1.

Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

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 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

SYNOPSIS FOR RESEARCH DISSERTATION

M.Phil. in Mathematics

Raja Nadir Tufail

Registration. No. FA20-RSM-018

Supervisor: Dr. Kalim Ul-Haq Tariq

Title: ANALYTICAL AND SEMI-ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE
NONLINEAR EVOLUTION EQUATIONS.

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 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

Table of Contents

1 1. Summary

2 2. Statement of the Problem

3 3. Introduction

4 4. Significance of the Proposed Work

5 5. Research Methodology

6 Bibliography

3 / 22
 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

Summary

Our research focuses on finding exact solutions to nonlinear

evolution equations. We want to use some analytical and
semi-analytical techniques to construct new solitary wave
solutions for such models. Furthermore, the geometry of
problems would be demonstrated with the aid of scientific
computing.

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 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

Statement of the Problem

In our analysis, we will obtain the exact solutions to nonlinear

evolution equations by using some well known analytical and
semi-analytical techniques such as, the exp(-φ(ξ)) expansion
technique [3], [12], the extended tanh function method [2], [4],
the unified method [18], [6], the modified Kudryashov method
[5], [25], the Hirota bilinear method [26], [23], the Backlund
transformations [15], [8], the hyperbolic ansatz method [7], [17],
the improved F-expansion Method [21], [29] and the Adomian
decomposition method [13], [1].

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 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

Introduction

Nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs) have appeared in many

scientific and engineering fields like nonlinear optics [19], fluid
dynamics [20], plasma physics [21], condensed matter physics
[22], optical fiber [23], hydrodynamics [24], water waves [25]
and microscopic [26]. In natural sciences it has various
applications like classical fluid dynamics [27], solid state
physics [28], classical mechanics [29], solitary waves
distribution [30], thesis of turbulence [31] and many other fields
[32].

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 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

Introduction

We will discuss Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) type equations

[16], which is one of the basic soliton equations and it has
fundamental significance in mathematical physics. The KP
model is a nonlinear partial differential equation which
describes the evolution of nonlinear, long waves of small
amplitude with slow dependence on the transverse coordinate.
In literature, this model has been investigated by employing a
variety of poweful techniques such as, the Hirota bilinear
method [9], the improved tan(φ(ξ)/2)-expansion method [11],
the extended transformed rational function algorithm [22], the
exp(−φ(ξ)) method [20], the multiple exp-function method [10],
the Wronskian and Grammian techniques [27].

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 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

Significance of the Proposed Work

NLEEs are specific sorts of partial differential equations that

are studied in a wide range of disciplines, including applied
physics [30], mathematical physics [28] and engineering [19].
The construction of analytic solutions for such models is a key
topic in the study of nonlinear phenomena [24], [14]. Exact
solutions to NLEEs play an important role in nonlinear physical
science, since these solutions may well describe various
natural phenomena, such as vibrations, solitons, and
propagation with a finite speed. Accordingly, searching for
analytical and semi-analytical solutions of NLEEs are of great
importance and play a crucial role in obtaining useful
information about the nonlinear physical phenomena.

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 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

Research Methodology

By keeping in view some present consequences and different

techniques used for the solution of NLEEs, we noticed that
there are many strategies developed to obtain exact solutions
for several models when its structure is tough to solve or the
nonlinear term is complicated. Thus, the methods for finding
exact solutions to such equations have to be advanced. We
should apply these methods to get desired results.

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 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

The exp(-φ(ξ)) Expansion Technique

Let us assume a general NLEE in the form of partial differential
equation:
H (u, ut , ux , uy , uxt , uxx , uyt , uyy , .....) = 0, (1)
where the term u(x, t) is to be determined and H is a
polynomial with respect to known variables, depending upon on
nonlinear and largest order derivative of the u(x, t). Steps are
as:
Step 1. Combining the free paramaters x, y and t into one
parameter ξ by using the following propogational wave
transform:
u(x, y , t) = U(ξ), ξ = ax + by − ct, (2)
where a, b and d are constants and c is the speed of the
wave. 10 / 22
 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

The exp(-φ(ξ)) Expansion Technique

The transformation given by (2) changes (1) into ordinary
differential equation (ODE) as
G(U, U 0 , U 00 , U 000 , ...) = 0, (3)
where G is a polynomial in U and its derivatives.
Step 2. By applying the exp(-φ(ξ)) expansion technique, Eq. (3)
has the following type of solutions:
N
X
U(ξ) = Si (exp(−φ(ξ)))i , (4)
i=0

where Si (0 ≤ i ≤ N) are constants, and

φ0 (ξ) = exp(−φ(ξ)) + ϕexp(φ(ξ)) + ϑ. (5)
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 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

The exp(-φ(ξ)) Expansion Technique

Group 1: ϑ2 − 4ϕ > 0, ϕ 6= 0,
 p  p  
− ϑ2 − 4ϕ tanh 21 (E + ξ) ϑ2 − 4ϕ − ϑ
φ(ξ) = ln   , (6)
2ϕ

 p   p  
− ϑ2 − 4ϕ coth 21 (E + ξ) ϑ2 − 4ϕ − ϑ
φ(ξ) = ln   , (7)
2ϕ

where E is an integration constant.

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 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

The exp(-φ(ξ)) Expansion Technique

Group 2: ϑ2 − 4ϕ < 0, ϕ 6= 0,
p  p  
4ϕ − ϑ2 tan 12 (E + ξ) 4ϕ − ϑ2 − ϑ
φ(ξ) = ln  , (8)
2ϕ

p  p  
4ϕ − ϑ2 cot 12 (E + ξ) 4ϕ − ϑ2 − ϑ
φ(ξ) = ln  . (9)
2ϕ

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 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

The exp(-φ(ξ)) Expansion Technique

Group 3: ϑ2 − 4ϕ > 0, ϕ = 0, ϑ 6= 0,
 
ϑ
φ(ξ) = − ln . (10)
eϑ(E+ξ) − 1

Group 4: ϑ2 − 4ϕ = 0, ϕ 6= 0, ϑ 6= 0,
 
2(ϑ(E + ξ) + 2)
φ(ξ) = ln − . (11)
ϑ2 (E + ξ)

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 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

The exp(-φ(ξ)) Expansion Technique

Group 5: ϑ2 − 4ϕ = 0, ϕ = 0, ϑ = 0,

φ(ξ) = ln(E + ξ). (12)

Step 3. The value of N > 0 may be calculated through the balance

technique of the highest derivative and the nonlinear term
in Eq.(3). After that, we insert (4) into (3) and we equate all
the coefficients of (exp(−φ(ξ)))i ,i = 0, 1, 2, ....., N to zero to
get an algebraic set of equations in terms of
S0 , ....., SN , ϑ, ϕ, a, b, c, d which can be directly solved. If
we substitute the obtained values into Eq.(4), then we
obtain the general form of solution for Eq.(1).
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 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

Aisha A Alderremy, Raghda AM Attia, Jameel F Alzaidi, Dianchen Lu, and Mostafa Khater.
Analytical and semi-analytical wave solutions for longitudinal wave equation via modified auxiliary equation
method and adomian decomposition method.
Thermal Science, 23(Suppl. 6):1943–1957, 2019.

Khalid K Ali, Mona S Mehanna, and Abdul-Majid Wazwaz.

Analytical and numerical treatment to the (2+ 1)-dimensional date-jimbo-kashiwara-miwa equation.
Nonlinear Engineering, 10(1):187–200, 2021.

Hassan Almusawa, Khalid K Ali, Abdul-Majid Wazwaz, MS Mehanna, D Baleanu, and MS Osman.
Protracted study on a real physical phenomenon generated by media inhomogeneities.
Results in Physics, page 104933, 2021.

Ahmed H Arnous, Anjan Biswas, Mehmet Ekici, Abdullah K Alzahrani, and Milivoj R Belic.
Optical solitons and conservation laws of kudryashov’s equation with improved modified extended
tanh-function.
Optik, 225:165406, 2021.

Fares Bekhouche and Iryna Komashynska.

Traveling wave solutions for the space-time fractional (2+ 1)-dimensional calogero-bogoyavlenskii-schiff
equation via two different methods.
Computer Science, 16(4):1729–1744, 2021.

John Burkardt, Yixuan Wu, and Yanzhi Zhang.

A unified meshfree pseudospectral method for solving both classical and fractional pdes.
SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 43(2):A1389–A1411, 2021.

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 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

SA El-Tantawy, Alvaro H Salas, and MR Alharthi.

Novel analytical cnoidal and solitary wave solutions of the extended kawahara equation.
Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 147:110965, 2021.

Xin-Yi Gao, Yong-Jiang Guo, Wen-Rui Shan, Yu-Qiang Yuan, Chen-Rong Zhang, and Su-Su Chen.
Magneto-optical/ferromagnetic-material computation: Bäcklund transformations, bilinear forms and n solitons
for a generalized (3+ 1)-dimensional variable-coefficient modified kadomtsev–petviashvili system.
Applied Mathematics Letters, 111:106627, 2021.

Hajar F Ismael, Hasan Bulut, Choonkil Park, and MS Osman.

M-lump, n-soliton solutions, and the collision phenomena for the (2+ 1)-dimensional
date-jimbo-kashiwara-miwa equation.
Results in Physics, 19:103329, 2020.

Hajar F Ismael, Aly Seadawy, and Hasan Bulut.

Rational solutions, and the interaction solutions to the (2+ 1)-dimensional time-dependent
date–jimbo–kashiwara–miwa equation.
International Journal of Computer Mathematics, pages 1–9, 2021.

Berat Karaagac.
Application of the improved tan (ϕ (ζ)/2)-expansion method for solving date-jimbo-kashiwara-miwa equation.
New Trends in Mathematical Sciences, 7(1):90–97, 2019.

Kamruzzaman Khan and M Ali Akbar.

The exp (- φ (ξ))–expansion method for finding travelling wave solutions of vakhnenko–parkes equation.
International Journal of Dynamical Systems and Differential Equations, 5(1):72–83, 2014.

17 / 22
 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

Mostafa MA Khater, AA Mousa, MA El-Shorbagy, and Raghda AM Attia.

Analytical and semi-analytical solutions for phi-four equation through three recent schemes.
Results in Physics, 22:103954, 2021.

Xing Lü, Shou-Ting Chen, and Wen-Xiu Ma.

Constructing lump solutions to a generalized kadomtsev–petviashvili–boussinesq equation.
Nonlinear Dynamics, 86(1):523–534, 2016.

Yong-Xin Ma, Bo Tian, Qi-Xing Qu, Cheng-Cheng Wei, and Xin Zhao.
Bäcklund transformations, kink soliton, breather-and travelling-wave solutions for a (3+ 1)-dimensional b-type
kadomtsev–petviashvili equation in fluid dynamics.
Chinese Journal of Physics, 73:600–612, 2021.

Andronikos Paliathanasis.
Lie symmetry analysis and one-dimensional optimal system for the generalized 2+ 1 kadomtsev-petviashvili
equation.
Physica Scripta, 95(5):055223, 2020.

Choonkil Park, RI Nuruddeen, Khalid K Ali, Lawal Muhammad, MS Osman, and Dumitru Baleanu.
Novel hyperbolic and exponential ansatz methods to the fractional fifth-order korteweg–de vries equations.
Advances in Difference Equations, 2020(1):1–12, 2020.

Muhammad Naveed Rafiq, Abdul Majeed, Shao-Wen Yao, Mohsin Kamran, Muhammad Hamza Rafiq, and
Mustafa Inc.
Analytical solutions of nonlinear time fractional evaluation equations via unified method with different
derivatives and their comparison.
Results in Physics, page 104357, 2021.

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 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

Syed Tahir Raza Rizvi, Ishrat Bibi, Muhammad Younis, and Ahmet Bekir.
Interaction properties of solitons for a couple of nonlinear evolution equations.
Chinese Physics B, 30(1):010502, 2021.

Naila Sajid and Ghazala Akram.

The application of the-expansion method for finding the exact solutions of two integrable equations.
Mathematical problems in engineering, 2018, 2018.

Shahzad Sarwar, Khaled M Furati, and Muhammad Arshad.

Abundant wave solutions of conformable space-time fractional order fokas wave model arising in physical
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Aly R Seadawy and Asghar Ali.

Stability analysis and abundant closed-form wave solutions of the date–jimbo–kashiwara–miwa and
combined sinh–cosh-gordon equations arising in fluid mechanics.
International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation, 2021.

Mohammad Safi Ullah, M Zulfikar Ali, Harun-Or Roshid, AR Seadawy, and Dumitru Baleanu.
Collision phenomena among lump, periodic and soliton solutions to a (2+ 1)-dimensional bogoyavlenskii’s
breaking soliton model.
Physics Letters A, 397:127263, 2021.

Yu-Hang Yin, Wen-Xiu Ma, Jian-Guo Liu, and Xing Lü.

Diversity of exact solutions to a (3+ 1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equation and its reduction.
Computers & mathematics with applications, 76(6):1275–1283, 2018.

19 / 22
 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

Asıf YOKUŞ.
Solitary wave solutions of the generalized (3+ 1)-dimensional shallow water-like equation by using modified
kudryashov method.
Adıyaman University Journal of Science, 11(1):157–165, 2021.

Muhammad Younis, Safdar Ali, Syed Tahir Raza Rizvi, Mohammad Tantawy, Kalim U Tariq, and Ahmet Bekir.
Investigation of solitons and mixed lump wave solutions with (3+ 1)-dimensional potential-ytsf equation.
Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 94:105544, 2021.

Yu-Qiang Yuan, Bo Tian, Wen-Rong Sun, Jun Chai, and Lei Liu.
Wronskian and grammian solutions for a (2+ 1)-dimensional date–jimbo–kashiwara–miwa equation.
Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 74(4):873–879, 2017.

EME Zayed and SA Hoda Ibrahim.

Exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equations in mathematical physics using the modified simple equation
method.
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Jin-Liang Zhang, Ming-Liang Wang, Yue-Ming Wang, and Zong-De Fang.

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Songmu Zheng.
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 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

Q&A

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 1. Summary
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Introduction
4. Significance of the Proposed Work
5. Research Methodology
Bibliography

THE END

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