Forbes JD. Gut Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Other Chronic ImmuneMediated
Inflammatory Diseases. Inflamm Intest Dis. 2017;2(2):116123.

Bouter KE, Van raalte DH, Groen AK, Nieuwdorp M. Role of the Gut Microbiome in the Pathogenesis of Obesity and
ObesityRelated Metabolic Dysfunction. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(7):16711678.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Sova Health
1. Is BugSpeaks a diagnostic report?

No, Sova Health is

BugSpeaks not a diagnostic report however the information provided can be used to take
complimentary/supplementary measures along with standard treatment if needed. A lot of information contained in the
report are actionable and provides guidance for living healthy!

2. What is Rych Index and how it can help?

Rych Index is a patent pending algorithm based intestinal health score developed by us. It tries to give a snapshot of the
intestinal health with respect to the microbiota profile (microorganisms in the gut). It is not a diagnostic marker but can
be used as an information to ascertain the gut health.

3. Is Rych Index only criteria for determining the gut health?

Rych index has been designed to take into consideration various gut microbiota characteristics, which in turn are known
to influence the host health. However, this is an evolving research area and gut microbiota alone is not responsible of the
complete gut health, although it plays a primary role. Genetics, gut architecture, gender, hormones, food, lifestyle etc. also
play a role in defining the gut health.

4. Can “disease susceptibility” section be used as diagnostic?

No, disease susceptibility is a score-based prediction that is dependant on the microbiota profile. This is not a diagnostic
assessment, but only a risk assessment. This can be used a guide for health. Preventive health check-ups can be
performed if required.

5. Can pathogen characterization be used directly as indicator of pathogen load?

Pathogen characterization section uses bioinformatics tools to ascertain relative abundance of the various microbes. It is
not based on culture assays and is not an indicator of absolute abundance of the microbes represented. However, this
information can be used to correlate clinically and/or validated by other assays as may deem fit by the medical
practitioner.

6. What is the “antibiotic recovery potential” section all about?

This is a unique score developed by us to provide an estimate of how well one’s gut microbiota may recover post an
antibiotic course. As it is known, antibiotics not only kills that pathogen in question but can also destroy other bacteria in
the gut leading to short term to long term deleterious effects. Everyone takes different time to recover their gut microbiota
post an antibiotic course. Our effort here is to provide a prediction of the potential of this recovery, post an antibiotic
course. A lower score/potential means the person might need additional nutritional/supplemental support during or post
an antibiotic course to recover faster and better.

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7. What is foundation microbiota?

Foundation microbiota, also called as keystone species, are a set of organisms fundamental for the ecosystem to survive.
These organisms help hold the system together and hence any perturbation in their abundance may have a deleterious
effect on the overall ecosystem.

8. Is the nutritional recommendation personalized and can it cure my disease?

The nutritional recommendation is based on the gut microbiota profile of the individual. As the gut microbiota gets
influenced by the food we eat, it is possible to modulate them by changing the food habit. Therefore, the microbiota
profile based nutritional recommendation in this report tries to modulate the microbes in the gut to a balanced state
(eubiosis) from a disbalanced or dysbiotic [Link] nutritional recommendation in this report is disease agnostic, in
other words it is not specifically targeted against any disease per se. However, if the balance is restored in the gut by
following the nutritional recommendations, then there is a good chance that many of the clinical manifestations of
various diseases that cropped up due to dysbiosis in the gut can be rectified.

9. Do I need to follow the nutritional recommendation for 3 months only?

Nutritional recommendations are designed in 3 phases for 3 months for better compliance. However, you may continue
with the recommendations beyond 3 months till the time it is convenient for you.

10. What technology is used for making this report?

We use next generation sequencing or NGS. More specifically we use whole genome shotgun metagenomics approach
that can profile all microbes including bacteria, viruses, fungi, helminths etc. We have our own curated databases and
patent pending algorithms and interpretation engine that led to the generation of this unique report.

[Link]
For more "Frequently Asked Questions" please visit [Link]

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Disclaimer
Throughout this Disclaimer (hereinafter referred to as “Disclaimer”), Leucine Rich Bio Private Limited is referred to as
“We/Us/Our” and the person to whom the specimen belongs ( including such person’s guardian or any person acting
on his/her behalf) shall be referred to as “You/Your”.

This is not a diagnostic report (hereinafter referred to as this “Report”) and therefore should be used for Research Use
Only (RUO) or Investigational Use Only (IUO) and should be interpreted or used exclusively by or under the guidance of
a practitioner, including but not limited to, certified physicians, clinicians, dietitians, nutritionists, sports therapists nd
such other persons in similar profession having appropriate validation to undertake such practice (from here on
referred to as “Professional Practitioners”). It is imperative that any preventative or therapeutic measures taken, by
placing reliance on this Report, for any of the diagnosis should be solely under the guidance of a "Professional
Practitioner". In the event of You executing any preventative or therapeutic measures by virtue of practicing self-
medication and/or undergoing diagnosis from persons other than Professional Practitioners, then We cannot be held
responsible in any manner for any loss, liability, ounter-effect and so on suffered by You as a result of ignorance of this
Disclaimer. Further, We shall not be held responsible for any misinterpretation by Your "Professional Practitioner" of this
Report or for any other matter arising out of this Report.

This Report's role is limited to providing insights of Your gut microbiome, with a general set of dietary
recommendations and risk managements. General risk management strategies provided in Our Report are for
information purpose only and in this regard, it is essential to understand that every person’s resistance, immunity,
sensitivity and response to medication is different and therefore not all general risk management strategies may be
suitable to everyone. It is also essential to note that, while assessing Your Report and providing these
recommendations, We assume that You are in a general state of good health, and do not consider Your past or
existing health conditions and or any medication taken by You (either in the past or currently), even if You have
provided Us with such information. Therefore, it is essential that, You consult a Professional Practitioners for detailed
recommendations or risk managements that may be specific / customized for You. In other words, information
contained in this Report is not intended to replace medical or professional advice offered by Professional Practitioners.

We would like to bring it to Your notice that not all disease‐associated microbial groups may have been identified,
validated and recorded by the scientific community, and the clinical significance of many microbial groups are also
not well understood. Hence, it should be noted that this analysis and this Report does not cover all clinically relevant
microbes' that have been identified or reported till date. This Report is limited only to those variants within Your gut
microbiome which has strong evidence of causing or contributing to a disease or a drug response or a metabolism
related issue till date.

We would also like to bring to Your attention that the microbiome sequencing data is being constantly updated both
with new taxonomic groups and curation of old microbial databases. Hence, it is subject to revision-based updates,
based on the latest scientific research. Therefore, it is important to note that it is possible that the interpretation of the
results that have been reported herein may vary or be altered, subject to these revisions. Hence, We would
recommend that You to undergo periodical reinterpretation of Your microbiome data that You possess, especially
when a specific disease is confirmed through diagnosis or new symptoms arise, in the future.

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Microbiome information must always be considered in conjunction with other information about Your health, including,
but not limited to, Your age, sex, ethnicity, lifestyle, bio‐medical history, family health history and any other information
that You may provide to the “Professional Practitioner”. This is especially critical with respect to the
pharmacogenomics data (therapies and drugs), where a person’s response to various medications is determined by
the above listed factors.

We would like to bring to Your attention that very specific and rare microbial groups are not reliably detected by
current sequencing methods or downstream analysis pipelines, hence they are not analyzed and interpreted within
the current Report.

Overall, Your reliance upon this Report is solely at Your own discretion. Adequate care should be exercised in using all
health and medical related information and recommendations provided in this Report. We cannot be held responsible
in any manner for non – adherence by You to the terms and conditions contained in this Disclaimer. Further, We shall
not be responsible for any findings in this Report and disclaims any responsibility for any errors, including but not
limited to human error in reporting, and/or omissions by the sampler or agent either during collection of DNA samples
(stool etc.,) or delivery of the DNA sample to Us. With respect to this Report or process undertaken to arrive at the
findings reflected or reported in the Report, We make no warranties of any kind including, without limitation, the
implied warranties as to its merchantability, fitness for a specific purpose, accuracy and non‐ infringement.

This report has been researched & developed by:

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