Bluebook Practice Test 5

Reading and Writing — Module 1

3 4

In editor Lisa Yaszek’s introduction to her K.D. Leka and colleagues found that the Sun’s
anthology e Future Is Female! More Classic corona provides an advance indication of solar
Science Fiction Stories by Women, Yaszek identi es ares—intense eruptions of electromagnetic
an increasing sense of ______ feminist mode of radiation that emanate from active regions in the
writing in the 1970s, in contrast to many woman- Sun’s photosphere and can interfere with
authored science ction stories of the 1920s to telecommunications on Earth. Preceding a are, the
1960s whose politics were less deliberately signaled. corona temporarily exhibits increased
brightness above the region where the are
Which choice completes the text with the most is ______.
logical and precise word or phrase?
Which choice completes the text with the most
A. a prudently logical and precise word or phrase?
B. an overtly
C. a cordially A. antecedent
D. an inadvertently B. impending
C. innocuous
D. perpetual
fl
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 14 19

Behavioral ecologists Will Wiggins, Sarah Bounds, Woven from recycled yarn and hand tu ed using a
and Shawn Wilder recently examined the behavior carpet weaving technique passed down by the
of eld-collected and laboratory-reared bold artist’s Turkish grandmother, ______ so lush and
jumping spiders (Phidippus audax). ey found a tactilely inviting that you are tempted to reach out
positive association between experimental high- and touch them.
protein diets and aggressive behavior in eld-
collected males and a similar association between Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
experimental high-lipid diets and aggressive to the conventions of Standard English?
behavior in lab-reared males; additionally, eld-
collected spiders showed a preference for owers A. the topological tapestries of Argentine textile
manipulated to display ultraviolet uorescence, artist Alexandra Kehayoglou are
whereas lab-reared spiders showed a preference for B. the Argentine textile artist Alexandra
owers dyed with red food coloring that was not Kehayoglou creates topological tapestries that
uorescent. Wiggins, Bounds, and Wilder therefore are
concluded that ______ C. when she creates her topological tapestries,
Argentine textile artist Alexandra Kehayoglou
Which choice most logically completes the text? makes them
D. Alexandra Kehayoglou is an Argentine textile
A. rearing conditions likely a ect the responses of artist whose topological tapestries are
bold jumping spiders to experimental stimuli.
B. being raised in a laboratory setting reduces
aggression among male bold jumping spiders.
C. laboratory settings are more suitable for
studying bold jumping spiders’ diets than their
ower preferences.
D. experiments involving bold jumping spiders
should make use of lab-reared individuals.
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 Reading and Writing — Module 2

1 2

Mary Engle Pennington, a chemist who helped To demonstrate that the integrity of underground
advance home refrigeration, undoubtedly made a metal pipes can be assessed without unearthing the
substantial impact on society, but her place in our pipes, engineer Aroba Saleem and
historical memory is perhaps more ______ colleagues ______ the tendency of some metals’
than that of Stephanie Kwolek, who invented the internal magnetic elds to alter under stress: the
incredibly strong material known as Kevlar, an team showed that such alterations can be measured
accomplishment for which she will long be from a distance and can reveal concentrations of
remembered. stress in the pipes.

Which choice completes the text with the most Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase? logical and precise word or phrase?

A. permanent A. hypothesized
B. tentative B. discounted
C. warranted C. rede ned
D. prominent D. exploited
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 3 4

Despite the generalizations about human behavior ough not closely related, the hedgehog tenrecs of
they have produced, many studies of behavioral Madagascar share basic ______ true hedgehogs,
psychology have used highly unrepresentative including protective spines, pointed snouts, and
subject pools: students at the colleges and small body size—traits the two groups of mammals
universities where the researchers are employed. independently developed in response to equivalent
To ______ this situation, it is necessary to actively roles in their respective habitats.
recruit subjects from diverse backgrounds and
locations. Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase?
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase? A. examples of
B. concerns about
A. sanction C. indications of
B. ameliorate D. similarities with
C. rationalize
D. postulate
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 5

While recent scholarship has undermined claims

that the works of twel h-century Islamic
philosopher Ibn Rushd were ______ other Muslim
philosophers of his time, it is indisputable that his
location in the Muslim-ruled area of what is now
Spain meant that his works were primarily available
thousands of miles west of the era’s center of Islamic
thought.

Which choice completes the text with the most

logical and precise word or phrase?

A. controversial among
B. antagonistic toward
C. imitated by
D. inconsequential to
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 6

e following text is adapted from Herman

Melville’s 1855 novel Israel Potter. Israel is a young
man wandering through New England during the
late eighteenth century.

He hired himself out for three months; at the end of

that time to receive for his wages two hundred acres
of land lying in New Hampshire. [...] His employer
proving false to the contract in the matter of the
land, and there being no law in the country to force
him to ful l it, Israel—who, however brave-hearted,
and even much of a dare-devil upon a pinch, seems
nevertheless to have evinced, throughout many
parts of his career, a singular patience and mildness
—was obliged to look round for other means of
livelihood than clearing out a farm for himself in
the wilderness.

Which choice best describes the function of the

underlined portion in the text as a whole?

A. It implies that Israel treasures a particular

characteristic of his personality when that
characteristic should usually be regarded as a
aw.
B. It suggests that if not for a certain aspect of his
character, Israel might not have been as easily
thwarted in his ambition to establish a farm.
C. It shows why Israel would not have been able to
undertake the enormous amount of labor
necessary to run a farm even if he had owned
the necessary property.
D. It explains why, when the situation requires it,
Israel is able to undertake courageous acts that
others would generally avoid.
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 7 Which choice best describes the overall structure of
the text?
Changes to vegetation cover and other human
activities in uence carbon and nitrogen levels in A. It describes a phenomenon that scientists do
soil, though how deep these e ects extend is not fully understand, explains a research team’s
unclear. Hypothesizing that di erences in land use hypothesis about that phenomenon, and then
lead to di erences in carbon and nitrogen levels describes a nding that led the team to re ne
that are not restricted to the topsoil layer (0–30 cm the hypothesis.
deep), Chukwuebuka Okolo and colleagues B. It introduces an unresolved scienti c question,
sampled soils across multiple land-use types (e.g., presents a research team’s hypothesis pertaining
grazing land, cropland, forest) within each of to that question, and then describes an
several Ethiopian locations. ey found, though, observation made by the team that con icts
that across land-use types, carbon and nitrogen with that hypothesis.
decreased to comparably low levels beyond depths C. It discusses a process that scientists are
of 30 cm. somewhat unclear about, introduces competing
hypotheses about that process, and then
explains how a research team concluded that
one of those hypotheses is likely correct.
D. It explains a hypothesis that has been the
subject of scienti c debate, discusses how a
research team tested that hypothesis, and then
presents data the team collected that validate
the hypothesis.
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 9

To understand how temperature change a ects

microorganism-mediated cycling of soil nutrients
in alpine ecosystems, Eva Kaštovská et al. collected
plant-soil cores in the Tatra Mountains at elevations
around 2,100 meters and transplanted them to
elevations of 1,700–1,800 meters, where the mean
air temperature was warmer by 2°C.
Microorganism-mediated nutrient cycling was
accelerated in the transplanted cores; crucially,
microorganism community composition was
unchanged, allowing Kaštovská et al. to attribute the
acceleration to temperature-induced increases in
microorganism activity.

It can most reasonably be inferred from the text that

the nding about the microorganism community
composition was important for which reason?

A. It provided preliminary evidence that

microorganism-mediated nutrient cycling was
accelerated in the transplanted cores.
B. It suggested that temperature-induced changes
in microorganism activity may be occurring at
increasingly high elevations.
C. It ruled out a potential alternative explanation
for the acceleration in microorganism-mediated
nutrient cycling.
D. It clari ed that microorganism activity levels in
the plant-soil cores varied depending on which
microorganisms comprised the community.
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 12 Which choice most e ectively uses data from the
graph to complete the text?

A. most lizard species use about the same

percentage of their maximal speed when
escaping predation as they do when pursuing
prey.
B. multiple lizard species move at an average of
less than 90% of their maximal speed while
escaping predation.
C. more lizard species use, on average, 90%–100%
of their maximal speed while escaping
predation than use any other percentage of
their maximal speed.
D. at least 4 lizard species use, on average, less than
100% of their maximal speed while pursuing
prey.
To understand how temperature change a ects It
may seem that the optimal strategy for an animal
pursuing prey or escaping predators is to move at
maximal speed, but the energy expense of
exploiting full speed capacity can disfavor such a
strategy even in escape contexts, as evidenced by
the fact that ______
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 13

“Poetry” is a 1919 poem by Marianne Moore. e

poem highlights an ambivalence toward poetry as
the speaker acknowledges its merits while also
expressing a sense of displeasure, writing ______

Which quotation from “Poetry” most e ectively

illustrates the claim?

A. “nor is it valid / to discriminate against

‘business documents and / school-books’; all
these phenomena are important.”
B. “One must make a distinction / however: when
dragged into prominence by half poets, the
result is not / poetry”
C. “when [poems] become so derivative as to
become unintelligible, the / same thing may be
said for all of us—that we / do not admire
what / we cannot understand.”
D. “Reading [poetry], however, with a perfect
contempt for it, one discovers that there is in / it
a er all, a place for the genuine.”
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ff
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 15

Some ethicists hold that the moral goodness of an

individual’s actions depends solely on whether the
actions themselves are good, irrespective of the
context in which they are carried out. Philosopher
L. Sebastian Purcell has shown that surviving works
of Aztec (Nahua) philosophy express a very
di erent view. Purcell reveals that these works posit
an ethical system in which an individual’s actions
are judged in light of how well they accord with the
individual’s role in society and how well they
contribute to the community. To the extent that
these works are representative of Aztec thought,
Purcell’s analysis suggests that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. the Aztecs would have disputed the idea that

the morality of an individual’s actions can be
assessed by appealing to standards of behavior
that are independent of the individual’s social
circumstances.
B. the Aztecs would not have accepted the notion
that the morality of an individual’s actions can
be fairly evaluated by people who do not live in
the same society as that individual.
C. actions by members of Aztec society who
contributed a great deal to their community
could be judged as morally good even if those
actions were inconsistent with behaviors the
Aztecs regarded as good in all contexts.
D. similar actions performed by people in di erent
social roles in Aztec society would have been
regarded as morally equivalent unless those
actions led to di erent outcomes for the
community.
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 23

According to Duverger’s law, countries with single-

ballot majoritarian elections for single-member
districts tend to polarize into two-party systems,
wherein dueling political parties consistently
dominate the political system. ______ countries
with proportional-representation electoral systems
tend to support multi-partyism, under which power
gets distributed among many political parties.

Which choice completes the text with the most

logical transition?

A. Subsequently,
B. Conversely,
C. For instance,
D. In other words,

25

In retrospect, one of the lessons of the 2003 Human

Genome Project is that a gene is a ected by many
factors, not the least of which is its interactions with
the protein products of other genes. ______ rather
than just focusing on the human genome, e orts to
better understand gene mutations related to disease
have begun to consider the human proteome, the
complete set of proteins expressed by human genes.

Which choice completes the text with the most

logical transition?

A. In other words,
B. at said,
C. For example,
D. Accordingly,
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 Math — Module 2

10

−5
In the xy-plane, line has a slope of and an x-
3

intercept of (−6,0). What is the y-coordinate of

the y-intercept of line ?

20

In the xy-plane, a circle has center with

coordinates (h , k). Points and lie on the circle.

Point has coordinates (h + 1,k + 102), and

∠ is a right angle. What is the length of ?

A. 206

B. 2 102

C. 103 2

D. 103 3
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 21 22

For an electric eld passing through a at surface

perpendicular to it, the electric ux of the electric
eld through the surface is the product of the
electric eld’s strength and the area of the surface. A
certain at surface consists of two adjacent squares,
where the side length, in meters, of the larger
square is 3 times the side length, in meters, of the
smaller square. An electric eld with strength 29.00
volts per meter passes uniformly through this
surface, which is perpendicular to the electric eld.
If the total electric ux of the electric eld through
this surface is 4,640 volts·meters, what is the
electric ux, in volts·meters, of the electric eld
through the larger square?
e scatterplot shows the relationship between two
variables, and , for data set E. A line of best t is
shown. Data set F is created by multiplying the y-
coordinate of each data point from data set E by
3.9. Which of the following could be an equation of
a line of best t for data set F?

A. y = 46.8 + 5.9x
B. y = 46.8 + 1.5x
C. y = 12 + 5.9x
D. y = 12 + 1.5x
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 Bluebook Practice Test 6
Reading and Writing — Module 1

12 Which choice most e ectively uses data from the

table to complete the comparison?

A. suppressed the growth of Deschampsia

antarctica, which covered a smaller area of land
in 2018 than it had in 2009.
B. saw a greater expansion than Deschampsia
antarctica did, increasing the area of land it
e only owering plant species native to covered by more than half.
Antarctica, Colobanthus quitensis and C. showed a greater increase in the average size of
Deschampsia antarctica grow in places where the individual plants than Deschampsia
earth remains free of ice for much of the year. antarctica did.
Botanist Niccoletta Cannone wondered how the D. covered land newly freed from ice at a rate 55%
warming of Antarctica’s climate in recent years had faster than that of Deschampsia antarctica.
a ected these species, so she visited a site in
Antarctica, rst in 2009 and later in 2018, to count
the number of plants growing there. Cannone
found that the area of land covered by the two
species had signi cantly expanded during the nine-
year period. While both species likely bene ted
from warming temperatures, Colobanthus
quitensis ______
Th
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 13 Which nding, if true, would most directly support
the idea advanced by Gil de Zúñiga and Diehl?
As media consumption has become increasingly
multiplatform and socially mediated, active news A. NFM attitude tends to increase in strength as
acquisition has diminished in favor of an attitude major elections approach, and people are
known as “news nds me” (NFM), in which people signi cantly more likely to vote in major
passively rely on their social networks and ambient elections than in minor elections.
media environments for information about current B. NFM attitude has a strong negative e ect on
events. Homero Gil de Zúñiga and Trevor Diehl political knowledge and interest, and there is
examined data on a representative group of adults known to be a strong positive correlation
in the United States to determine participants’ between political knowledge and interest and
strength of NFM attitude, political knowledge, and the likelihood of voting.
political interest. Although no major election took C. Political interest is known to have a strong
place su ciently near the study for Gil de Zúñiga positive e ect on likelihood of voting but shows
and Diehl to identify causality between NFM and only a weak positive e ect on political
voting behavior, they did posit that NFM may knowledge, and NFM attitude shows little
reduce voting probability through an indirect e ect. correlation with either political knowledge or
political interest.
D. e likelihood of voting increases as political
knowledge increases, and the relationship
between NFM attitude and political knowledge
tends to strengthen as the size of people’s social
networks increases.
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 Reading and Writing — Module 2

1 2

e War of 1812 has ______ place in historical In 1891, design artist William Morris cofounded the
memory in Britain, partly because it is Kelmscott Press, which printed editions of books
overshadowed by the much larger concurrent using preindustrial methods. Historians argue that
con ict against Napoleonic France and partly Morris’s repudiation of industrialization is ______
because it essentially maintained the geopolitical the Kelmscott editions’ use of handmade materials
status quo for Britain: the country neither gained and intricate ornamentation reminiscent of
nor lost signi cant territory or position as a result medieval manuscripts: these meticulously
of its participation in the war. handcra ed elements exemplify the artistry
involved.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase? Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase?
A. a tenuous
B. an enduring A. insensible to
C. a contentious B. manifest in
D. a conspicuous C. scrutinized by
D. complicated by
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 3

______ the long-standing trend of overemphasizing

teenagers and young adults in research on social
media use, scholars have recently begun to expand
their focus to include the fastest-growing cohort of
social media users: senior citizens.

Which choice completes the text with the most

logical and precise word or phrase?

A. Exacerbating
B. Redressing
C. Epitomizing
D. Precluding
 5

On painter William H. Johnson’s return to the

United States in 1938 a er a decade in Europe, his
style underwent an abrupt transformation. Turning
away from landscapes painted in an expressionist
style—a style that o en involves using uid,
distorted shapes and thick, textured brushstrokes to
express the artist’s subjective experience of reality—
Johnson began painting portraits of Black
Americans in a bold new way. Evocative of African
sculpture and American and Scandinavian folk art,
these portraits feature at, deliberately
oversimpli ed gures in a vibrant but limited color
palette.

Which choice best describes the function of the

underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A. It elaborates on the previous sentence’s

statement about a transitional moment in
Johnson’s artistic career.
B. It provides information about Johnson’s travels
in support of a claim about his artistic
in uences, which is advanced in the following
sentence.
C. It recounts a moment in Johnson’s personal life
that enabled the success of his subsequent
career, which is summarized in the following
sentence.
D. It presents evidence that calls into question the
previous sentence’s characterization of
Johnson’s artistic development.
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 6

Scholarly accounts of the Chicano movement—a

movement that advocated for the social, political,
and cultural empowerment of Mexican Americans
and reached its zenith in the 1960s and 1970s—tend
to focus on the most militant, outspoken gures in
the movement, making it seem uniformly radical.
Geographer Juan Herrera has shown, however, that
if we shi our focus toward the way the movement
manifested in comparatively low-pro le
neighborhood institutions and projects, we see
participants espousing an array of political
orientations and approaches to community
activism.

Which choice best describes the function of the

underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A. It presents a trend in scholarship on the

Chicano movement that the text claims has
been reevaluated by researchers in light of
Herrera’s work on the movement’s participants.
B. It identi es an aspect of the Chicano movement
that the text implies was overemphasized by
scholars due to their own political orientations.
C. It describes a common approach to studying the
Chicano movement that, according to the text,
obscures the ideological diversity of the
movement’s participants.
D. It summarizes the conventional method for
analyzing the Chicano movement, which the
text suggests creates a misleading impression of
the e ectiveness of neighborhood institutions
and projects.
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 10

“Lines Written in Early Spring” is a 1798 poem by

William Wordsworth. In the poem, the speaker
describes having contradictory feelings while
experiencing the sights and sounds of a spring
day: ______

Which quotation from “Lines Written in Early

Spring” most e ectively illustrates the claim?

A. “ rough primrose-tu s, in that sweet bower, /

e periwinkle trail’d its wreathes; / And ’tis my
faith that every ower / Enjoys the air it
breathes.”
B. “ e budding twigs spread out their fan, / To
catch the breezy air; / And I must think, do all I
can, / at there was pleasure there.”
C. “ e birds around me hopp’d and play’d: / eir
thoughts I cannot measure, / But the least
motion which they made, / It seem’d a thrill of
pleasure.”
D. “I heard a thousand blended notes, / While in a
grove I [sat] reclined, / In that sweet mood
when pleasant thoughts / Bring sad thoughts to
the mind.”
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 11 Which choice best describes data from the graph
that support Ibáñez and colleagues’ conclusion?

A. Growth with nitrogen under the current

climate exceeded growth with nitrogen under
moderate change, but the latter exceeded
growth without nitrogen under extreme
change.
B. Growth without nitrogen under the current
climate exceeded growth without nitrogen
under moderate change, but the latter exceeded
growth with nitrogen under extreme change.
C. Growth with nitrogen under moderate change
exceeded growth without nitrogen under
moderate change, but the latter exceeded
growth without nitrogen under extreme
change.
D. Growth with nitrogen under moderate change
exceeded growth without nitrogen under the
current climate, but the latter exceeded growth
with nitrogen under extreme change.
Inés Ibáñez and colleagues studied a forest site in
which some sugar maple trees receive periodic
fertilization with nitrogen to mimic the broader
trend of increasing anthropogenic nitrogen
deposition in soil. Ibáñez and colleagues modeled
the radial growth of the trees with and without
nitrogen fertilization under three di erent climate
scenarios (the current climate, moderate change,
and extreme change). Although they found that
climate change would negatively a ect growth, they
concluded that anthropogenic nitrogen deposition
could more than o set that e ect provided that
change is moderate rather than extreme.
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 13 Which choice best describes data from the table
that support Persad and her colleagues’ conclusion?

A. If baseline precipitation is somewhat

concentrated, the amount of water being used
for irrigation will increase 0.4% for surface
water and 0.9% for groundwater, whereas the
amount of water entering aquifers will increase
Some climate models for the western United States 11.0% if baseline precipitation is evenly
predict that while total annual precipitation may distributed.
remain unchanged from the present level, B. If baseline precipitation is somewhat
precipitation will become concentrated into fewer concentrated, water use for irrigation will
but more intense rain and snow events. University increase only slightly, whereas it will increase
of Texas climate scientist Geeta Persad and her 9.0% for surface water and 7.9% for
colleagues simulated how the amount of water groundwater if baseline precipitation is evenly
entering aquifers and the amount being used for distributed.
irrigation purposes would change if this were to C. If baseline precipitation is somewhat
occur. Persad and her colleagues concluded that concentrated, the amount of water entering
concentration of precipitation into fewer events aquifers will increase 4.9%, while the amount
would result in a higher number of dry days, being used for irrigation will increase 0.4% for
triggering more irrigation, but that this change in surface water and 0.9% for groundwater.
irrigation output is highly sensitive to the baseline D. If baseline precipitation is somewhat
concentration of precipitation that currently exists concentrated, water use for irrigation will
in an area. decline by a small amount, whereas it will
increase 11.0% for surface water and 9.0% for
groundwater if baseline precipitation is evenly
distributed.
 23

In hindsight, given the ideas about the natural

world circulating among British scientists in the
1800s, the theory of natural selection was an
obvious next step. It may not have been a
coincidence, ______ that Charles Darwin and
Alfred Wallace arrived at the concept
independently. Indeed, contrary to the popular
myth of the lone genius, theirs is not the rst
paradigm-shi ing theory to have emerged from
multiple scholars working in parallel.

Which choice completes the text with the most

logical transition?

A. however,
B. then,
C. moreover,
D. for example,
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 Math — Module 2

16 17

A grove has 6 rows of birch trees and 5 rows of A rectangle is inscribed in a circle, such that each
maple trees. Each row of birch trees has 8 trees vertex of the rectangle lies on the circumference of
20 feet or taller and 6 trees shorter than 20 feet. the circle. e diagonal of the rectangle is twice the
Each row of maple trees has 9 trees 20 feet or taller length of the shortest side of the rectangle. e area
and 7 trees shorter than 20 feet. A tree from one of of the rectangle is 1,089 3 square units. What is
these rows will be selected at random. What is the
the length, in units, of the diameter of the circle?
probability of selecting a maple tree, given that the
tree is 20 feet or taller?

9
A.
164
3
B.
10
15
C.
31
9
D.
17
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 18

e positive number is 2,241% of the sum of the

positive numbers and , and is 83% of . What
percent of is ?

A. 23.24%
B. 49.41%
C. 2,324%
D. 4,941%

21

A circle has center , and points and lie on the

circle. Line segments and are tangent to the
circle at points and , respectively. If the radius
of the circle is 168 millimeters and the perimeter of
quadrilateral is 3,856 millimeters, what is
the distance, in millimeters, between points
and ?

A. 168
B. 1,752
C. 1,760
D. 1,768
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 22

e function is de ned by ( ) = a x 2 + bx + c,
where , , and are constants. e graph of
= ( ) in the xy-plane passes through the points
(7,0) and (−3,0). If is an integer greater than
1, which of the following could be the value of
+ ?

A. -6
B. -3
C. 4
D. 5
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 TEST QUBE Test 1 Version 2

Reading and Writing — Module 1

1 2

e seasoned diplomat, Sir Richard Hamilton, a e young prodigy, Alessandro Castellani, a gi ed

former United Nations ambassador with over three Italian composer barely in his teens, astounded the
decades of experience in international a airs, was classical music world with his musical
renowned for his adept ability to navigate compositions, which exhibited a breathtaking level
labyrinthine negotiations with grace and nesse. of sophistication and emotional depth that belied
His _____ demeanor, coupled with an encyclopedic his tender age. His work seemed to _____ the
knowledge of international relations and uency in con nes of conventional wisdom, seamlessly
multiple languages, made him an invaluable asset in blending Baroque intricacies with modern
high-stakes discussions, especially during pivotal symphonic elements, earning him e usive praise
peace talks between warring nations. and recognition as a groundbreaking artist in
prestigious institutions such as the Juilliard School
Which choice completes the text with the most and the Royal Academy of Music.
logical and precise word or phrase?
Which choice completes the text with the most
A. abrasive logical and precise word or phrase?
B. gregarious
C. judicious A. transgress
D. capricious B. corroborate
C. adhere
D. transcend
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 3

e following text is adapted from Nathaniel

Hawthorne's 1850 novel e Scarlet Letter. Hester
Prynne, a woman who has been punished for
adultery, is out in public.

It may be true, that, to a sensitive observer, there

was something exquisitely painful in it. Her attire,
which, indeed, she had wrought for the occasion, in
prison, and had modelled much a er her own
fancy, seemed to express the attitude of her spirit,
the desperate recklessness of her mood, by its wild
and picturesque peculiarity. But the point which
drew all eyes, and, as it were, trans gured the
wearer,—so that both men and women, who had
been familiarly acquainted with Hester Prynne,
were now impressed as if they beheld her for the
rst time,—was that SCARLET LETTER, so
fantastically embroidered and illuminated upon her
bosom. It had the e ect of a spell, taking her out of
the ordinary relations with humanity, and enclosing
her in a sphere by herself.

Which choice best describes the function of the

underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A. It provides a detailed depiction of a character's

attire and beauty, enhancing the scene's
imagery.
B. It underscores a marked shi in perception,
illustrating the transformative e ect of a
symbol.
C. It subtly casts doubt on the claim made in the
preceding sentence, prompting further scrutiny.
D. It e ectively expands on the premise introduced
in the previous sentence, adding depth to the
narrative.
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 6

e Tempest is a circa 1611 play by William

Shakespeare. In the play, the character of Prospero
demonstrates a change of heart when he decides to
give up his magical powers. is decision is evident
when he _______.

Which choice most e ectively uses a quotation

from e Tempest to illustrate the claim?

A. tells Miranda, "O, wonder! How many goodly

creatures are there here!"
B. speaks to Ariel, "Our revels now are ended.
ese our actors were all spirits, and are melted
into air, into thin air."
C. proclaims to the spirits, "I'll break my sta , bury
it certain fathoms in the earth, and deeper than
did ever plummet sound, I'll drown my book."
D. confronts Caliban, "A devil, a born devil, on
whose nature nurture can never stick.”
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 7

e following text is adapted from Robert Frost's

1916 poem "Birches":

When I see birches bend to le and right

Across the lines of straighter darker trees,
I like to think some boy's been swinging them.
But swinging doesn't bend them down to stay
As ice-storms do. O en you must have seen them
Loaded with ice a sunny winter morning
A er a rain. ey click upon themselves
As the breeze rises, and turn many-colored
As the stir cracks and crazes their enamel.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of

the text?

A. e speaker observes the bending of birch trees,

then imagines a playful explanation for their
curvature.
B. e speaker describes the destructive forces of
nature, then laments the loss of childhood
innocence.
C. e speaker discusses the resilience of birch
trees, then contemplates the ephemeral nature
of beauty.
D. e speaker admires the landscape, then
ponders the interplay of light and darkness in
nature.
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 9 Which nding, if true, would most directly support
Dr. Maria Alvarez's claim that the honeybee dance

e honeybee dance, o en referred to as the waggle is a sophisticated form of animal communication?

dance, is a remarkable form of communication used

by foraging honeybees to convey information about A. Honeybees are social insects that live in large

the location of food sources to their nestmates. is colonies with a complex division of labor, where

dance language was rst decoded by Austrian for agers, workers, and drones all perform

ethologist and Nobel laureate Karl von Frisch in the speci c tasks to maintain the colony's

mid-20th century. e dance comprises speci c functioning.

movements and vibrations that provide information B. e honeybee dance has been decoded by

about the direction and distance of the food source. scientists, who discovered that the angle of the

An entomologist, Dr. Maria Alvarez, claims that the dance relative to gravity indicates the direction

honeybee dance is a sophisticated form of animal of the food source, while the duration of the

communication, rivaling aspects of human dance indicates the distance.

language in its capacity to convey detailed C. Honeybees have a remarkable ability to learn

information. She argues that through this dance, and remember the locations of multiple food

honeybees are able to e ciently share sources, allowing them to optimize their

geographically relevant information with members foraging e orts and maximize the resources

of their hive, enabling the colony to mobilize and available to the colony.

forage in a coordinated manner. D. e honeybee dance is not unique to one

species of honeybee but has been observed in
multiple species across the world, suggesting
that it is a highly adaptive and e cient form of
communication.
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 Reading and Writing — Module 2

1 17

In the quaint coastal town of Whitby, England, a Leonardo da Vinci, a true Renaissance man,
dense fog enveloped the city, making it nearly excelled in various ____ painting, sculpture,
impossible for pedestrians and motorists alike to architecture, and science. His innovative ideas and
navigate the cobblestone streets. With the famous inventions were far ahead of his time.
Whitby Abbey barely visible in the background,
people struggled to _____ their way through the Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
limited visibility, proceeding with extreme caution to the conventions of Standard English?
as the foghorn from the harbor sounded
intermittently. A. elds, including
B. elds,
Which choice completes the text with the most C. elds including:
logical and precise word or phrase? D. elds including

A. circumvent
B. conjure
C. discern
D. meander
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 18

In ancient Rome, Julius Caesar initiated signi cant

reforms during his time as a political leader. Among
his accomplishments _____ the creation of the
Julian calendar, which served as a precursor to the
modern Gregorian calendar.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms

to the conventions of Standard English?

A. was
B. were
C. is
D. are
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 Math — Module 2

11 12

Which of the following is a factor of the

Approve Relocation 44
expression 1 − x + 3x 2 − 3x 3?
Against Relocation 56

A. (x + 1)
is winter, City A is planning a vote for or against
B. (3x + 1)
the relocation of the city hall. Kristin visited 100
C. (x 2 + 1)
restaurants near the city hall to interview restaurant
D. (3x 2 + 1)
owners and collected the data above. Based on the
data, she concluded that among 200,000 voters in
City A, approximately 88,000 will vote for the
relocation. Which of the following is the best
strategy Kristin can apply to improve the accuracy
of her research?

A. Interviewing 10 restaurant owners instead of

100
B. Revising the conclusion such that 112,000
voters will vote for the relocation
C. Calling random voters in City A on the phone
to conduct the interview rather than visiting the
restaurants
D. Interviewing additional 100 restaurant owners
in another city to enlarge the sample size
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 KAPLAN Test 1

Reading and Writing — Module 1

e following text is adapted from Henry James’s

1881 novel e Portrait of a Lady.

He had a narrow, clean-shaven face, with features

evenly distributed and an expression of placid
acuteness. It was evidently a face in which the range
of representation was not large, so that the air of
contented shrewdness was all the more of a merit. It
seemed to tell that he had been successful in life, yet
it seemed to tell also that his success had not been
exclusive and invidious, but had had much of the
ino ensiveness of failure.

As used in the text, what does the word “invidious”

most nearly mean?

A. Unseen
B. Malicious
C. Bene cent
D. Extravagant
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 9

e following text is adapted from Sinclair Lewis’

1925 novel Arrowsmith. A coupe is a two-seater
automobile.

Director Rippleton Holabird had also married

money, and when all of his colleagues hinted that
since his rst intense work in physiology he had
done nothing but arrange a few nicely selected
owers on the tables hewn out by other men, it was
a satisfaction to him to observe that every one of
these rotters came down to the Institute by an
unremarkable subway out of necessity, while he
drove elegantly in his coupe. But now Martin
Arrowsmith, once the poorest of them all, came by
limousine with a chau eur who touched his hat,
and Holabird salted his co ee with odious tears.

Based on the text, what is true about Director

Holabird?

A. Holabird is criticized for his lack of recent

research and he feels ashamed about it.
B. Holabird took comfort in being the richest man
at his workplace.
C. Holabird married into a wealthy family to
better fund his physiological research.
D. Holabird is embarrassed that Arrowsmith is
now richer than him.
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 11

“Life” is an 1846 poem by Charlotte Brontë. e

poem conveys the speaker’s optimism despite
struggles: ______

Which quotation from the poem most e ectively

illustrates the claim?

A. “Life's sunny hours it by, / Gratefully, cheerily /

Enjoy them as they y!”
B. “What though Death at times steps in, / And
calls our Best away?”
C. “What though sorrow seems to win, / O'er
hope, a heavy sway?”
D. “Fearlessly, / e day of trial bear, / For
gloriously, victoriously, / Can courage quell
despair!”
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 Reading and Writing — Module 2

In Municipal Gum (1966), Aboriginal Australian

poet Oodgeroo Noonuccal depicts her ______ the
restrictions imposed by new settlers on the native
plants of her country. In the poem, she draws a
parallel between herself and a “fellow citizen,” a
gumtree, noting that in the same way that the gum
tree is constricted by a “black grass of bitumen,” or
asphalt, laid by the government, so is she similarly
constricted and le wondering, “what have they
done to us?”

Which choice completes the text with the most

logical and precise word or phrase?

A. despondency over
B. a liation with
C. misapprehension about
D. consolation in
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 7

e following text is adapted from e Love of

Antelope, a 1907 short story by Ohiyesa (Charles A.
Eastman), a Santee Dakota writer.

Upon a hanging precipice atop of the Eagle Scout

Butte there appeared a motionless and solitary
gure—almost eagle-like he perched! e people in
the camp below saw him, but none looked at him
long. ey turned their heads quickly away with a
nervous tingling, for the height above the plains was
great. Almost spirit-like among the upper clouds
the young warrior sat immovable.
It was Antelope. He was fasting and seeking a sign
from the “Great Mystery,” for such was the rst step
of the young and ambitious fellow who wished to be
a noted warrior among his people.
He is a princely youth, who hunts for his tribe and
not for himself! His voice is so and low at the
camp re of his nation, but terror-giving in the eld
of battle. Such was Antelope’s reputation.

Which choice best describes the function of the

underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A. It demonstrates the people’s indi erence toward

the man’s actions.
B. It foreshadows the respect the community has
for the young warrior.
C. It emphasizes the precariousness of the man’s
position.
D. It indicates how the young warrior was striving
to impress his community.
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 10

e oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shows how

many binding sites on blood cells have oxygen
atoms attached. At the lower end of the curve,
where there's not much oxygen in the blood, the
curve slopes up. As more oxygen gets into the
blood, the curve levels o . A medical school student
claims that since the low end of the curve happens
in active muscles that demand oxygen, it makes
sense that the upper end of the curve happens
under opposite conditions.

Which statement, if true, would most directly

support the medical student’s claim?

A. Both resting muscles and active muscles have

binding sites where oxygen atoms can attach.
B. e upper end of the curve occurs in the liver,
brain, and heart, where oxygen is in demand.
C. e upper end of the curve occurs in the lungs,
where there is a surplus of oxygen.
D. e upper end of the curve occurs in the
kidneys and skin, which consume less oxygen
than the rest of the body.
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 11

Historians note Easter Island's Rapa Nui indigenous

population declined steeply in the 1700s due to a
series of devastating events. Scientist Jared
Diamond theorizes that the Rapa Nui devastated
the island’s environment during the 1600s.
Diamond contends that this devastation led to a
period of warfare, resulting in the decline of the
Rapa Nui people. However, many historians are
critical of Diamond’s theory, claiming that other
factors were more likely the cause of the decrease in
the number of Rapa Nui.

Which historical nding, if true, would most

directly weaken Diamond’s theory?

A. In 1871, missionaries helped move many Rapa

Nui to Tahiti and Mangareva, leaving only 230
indigenous Rapa Nui on Easter Island.
B. Historians have found that a decline in the Rapa
Nui population only occurred a er Easter
Island’s rst European contact in 1722.
C. Analysis of pollen fossils shows that a historic
decline in the plant diversity occurred on Easter
Island in the early 1600s.
D. Accounts from a logbook from a European ship
that visited Easter Island in 1722 recorded the
population of Rapa Nui be only 2,000 - 3,000
people.
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 Math — Module 1

12 21

e graph of −14x + 4y = 20 is shi ed right 2

x 2 − x 2y2 1
units in the x y-plane. What is the y-intercept of the = 4
x (x 3 − x 3y 2 x
resulting graph?
If x > 0 and 0 ≤ y < 1, which of the following
A. (0, − 2) could be the value of x in the equation shown?
B. (0,5)
C. (0,7) 1
A.
D. (0,12) 2
B. 1

C. 2
D. 2
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 Math — Module 2

12 19

e dot plot shows how many events each of the 15 Rectangular prism P has a square base and a height
members on Team A participated in at a swim of 9 inches (in). e surface area of rectangular
meet. e frequency of the members participating prism P is R in 2. If cube B with edge lengths equal
in each number of events is one more for Team B. to the side length of the square base of rectangular
Which of the following statements is true? prism P is placed directly on top of rectangular
prism P, the surface area of the resulting prism
I. e median of the data for Team A is 15
is R i n 2. What is the edge length, in inches, of
equal to the median of the data for Team B. 11
II. e range of the data for Team A is equal cube B?
to the range of the data for Team B.
A. 1
A. I only B. 2
B. II only C. 3
C. Both I and II D. 4
D. Neither I nor II
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 20 21

e parabola represented by the equation

y = a x 2 + bx + c, b > 0, has two x-intercepts. If
its y-intercept is positive and its vertex is also its
minimum, which of the following must be less
than b?

a
A.
c

B. 4 a c

c
C.
a

D. 2 a c

e histogram shows the frequency of integers in

data set A. Data set A consists of integers greater
than or equal to 15 and less than or equal to 40.
Data set B is formed by subtracting 10 from each of
the values in data set A. Within which interval does
the mean of data set B, b, fall?

A. 15 ≤ b ≤ 19
B. 20 ≤ b ≤ 24
C. 25 ≤ b ≤ 29
D. 30 ≤ b ≤ 34
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 Veterans Edu Test 1

Reading and Writing — Module 1

5 10

While the discovery of the Higgs Boson at CERN's e following text is from the poem Kubla Khan,
Large Hadron Collider in 2012 was hailed as a written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1797.
monumental achievement in the realm of particle
physics, lending credence to the Standard Model, it A damsel with a dulcimer
also underscored the vast and ________ nature of In a vision once I saw:
the universe, as the existence of this particle hinted It was an Abyssinian maid
at phenomena like dark matter and energy, about And on her dulcimer she played, Singing of Mount
which our understanding remains limited. Abora.
Could I revive within me
Which choice completes the text with the most Her symphony and song,
logical and precise word or phrase? To such a deep delight 'twould win me, at with
music loud and long,
A. diminutive I would build that dome in air,
B. exhaustive at sunny dome! those caves of ice!
C. inscrutable
D. mundane Based on the text, what is the e ect of the damsel's
music on the speaker?

A. It provides an escape from the speaker's current

surroundings.
B. It inspires the speaker to envision grand
architectural feats.
C. It transports the speaker back to a cherished
memory.
D. It lulls the speaker into a peaceful and restful
state.
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 20 23

Born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr. on January 20, 1930, Net ix has become an integral part of modern life,
in Montclair, New Jersey, Buzz Aldrin is best known with millions of people tuning in every day to watch
as the second person to walk on the Moon. Before their favorite shows, movies, and documentaries.
joining NASA, Aldrin was a ghter pilot in the U.S. ___ its ability to reach a mass audience has made it
Air Force during the Korean War. By the time a powerful tool for shaping popular culture and
Apollo 17 marked the last manned mission to the in uencing the entertainment industry.
lunar surface, Aldrin ___ as pilot for the Gemini 12
mission and set a record for extravehicular activity. Which choice completes the text with the most
logical transition?
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English? A. Consequetly,
B. Moreover,
A. would serve C. As a result,
B. has served D. However,
C. have served
D. had served
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 24 25

e invention of the wheel has transformed Public speaking has been recognized as a highly
transportation and agriculture. e wheel enabled e ective method of communication for centuries.
people to transport goods and materials over long ___ it has become a vital skill for those seeking to
distances, making trade and commerce possible. lead and in uence others. rough the art of
___ the invention of the plow revolutionized speechmaking, leaders have been able to inspire and
agriculture by making it easier to till and cultivate motivate people in various elds such as politics,
soil, leading to increased food production and the business, and entertainment.
growth of civilizations.
Which choice completes the text with the most
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
logical transition?
A. Also,
A. On the other hand, B. Nevertheless,
B. In fact, C. Consequently,
C. Likewise, D. A erwards,
D. For example,
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Reading and Writing — Module 2

1 2

As the COVID-19 pandemic surged across the In the midst of the Industrial Revolution, the
globe in 2020, it not only resulted in a staggering Luddite movement emerged as a(n) _____ force
loss of human life but also precipitated profound against the rapidly changing socioeconomic
changes in how societies functioned: from landscape; factory workers, fearful of losing their
catalyzing the digital transformation of industries to livelihoods to automated machinery, resorted to
altering consumer behaviors, the pandemic has openly sabotaging and destroying the machines
________ the contours of the 21st-century world. they believed threatened their traditional ways of
life.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase? Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase?
A. restored
B. realigned A. welcomed
C. trivalized B. belligerent
D. segregated C. insidious
D. salubrious
 3 5

Following the French Revolution, the new regime Despite the notorious challenges associated with
aimed to ______ the peasantry from the oppressive such a feat, the engineers behind the International
feudal system by dismantling the traditional social Space Station (ISS) project used an array of
structure. innovative solutions and managed to ______ the
intricate process of assembling the station, thereby
Which choice completes the text with the most proving that the construction of large structures in
logical and precise word or phrase? space is not an insurmountable task.

A. faciliate Which choice completes the text with the most

B. amalgamate logical and precise word or phrase?
C. emancipate
D. prognosticate A. eclipse
B. monetize
C. exploit
D. transpose
 8 Which nding, if true, would most directly
undermine Dr. Walsh's hypothesis?

In 2016, a breakthrough study by neuroscientists at

the University of Edinburgh uncovered a novel A. A subsequent study con rms a strong

nding regarding the in uence of the complex correlation between the prevalence of the

interaction between the genes HERC2 and OCA2, HERC2 and OCA2 genes and the geographic

hitherto known primarily for their roles in distribution of eye colors across di erent global

determining eye color in humans. e research populations.

team, led by Dr. Susan Walsh, proposed that these B. An analysis of genetic ancestry reveals there is a

genes also have an overlooked in uence on patterns strong positive correlation between melanin

of human adaptation. More speci cally, lighter eye levels and average light intensity of a region.

colors, due to their lower levels of melanin, would C. A comprehensive survey of global eye color

have conferred a tness advantage as they can take distribution revealed that blue eyes, though rare

in more light. is would result in an advantage for across the globe, is most common in areas close

those living in low-light environments, a nding to the equator.

that Walsh and her team claim may explain the D. Genomic research on ancient human remains

prevalence of blue irises in Northern European and demonstrated that the genetic variations in

Scandinavian regions, which are far from the HERC2 and OCA2 responsible for blue eyes

equator. rst appeared in a population living in a warm,

sunny region.
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 11

“Sailing to Byzantium” is a poem by W.B. Yeats. e

major theme the poem revolves around is the idea
of nding meaning in our lives in our transient,
impermanent lives. One way Yeats discusses this
theme is by expressing his desire to transcend the
physical world.

Which quotation from "Sailing to Byzantium"

best supports the underlined claim?

A. “An aged man is but a paltry thing, / A tattered

coat upon a stick, unless / Soul clap its hands
and sing, and louder sing / For every tatter in its
mortal dress”
B. “O sages standing in God’s holy re / As in the
gold mosaic of a wall, / Come from the holy
re, perne in a gyre, / And be the singing-
masters of my soul.”
C. “Once out of nature I shall never take / My
bodily form from any natural thing, / But such
a form as Grecian goldsmiths make / Of
hammered gold and gold enamelling”
D. “Whatever is begotten, born, and dies. / Caught
in that sensual music all neglect / Monuments
of unageing intellect.”
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 16

Disturbance Type Species Loss (%)

Deforestation 13

Logging 8.2

Wild res 4.3

Combined 25.5

ough deforestation is the most o -recalled

ecological travesty of the modern era, other
in uences play a signi cant role as well. A 2016
study investigated the impact of human
disturbances, such as logging and wild res, on
biodiversity in tropical forests, in addition to the
e ects of deforestation. e researchers conducted a
meta-analysis of 138 studies to assess the combined
impact of deforestation and the more subtle human
disturbances on the number of species in tropical
forests. ey found that such disturbances led to a
substantial loss in biodiversity on top of
deforestation, resulting in a total species loss nearly
equivalent to double that due to deforestation alone.

Which choice best uses the data from the chart

to corroborate the underlined claim?

A. e species loss due to logging was almost

double the loss caused by wild res.
B. Deforestation caused a species loss of 13.0%,
while all three factors combined caused over
27%.
C. According to the meta-analysis, deforestation
has caused the majority of species loss.
D. Logging and wild res combined caused slightly
less than 13% of species loss, indicating they
contribute nearly as much as deforestation.
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 18 24

Filmmaker Quentin Tarantino's use of nonlinear Archaeologists study artifacts from past cultures to
storytelling and stylized violence in his lms ___ understand the ways in which people lived and
him one of the most celebrated and controversial interacted with their environment. ___ artifacts
directors of our time. Tarantino's lms o en feature such as pottery, tools, and weapons can reveal
complex narratives that are told out of information about social structures, economic
chronological order, and he frequently uses systems, and religious beliefs of ancient societies.
ashbacks, ash-forwards, and other techniques to
subvert traditional storytelling conventions. Which choice completes the text with the most
logical transition?
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English? A. Admittedly,
B. A erwards,
A. has made C. Still,
B. have made D. In fact,
C. make
D. being
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