INDEX

SL.NO CONTENTS PAGE

NO
1 LIST OF TABLES 1

2 LIST OF FIGURES 2

3 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 3-4

1.1GENERAL BACKGROUND
4 CHAPTER 2: PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 5-11
2.1: WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION
2.2: EFFECTS CAUSED BY NOT
DETECTING
POLLUTENT GASES

5 CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW 12-19

3.1: DIFFERENT POLLUTON
DETECTING METHODS
EXISTING
3.2: PROPOSED SYSTEM
OBJECTIVE
6 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY 20-23
4.1: IMPLEMENTATION
4.2: WORKING PRINCIPLE OF
PROPOSED SYSTEM
7 CHAPTER 5: REQUIRED PROTOTYPE 23-32
5.1: THE HARDWARE PROTOTYPE
5.2: THE SOFTWARE DESIGN
8 CHAPTER 6: EXPERIMENT RESULT, 32-35
ANALYSIS
6.1: EXPERIMENT RESULT
6.2: ANALYSIS
9 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION 36

10 REFERENCES 37

1|Page
LIST OF TABLES

TABLE CONTENT PAGE

NO NO

TABLE2.1 COMPOSITION OF PURE, DRY 5

ATMOSPHERIC AIR

TABLE2.2 COMPOSITION OF RESPIRATORY 6

AIR
TABLE2.3 SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION 7

TABLE3.1 COMPARISION BETWEEN EXISTED 17

DEVICES

TABLE4.1 COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR THE 20

EXPERIMENT

TABLE6.1 DATA ANALYSIS FOR MOSQUITO 32

COIL
TABLE6.2 DATA ANALYSIS OF CIGARETTE 34
SMOKE DATA

2|Page
LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE CONTENT PAGE

NO NO
FIGURE 2.1 BHOPAL GAS LEAK 9
FIGURE 2.2 VIZAG GAS LEAK 11
FIGURE 3.1 OLD AIR POLLUTION DETECTING 18
DEVICE
FIGURE 3.2 NEW AIR MONITERING DEVICE 18
FIGURE 4.1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PROJECT 21
FIGURE 4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROJECT 21
FIGURE 4.3 FLOW CHART OF PROPOSED 22
SYSTEM
FIGURE 5.1 ARDUINO UNO 25
FIGURE 5.2 ARDUINO UNO CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 25
FIGURE 5.3 MQ 135 SENSOR 26
FIGURE 5.4 MQ 135 CONNECTIONS 27
FIGURE 5.5 ANALOG OUTPUT OF MQ135 28
SENSOR
FIGURE 5.6 THE IMPLEMENTED CIRCUIT 31
FIGURE 6.1 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF 33
RESULT
FIGURE 6.2 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF 35
RESULT

3|Page
Abstract

Now-a-days air pollution is one of the most important concern of

the world.Air pollution may evolve from anthropogenic or natural
sources. Air pollutants of atmospheric substances like CO, CO2, SO2,
NO2, and O3 suspended particulate matter (SPM), repairable suspended
particulate matter (RSPM), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have a
great effect on the people health. Most of the major cities in developing
countries and most cities of the developed countries are suffering from it.
Thus to develop a real time air quality and pollution monitoring system
is critical. We have developed an arduino based air pollution detector
which combined a small-sized, minimum-cost sensor to an arduino
microcontroller unit. The advantages of the detector, have a reliable
stability, rapid response recovery and long-life features. It is affordable,
user-friendly, low-cost and minimum-power requirement hardware which
is appropriate for mobile measurement, as well as comprehensible data
collection. It has a processing software able to analyze, collected quality
data with high precision. Simple instrument which can be commercially
utilized.

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 CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND

Air pollution is the presence of extra unwanted biological molecules,

particulates or other harmful things into the earth atmosphere. It is a
major cause of infections, allergies, and eventually reasons of death to
some peoples. It also harms to other existing creatures like that animals as
well as food crops, or the ecological or built environment. They are
also accountable for various kinds respiratory infections (like asthma),
causes of different types of cancer in individuals, if they are unprotected
to these toxins or chemicals for long period of time. For example, carbon
monoxide (CO) is extremely poisonous to people as it may happen
serious asphyxiation, headaches because of the composition of carboxy-
hemoglobin and thus a reason of death if unprotected for a long time.
The world health organization (WHO) in 2014 approximated that 7 million
people deaths worldwide because of air pollution. The similar
approximation roughly equaled by the International Energy Agency
(IEA) also. These chemicals or pollutants are also responsible for various
environmental calamities like acid rain and depletion of ozone layer.
Because of a number of anthropogenic actions, air pollution is on the
growth and its controlling is of significant importance to alleviate
particular actions to limit it . In the past, the air quality measuring
sensors were very big, non-portable and expensive. Presently, most air
pollution sensors developed on five most common air pollutants viz.
nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide and particulate
matter. In today’s world, air pollution and quality monitoring are really vital
as it has a great effect on human health. The developed air-quality
measurement sensor can identify and observe the incidence of air pollution
in the adjacent areas. It can be employed for both indoor and outdoor.
With the help of future technological improvements, these sensors will
become cheaper and more common, inexpensive, portable air-quality
sensors which can be wearable by people to observe the local air quality.
5|Page
constraints to be formulated to ensure that the network remained
conservative.

A sensor-based system to monitor the air pollution in employed the use of

Internet of Things (IoT) to enable data about air pollutants to be monitored
online. When the pollutants’ level in a locality exceeded the standard air
quality index, the sensor-based system shared the information via SMS
with the public. An ambient real-time air quality monitoring system that
consisted of numerous distributed monitoring stations that wereconnected
wirelessly to a backend server using machine-to-machine communication
was explained in . The backend server assembled real-time data from
the stations and reproduced them as information that can be delivered
to users through web portals and mobile applications.
However, cooperative, distributed, and energy-efficient communication
protocols are required. Geographical search on social networks was used
by the researchers in to gauge the level of pollutants in the air. The
assumptions made were evaluated on three continents of the planet. A
minimum increment in the number of air pollution related posts
meant a rise in air pollution in that environment. Measured data was acquired
online while processing and statistical analysis was performed offline. The
use of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) for air pollution
monitoring was proposed in . It enabled the acquisition and statistical
processing of measured data in real time. The smart SCADA made results
available to users instantly. An air pollution and noise monitoring system that
was IoT based was proposed by. Raspberry Pi was used to detect the noise
and the level of air pollution in the environment. IoT based on metamorphic
changes with a sensing device was proposed by . The system consisted of a
Raspberry PI module and sensors connected to a computer system to monitor
the fluctuation of two or three parameters of Carbon Monoxide (CO) and
other gases from the normal level. The results showed that real-time air
pollution
IoT based air pollution technique using Single Board Computers (SBC)
which integrates IoT with wireless sensor network (WSN). Processing
complexity was reduced with the use of SBC and this made the alerting
process smart and in real-time. Results showed that the proposed system
offered a low-cost implementation that was very flexible and scalable.
6|Page
However, the model does not have a wide coverage area. Arduino
microcontroller based on IoT technology to monitor air pollution was used
in. The MQ135 gas sensor was used to sense different type of dangerous
gases and the Arduino microcontroller controls the entire process. Software
technologies like image processing and machine learning were used in to
monitor some parameters and big data techniques was used to analyse sensor
values for the prediction of future values. The system was very stable and
effective. However, there was a need to make the system auto-
communicative to reduce processing time. The system can also be automated
for real- time monitoring which will help to increase industrial output .
A real-time air pollution monitoring system in employed IoT based on a large
number of sensors. The obtained data was analyzed using neural network.
The system achieved a better monitoring accuracy due to its use of a large
number of sensors.

7|Page
 CAPTER-2
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION :
2.1 WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION:
The main components of the atmosphere are — oxygen (O2) to breath,
carbon dioxide (CO2) for photosynthesis, nitrogen (N2) for forming products
as ferti-lizers for plants and making the air inert and ozone (O3)-layer against
sun rays. Any imbalance in quality of air so as to cause adverse effects on the
living organisms is called air pollution.
Air pollution may also be defined as the presence of contaminants which are
injurious to human beings, plants and animals (aquatic or terrestrial).
The natural air contains trace amounts (about 1 ppm) of gases like methane
(CH4), ammonia (NH3), sulphur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S),
carbon mono-oxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), argon (< 1 ppm) and variable
amounts of dust particles.

Table 2.1Composition of pure , dry atmospheric air

components %by weight %by volume

Nitrogen 75.54 78.084
Oxygen 23.14 20.946
Argon 1.27 0.934
Carbon dioxide 0.05 0.033
Neon 0.0012 0.001818
Helium 0.0007 0.000524
Krypton 0.003 0.000114
Hydrogen 0.00004 0.00005
xenon 0.000036 0.0000087
Ozone 0.0000017 0.00005
Methane 0.0000031 0.00015

8|Page
Table2.2 composition of respiratory air

components Volume % Volume %

Inhaled air exhaled air
Oxygen 20.95 16.4
Nitrogen 79.01 79.5
Carbon dioxide 0.04 4.1
Total 100.00 100.00

So it is clear from the tables that chemical substances occur around us.
They are fundamental parts of air, earth and oceans. The author is of the view
that under very specific conditions, the combination of these chemical
substances gave birth to creatures (male and female). The first to take birth
was perhaps female ant, followed by birds and animals. Later on special
species of animals changed into men and women.
Air pollution is a release into the atmosphere of any substances, e.g.,
chemicals or airborne particles, which are harmful both to the human and
animal health as well as the health of the wider environment.
Atmospheric pollution occurs because the release of air pollutants takes place
at a rate much faster than they can be accommodated by the environment or
removed from the atmosphere without causing serious harm.
Every day, the average person inhales about 20,000 liters of air. Every time
we breath in, we risk inhaling dangerous chemicals that have found their way
into the air.
Air pollution includes all contaminants found in the atmosphere. These
dangerous substances can be either in the form of gases or particles.Air
pollution can be found both outdoors and indoors. Pollutants can be trapped
inside buildings, causing indoor pollution that lasts long.

9|Page
Anthropogenic Sources of Air Pollution:

During the last couple of centuries we have witnessed an emergence of

several fundamental trends that became the major forces behind the dramatic
levels of air pollution worldwide.
Industries are the main cause of anthropogenic air pollution.
The global industrial development gave rise to a large number of economic
sectors, each generating air pollution to some degree.
So these economic sectors act as pollution causes in their own way.
Some major sources and types of major air pollutants produced by each of
them are shown in Table

TABLE2.3 SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION

S/N SOURCES AIR

POLLUTANTS
1 Biofuel combustion CO,SO2 and NOx
2 Industries & Refineries SO2, NOx and CO
3 Power generation SO2, NOx and CO
4 Residential, commercial, and other sectors SO2, NOx and CO
5 Road, rail, air & other transport SO2, NOx and CO
6 Shipping SO2, NOx and CO
7 Oil extraction, transportation and handling SO2, NOx and CO
8 Iron, steels & non ferrous metals SO2, NOx and CO
9 chemicals SO2
10 Building materials SO2 and NOx
11 Pulp& paper SO2, NOx and CO
12 Deforestation SO2, NOx and CO
13 Agriculture waste burning SO2, NOx and CO
14 Waste incineration, non- energy SO2, NOx and CO

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Air pollutants are basically the waste products generated by the above
mentioned economic sectors.
They come in the form of gases and finely divided solid and liquid particles
suspended in the air (aerosols).
Air pollutants can also be of primary or secondary nature. Primary pollutants
are the ones that are emitted directly into the atmosphere by the sources (e.g.,
power plants). Secondary pollutants are the ones that are formed as a result
of reactions between primary pollutants and other elements in the
atmosphere.

Air pollutants are direct pollution cause, in other words they are the actual
polluting agents, which directly affect the health of living beings as well as
the wider environment.

2.2 EFFECTS CAUSED BY NOT DETECTING POLLUTENT GASES:

i)Bhopal disaster:
chemical leak in 1984 in the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh state, India. At
the time, it was called the worst industrial accident in history.
On December 3, 1984, about 45 tons of the dangerous gas methyl isocyanate
escaped from an insecticide plant that was owned by the Indian subsidiary of
the American firm Union Carbide Corporation. The gas drifted over the
densely populated neighbourhoods around the plant, killing thousands of
people immediately and creating a panic as tens of thousands of others
attempted to flee Bhopal. The final death toll was estimated to be between
15,000 and 20,000. Some half a million survivors suffered respiratory
problems, eye irritation or blindness, and other maladies resulting from
exposure to the toxic gas; many were awarded compensation of a few
hundred dollars. Investigations later established that substandard operating
and safety procedures at the understaffed plant had led to the catastrophe. In
1998 the former factory site was turned over to the state of Madhya Pradesh.
In the early 21st century more than 400 tons of industrial waste were still
present on the site. Despite continued protests and attempts at litigation,
neither the Dow Chemical Company, which bought out the Union Carbide
11 | P a g e
Corporation in 2001, nor the Indian government had properly cleaned the
site. Soil and water contamination in the area was blamed for chronic health
problems and high instances of birth defects in the area’s inhabitants. In 2004
the Indian Supreme Court ordered the state to supply clean drinking water to
the residents of Bhopal because of groundwater contamination. In 2010
several former executives of Union Carbide’s India subsidiary—all Indian
citizens—were convicted by a Bhopal court of negligence in the disaster.

FIG 2.1 BHOPAL GAS LEAK

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ii)Vizag gas leak:

here was a temporary partial shutdown of the plant owing to the covid-19
pandemic, excluding maintenance activities, which were being carried out in
the plant as per a predetermined schedule. Since styrene was not being stored
at the appropriate temperature, there was a pressure build up in the storage
chamber which caused the valve to break, says an official with the Andhra
Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB), requesting anonymity. The result
was leakage of 3 tonnes of the toxic gas.
On the day of the leak, the levels of styrene in the air in the area were 500
times higher than prescribed limit. Media reports said they were more than
2,500 parts per billion (ppb), while World Health Organization norms require
them to be under 5 ppb. The Visakhapatnam facility is spread over 240
hectares (ha), including the nearby residential areas. There is also a revenue
village nearby, which resulted in a higher rate of exposure.
The levels of styrene (C8H8), a volatile organic compound, were 2,500 times
higher than the limits prescribed by regulators on the day of the
Visakhapatnam gas leak and the day following it, an analysis by Centre for
Science and Environment (CSE) has found. Styrene levels in the region were
more than 2.5 parts per million (ppm) on the evening of May 7, 2020,
according to media reports. It should be less than 5 parts per billion (ppb)
according to rules.
“Styrene in air yesterday when the leak was occurring could have been over
20 ppm up to 2 km of the plant, assuming an hour’s leak. These significantly
high levels of pollutant dispersion could have led people to fall unconscious,”
said Awkash Kumar from the Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, and
an air pollution dispersion modeller. In his study, Kumar assumed the storage
tank’s capacity to be three kilo tonnes. The leakage happened from a 10 cm
diameter opening for one hour, in his view.
The real-time ambient air monitoring stations network of the Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB) monitor three volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) - Xylene (C8H10), Benzene (C6H6), Toluene (C7H8) - in
Visakhapatnam district, 14 km downstream of the spot where the gas-leak
incident occurred.

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These pollutants are monitored on a continuous basis by the board every 30
minutes. CSE analysis of this data shows xylene levels up to 18 ppb, toluene
levels up to 35 ppb and benzene levels up to 12 ppb.
These are significantly higher than the levels recorded in Amaravati, the
capital city of Andhra Pradesh, located about 400 km south of
Visakhapatnam during the same time period. Historic data suggests such high
levels of VOCs as a usual phenomenon in the ambient air at Vishakhapatnam.
The standard for hydrocarbons in the ambient air is 5 ppb (annual average)
according to the CPCB ambient air quality standards.

FIG2.2 VIZAG GAS LEAK

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 CHAPTER-3
LITERATURE REVIEW
A literature study was done to compare the different methods for
detecting and monitoring of air pollution, specially detecting toxic gases
like CO, CH4, particulate matter etc. The survey reveals various advantages
and disadvantages of those methods. The methods are illustrates in the
below section. In a factsheet by World Health Organization [1], WHO
has mentioned that the air pollution is a major environmental risk to health,
and by reducing the air pollution level one country can reduce the burden
of heart diseases, lung cancer and both chronic and acute respiratory
diseases including asthma. This factsheet suggests number of policies and
investment supporting cleaner transport, cleaner municipal waste
management etc. WHO’s factsheet also presents a study of how much of
the pollutant like SO2, particulate matter (PM), NO2 is acceptable in the
air and their effects in the human health if they increase. The authors
L. C. Amorim and J. P. Carneiro and Z. L. Cardeal [2] described Solid-
phase microextraction (SPME) as a sampling technique for determining
benzene in exhaled air by GC-MS. A system was developed to generate a
gaseous benzene standard by a permeation method to accomplish the breath
analyses. Authors also optimized the condition and analyses of real
samples on two groups i.e., exposed and not exposed to benzene. Authors
also mention that this method has good resolution, repeatability and
sensitivity. In another literature, the authors Wei Ying Yi, Kin Ming Lo,
Terrence Mak, Kwong Sak Leung, Yee Leung and Mei Ling Meng [8]
have described the different technique of detecting the pollutant in the air
and also explained the working of those techniques. The authors also
performed a comparative study on the techniques based on their performance
and cost effectiveness. The authors D. Hasenfratz and O. Saukh and S.
Sturzenegger and L. Thiele [7] have described about the different
types of wireless nodes like community sensor node and static sensor
node; and the author explained that community sensor node the sensor
nodes are typically carried by the users. By utilizing the low-cost portable
ambient sensors and the ubiquitous smart phones, users are able to
acquire, analyze and share the local air pollution information. Similarly,
in static sensor node the sensor nodes are typically mounted on the
15 | P a g e
streetlight or traffic light poles, or walls. Due to the low-cost ambient
sensors, the number of sensor nodes in SSN systems is much higher than
that in the conventional monitoring systems. Again the authors P.
Doraiswamy, W. T. Davis, T. L. Miller, J. S. Fu and Y. F. Lam [10] have
performed experiments on trucks to detect its pollutant level. The authors
used MQ-2 gas sensor along with an Arduino Uno board to detect the
quality of the smoke produced by the exhaust pipe of the truck and after
that they transmit the data through ESP8266 wireless transmitter to the
predefined server and also design a mobile app to access the data. Similarly,
in case of detecting the CH4 in the air, the authors mentioned about the
use of the sensor MQ-9 electrochemical sensor along with an Arduino Uno
board.Authors F. Tsow, E. Forzani, A. Rai, R. Wang, R. Tsui, S.
Mastroianni, C. Knobbe, A. J. Gandolfi and N. J. Tao [12] discussed
about the MQTT protocol, in which the authors stated that it is a very low
cost and low code footprint messaging system. Authors also established
a connection between MQTT publisher and subscriber by using ESP8266
Wi-Fi module.

3.1 Different Pollution Monitoring methods existing

(i) Electrochemical Gas Sensing Method The main principle of

electrochemical gas sensing method is the electro chemical reaction
specifically oxidation-reduction reactions in the sensor. An electrical
signal proportional to the concentration of the gas molecule is generated
by the reaction between the sensor and the gas molecules. This sensor is
consist of three basic electrode these are Working Electrode (WE) and a
Counter Electrode (CE) and Reference Electrode (RE) which is used to
provide an external driving voltage. These three electrodes are separately
deployed into the electrolyte within the sensor. For detecting and
improving the selectivity to a specific kind of gas, different types of
membranes, electrolyte and working electrodes are used. As soon as the
gas reaches the working electrode, the oxidation-reduction reaction
occurs. The electrode which is specifically developed for a specific gas
catalyzes these reactions. By calculating the current between the Working
Electrode (WE) and the Counter Electrode (CE) the concentration of the
target gas
16 | P a g e
is found. The Reference Electrode (RE) is responsible for controlling
the oxidation and reduction reactions and reduces the potential drift on
working electrode due to deterioration. It is to be noted that, most of the
electrochemical ambient gas sensors require a small amount of oxygen and
humidity to function properly. In addition, wind velocity also influences
the chemical equilibrium on the sensor’s surface and thereby influences
the sensor’s readings [7,8].

(ii) Tapered Element Oscillating Micro-Balance (TEOM) Method

In conventional air pollution monitoring system, this method is widely
used. The main principle of this method is that oscillation frequency of
the tapered glass tube is proportional to the mass of the tube. The mass and
the oscillation frequency of the tube will be changed by the PM deposited
onto the tube. By calculating the change in oscillation frequency of the
tube and volume of the air sampled, researchers are able to deduce the
mass concentration of PM in ambient air. The air is sampled through a
size selective inlet [8].

(iii) β-Attenuation Method (BAM) The β-Attenuation Method or

β-Attenuation Monitors (BAM)
are the most widely used particulate matter (PM) measurement equipment
in the conventional air pollution monitoring systems. With the help of a
size selective inlet (PM10 or PM2.5) the air is first sampled either with
heater or without heater that minimizes the water contained in the air. After
that air is passed through a paper filter which catches the PM and later on
this paper filter is subjected to the β-attenuation source. By measuring the
radiation intensity of the filter and the interval, one can calculate the mass
of the PM on the filter [8].

(iv) Black Smoke Method The black smoke technique collects the
particulate matter (PM) on a paper filter over 24 hour period though a size
selective inlet. A reflectometer is used to measure the darkness of the
paper filter which is converted to the PM’s mass concentration. This type of
monitoring instrument is cost-efficent, simple and robust. After that, the
mass concentration is obtained by measuring the darkness of the filter

17 | P a g e
paper and this varies in different locations. This means the darkness-to-
mass coefficient changes with time and locations.

(v) Light Scatting Method

The main component of this method is a high energy laser which is
used as a light source. Whenever a particle passes through the detection
chamber that only allows single particle sampling, the laser light is scattered
by the particle; and by using a photo detector, the scattering light is
detected. By analyzing the intensity of the scatting light, one can deduce the
size of the particle. Also, the number of particle counts can be found by
counting the number of detecting light on the photo detector. A single
analyzer can detect particles with different diameters simultaneously (i.e.,
PM2.5, PM5 and PM10), this is one of the advantage of this method. Once
particle count is counted, it is converted to mass concentration by
calculation (depends on the particle counts, particle types and particle
shapes), but this will introduce errors that further affect the precision and
accuracy of the analyzers which put a limitation to this method.

(vi) Direct Imaging Method In this analyzer, the particle is illuminated

with a beam of halogen light and the shadow generated due to the
illumination of each particle is projected to a high definition, high
magnification and high resolution camera. This camera records the passing
particle and after that the video is analyzed by using computer software
to measure the PM’s attributes. By using this method both count and size
of the PMs in the ambient air is obtained.

(vii) Light Obscuration Method (Nephelo meter method) In this

method, a particular category of optical analyzers uses the fastest particle
concentration measurement method with high precision and low detection
limited. A nephelo meter is an instrument that measures the size and mass
concentration of PM in the ambient air. In a nephelo meter, one silicon
detector and a near infrared LED are used. The LED is used as a light source
and the silicon detector is used to measure the total light scatted by the
particulate matter. Mass concentration and size distribution are determined
by analyzing the intensities of light scattered by the PMs the shape of the
scattering pattern. The TEOMs and BAMs are used in conventional
18 | P a g e
monitoring systems due to their large size, heavy weight, high cost and high
data resolution and accuracy. The light obstruction and the light scatting
optical analyzer results have low resolution and accuracy and it varies with
time and also with the location, yet these two type of sensor are widely
used in hand-held monitoring devices and The Next Generation Air
Pollution Monitoring Systems (TNGAPMS) due to their lowcost, light
weight, small size and simultaneously measuring ability .

(viii) WSN Based Air Pollution Monitoring Systems

In recent times, air pollution in the urban area has attracted extensive
attention throughout the world due to its impact on human lives at anytime
and anywhere. To mitigate these impacts, a network of monitoring stations
using traditional measuring instrument have been deployed. Acquired data
can be used to generate pollution maps and models, which can be used
for predicting the environmental situation. Quality of service and limitation
in spatio-temporal resolution plays a vital role in these systems. These
limitations result in issues and problems of the conventional air pollution
monitoring systems, like non-scalability of system, limited data availability
on personal exposure, and out-of-the-fact warnings on acute exposure .

(ix) Static Sensor Network (SSN)

In SSN systems, the sensor nodes are typically mounted on the streetlight
or traffic light poles, or walls. Due to the use of low cost sensor module in
SSN system, the number of sensor in SSN system is much larger, in
comparison to the conventional monitoring system. The pollution
information that can be achieved with the SSN system has high spatio-
temporal resolution. By the use of Webpages, Mobile app, etc., the air
pollution data is available to the public.

(x) Community Sensor Network

(CSN) In CSN (or Participatory Sensing) systems, the sensor nodes are
typically carried by the users. By utilizing the low-cost portable ambient
sensors and the ubiquitous smart phones, one can acquire, analyze and
share the local air pollution information. Air pollution data is available
to the public through the Webpages, mobile app etc. [8,9]. Table 1
shows the comparison among various pollution monitoring methods.
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TABLE 3.1 COMPARISION BETWEEN EXISTED DEVICES

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FIGURE 3.1 OLD AIR POLLUTION DETECTING DEVICE

FIGURE 3.2 NEW AIR MONITORING DEVICE

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3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE:

The purpose of the project is to build an Air Pollution Detector that

detects ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide,
and nitrous oxide levels. The project will student how to utilize IoT
devices and Arduino devices to build useful devices.
This project is related to industry by many companies are implanting
the internet of things into many products. These products are seen in
everyday lives products, such as, televisions, refrigerators, smart
speakers and more. Therefore, it is important for student to become
familiar with IoT devices and the construction of them. The IoT
devices will be the future of many engineering design projects. This
project will develop the students programming skills and circuit
design for real world application of a product. Also, the project will
teach students the importance of monitoring quality and helping the
environment. Furthermore, it shows students that engineering can be
used to design a wide-range of products.

22 | P a g e
 CHAPTER-4
METHODOLOGY

4.1 IMPLEMENTATION

The model was designed using an Arduino Uno microcontroller, Wi-Fi

module 8266, MQ135 Gas Sensor and a 16 by 2 liquid crystal display (LCD)
Screen. Figure 1 shows the proposed system overview and the functional
block diagram is depicted in figure 2. The proposed flow chart is presented
in figure 3. The system overview procedure was classified into Five (5) layers
as shown in figure 1. The first layer was the environmental parameters which
are obtained by measurement. The second layer was the study of the
characteristics and features of the sensors. The third layer was the decision
making, sensing, measuring, fixing of the threshold valve, periodicity of
sensitivity, timing and space. The fourth layer was the sensor data
acquisition. The fifth layer was the ambient intelligence environment. The
sensor collected data when operated by the microcontroller and forwarded it
over the internet for analysis via the Wi-Fi module. Users were able to
monitor measured parameters on their smartphones. The design specification
of the proposed system is described in Table

Table4.1 components required for experiment

S/N COMPONENT QUANTITY
REQUIRED
1 Arduino Uno 1
2 MQ 135 Sensor 1
3 1K ohm resistor 1
4 200 ohm resistor 1
5 LED 2-red,1-green
6 Power supply 1
7 buzzer 1
8 Connecting board 1

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 FIGURE4.1 Schematic diagram

FIGURE 4.2 BLOCK DIAAGRAM OF AUTOMATIC AIR POLLUTION

DETECTOR

24 | P a g e
 START

LOAD LIBRARIERS ON THE SENSOR AND DEFINE PLANS

COLLECT DATA FROM THE MQ135 SENSOR

DISPLAY DATA LOCALLY ON LCD SCREEN

SEND DATA VIA THE INTERNET TO REMOTE SEREVER FOR

ANALYSIS

ENTER NETWORK CREDENTIALS

NO
CHECK WI-FI ARE THE ENTERED
CONNECTION AND NETWORK CREDENTIALS
RERTRY CORRECT

YES

VISUALISE MEASURED DATA

CONNECT TO THE NETWORK ONLINE

STOP

FIGURE4.3 FLOW CHART OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

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 4.2Working Principle of Proposed Model

As described by Figure 3, the library in the Arduino was loaded and a

message was sent to the LCD. Air quality data was collected using the
MQ135 sensor. The calibrated sensor made the analog output voltage
proportional to the concentration of polluting gases in Parts per The
Wi-Fi module transfers the measured data valve to the server via
internet. The Wi-Fi module is configured to transfer measured data
an application on a remote server
device that has internet connection capabilities. Data collected from
the sensor was converted into a string and used to update the
information sent to the remote server
i) To convert analog to volts: Volts = (5 × analog value from the
sensor) / 1023
(ii) To convert analog value to ppm: ppm = 𝑥 × analog value
where"𝑥" is the multiplying factor calculated as per the sensor by
calibrating it in user’s own environment. After collecting the sensor
data, the data is sent through the ESP8266 module by using MQTT
protocol to the MQTT broke

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 CHAPTER -5
REQUIRED PROTOTYPE

The framework of this project can be classified in to two main modules:

• The hardware prototypes

• The software designs

5.1The Hardware Prototype

The hardware prototype is assembled of different electronic devices, and

elementary materials used for the mechanical support. The electronic
devices/circuit that are utilized in the prototype are
• Arduino Uno
• MQ 135 sensor
• Resistors
• LED
• Power supply
• Buzzer

Arduino Uno
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on 8-bit ATmega328P
microcontroller. Along with ATmega328P, it consists other components
such as crystal oscillator, serial communication, voltage regulator, etc. to
support the microcontroller. Arduino Uno has 14 digital input/output pins
(out of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog input pins, a USB
connection, A Power barrel jack, an ICSP header and a reset button.

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FIGURE5.1 ARDUINO UNO

FIGURE5.2 ARDUINO UNO CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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Applications of Arduino:
Prototyping of Electronics Products and Systems
Multiple DIY Projects.
Easy to use for beginner level DIYers and makers.
Projects requiring Multiple I/O interfaces and communications.

MQ 135 SENSOR:

FIGURE5.3 MQ135 SENSOR

The MQ-135 Gas sensor can detect gases like Ammonia (NH3), sulfur (S),
Benzene (C6H6), CO2, and other harmful gases and smoke. Similar to other
MQ series gas sensor, this sensor also has a digital and analog output pin.
When the level of these gases go beyond a threshold limit in the air the
digital pin goes high. This threshold value can be set by using the on-board
potentiometer. The analog output pin, outputs an analog voltage which can
be used to approximate the level of these gases in the atmosphere.
The MQ135 air quality sensor module operates at 5V and consumes around
150mA. It requires some pre-heating before it could actually give accurate
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results.

Details of MQ135 Sensor

The MQ135 is one of the popular gas sensors from the MQ series of sensors
that are commonly used in air quality control equipment. It operates from
2.5V to 5.0V and can provide both digital and analog output. The pinouts
and important components on an MQ135 Module is marked below

FIGURE5.4 MQ 135 CONNECTIONS

Technical Specifications of MQ135 Gas Sensor

Operating Voltage: 2.5V to 5.0V

Power consumption: 150mA
Detect/Measure: NH3, Nox, CO2, Alcohol, Benzene, Smoke
Typical operating Voltage: 5V
Digital Output: 0V to 5V (TTL Logic ) @ 5V Vcc
Analog Output: 0-5V @ 5V Vcc

Detect Harmful Gases using Digital Pin:

The digital output pin of the sensor can be used to detect harmful gases in
the environment. The sensitivity of the digital pin can be controlled by
using the 10k potentiometer. If the gas is detected the indicator LED D0
will turn on and the digital pin will go from logic high to logic low (0V).
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The LM393 Op-Amp Comparator IC is used to compare the actual gas
value with the value set using the potentiometer. If the actual gas value
increases than the set value then the digital output pin gets low.
Because of the onboard LM393 comparator IC the MQ135 Gas sensor
module can also be used without the need of an external microcontroller.
Simply power up the module and set the sensitivity of the digital pin using
the potentiometer, then when the module detects the gas the digital pin will
go low. This digital pin can directly be used to drive a buzzer or LED with
the help of simple transistors.

Measure PPM Value using Analog Pin:

The Analog output pin of the sensor can be used to measure the PPM value
of the required gas. To do this we need to use an external microcontroller
like Arduino. The microcontroller will measure the value of analog voltage
and perform some calculations to find the value of Rs/Ro where Rs is the
sensor resistance when gas is present and Ro is sensor resistance at clean
air. Once we find this ratio of Rs/Ro we can use it to calculate the PPM
value of required gas using the graph below which is taken from the
datasheet of MQ135 Sensor.

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If you are just detecting the gas and not measuring the PPM then the
module need not be calibrated or pre-heated and hence it is extremely
simple to use. You can find these MQ Gas sensors commonly used in
Gas/Smoke detectors and Air Quality Monitors. The dimensions of the
MQ135 Gas sensor module is given below

FIGURE5.5 ANALOG OUTPUT OF MQ135 SENSOR

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 THEORITICAL BACKGROUND OF SOLAR TRACKER

5.2 The software designs

Program for Arduino:
#include <MQ135.h>
const int gas = 0;
int MQ135pin = A0;
int MQ1 = A1;
int motor = 7;
int led = 8;
int statusled = 9;

void setup() {

pinMode(7, OUTPUT);
pinMode(8, OUTPUT);
pinMode(9, OUTPUT);
pinMode(A0, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
float sensorValue,MQ135pin;
sensorValue = analogRead(MQ135pin);
Serial.print("AirQuality Value: ");
Serial.println(sensorValue);
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 THEORITICAL BACKGROUND OF SOLAR TRACKER

digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
if(sensorValue >= 230){
digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
}

else {
digitalWrite(7, LOW);
digitalWrite(8, LOW);

delay(100);
}

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 THEORITICAL BACKGROUND OF SOLAR TRACKER

FIGURE5.6 THE IMPLEMENTED CIRCUIT

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 HARDWARE PROTOTYPE

CHAPTER-6
EXPERIMENT RESULTS & ANALYSIS

6.1 EXPERIMENT RESULT

Arduino based air quality monitoring detector system design involves

hardware and connection and finally the collection of data from the
detector through code for the Ardunio. To obtain real time air pollution
data (in PPM), we have taken reading using our customized sensor-
detector in different environmental pollutions. We have used cigarette
smoke, coil burning smoke, vehicle smoke from street etc.

The following values depicts for mosquito coil within 1 meter. From this
data analysis we can conclude that for mosquito coil it is safe to be far
from the coil while burning atleast 2 or 3 meters.

TABLE6.1 DATA ANALYSIS FOR MOSQUITO COIL

S/N TIME(SECONDS) VALUE(PPM) DISTANCE

(METER)
1 02 74(fresh air) 0.5

2 04 125(polluted 0.3
air)
3 06 96(polluted 0.4
air)
4 08 170(polluted 0.2
air)
5 10 79(fresh air) 0.6

6 12 80(fresh air) 0.55

7 14 70(fresh air) 0.8

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HARDWARE PROTOTYPE

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 HARDWARE PROTOTYPE

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOSQUITO COIL SMOKE IN DETECTOR

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

FIGURE6.1 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOSQUITO COIL SMOKE IN DETECTOR

We have also calculated values for different types of cigarettes within

2-3 meters. From the values, we found that different cigarette pollution
rate differs from each other but can be covered in a range of average
values of 110-200 ppm. A cigarette can cause almost similar type
pollution like motor vehicles

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 HARDWARE PROTOTYPE

TABLE6.2 TABULAR REPRESENTATION OF CIGARETTE SMOKE DATA

S/ TIME(SECOND VALUE(PP DISTANCE(METE

N S) M) R)
1 02 96(Polluted 3
air)
2 04 127(Polluted 2.5
air)
3 06 134(Polluted 2.4
air)
4 08 89(Polluted 2.8
air)
5 10 118(Polluted 2.2
air)
6 12 152(Polluted 1.5
air)
7 14 106(Polluted 1.9
air)
8 16 177(Polluted 1.3
air)
9 18 156(Polluted 1.4
air)
10 20 195(Polluted Less tha1
air)

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 EXPERIMENT RESULT, ANALYSIS

FIGURE 6.2 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF CIGARETTE SMOKE DATA

6.2 ANALYSIS:
We have defined the system of hardware and software that maps in real-
time, also the data plotting software is illustrated the standard
mechanism monitored by air quality monitoring. Finally, the data
collection from the detector system is authenticated. This sensor-based
system can easily be employed to monitor air quality

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 EXPERIMENT RESULT, ANALYSIS

CHAPTER7 CONCLUSION
One of the major issues that we are facing today is Air pollution. Pollutions
in earlier days were negligible. But nowadays pollution is increasing day
by day because of so many reasons like industrial growth, development
of automobile industries, chemical industries etc. So in order to reduce the
pollutions from such type of sources and to protect the environment from
toxic gasses, it is possible to take help of some of the semiconductor sensors
such as MQ135, etc. that helps in detection, monitoring, and also self-test
of vehicles with the help of Microcontrollers. We have developed an
Arduino based air pollution detector which is a very effective air pollution
monitoring system. Based on the performance we can say that it is easy
to use, and functionality is comparable to the expensive existing air
pollution detectors. It is a microcontroller based portable system. It is
efficient and user-friendly air quality detection system.

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 CONCLUSION, FUTURE WORK

REFERENCES
[1] Krishna, V. Siva, and S. Arun. "Embedded System Based
Air Pollution Detection in Vehicles." (2015).
[2] Piedrahita, R., et al. "The next generation of low-cost personal air
quality sensors for quantitative exposure monitoring." Atmospheric
Measurement Techniques 7.10 (2014): 3325.
[3] Kim, Sunyoung, and Eric Paulos. "inAir: measuring and
visualizing indoor air quality." Proceedings of the 11th international
conference on Ubiquitous computing. ACM, 2009.
[4] Al-Dahoud, Ali, et al. "Monitoring Metropolitan City Air-quality
Using Wireless Sensor Nodes based on ARDUINO and XBEE."
[5] Rajkumar, M. Newlin, M. S. Sruthi, and V. Venkatesa
Kumar. "IOT Based Smart System for Controlling Co2
Emission." (2017).
[6] Kim, Sunyoung, and Eric Paulos. "InAir: sharing indoor air
quality measurements and visualizations." Proceedings of the
SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
ACM, 2010. [7] Chaitanya, H. P., and H. Prasanna Kumar.
"AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR AIR POLLUTION
DETECTION AND CONTROL OF SPEED IN VEHICLES."
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology
9.4 (2016): 443.
[8] Air_pollution:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution
[9]Air_pollution_detector:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutio
n_sensor
[10] http://www.instructables.com/id/Air-Pollution-Detector/ [11]
Arduino:https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardUno
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino
[12]MQ135:http://playground.arduino.cc/Main/MQGasSensorshttp:/
/www.waveshare.com/wiki/MQ-135_Gas_Sensor

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37 SVCET(A)-CHITTOOR