J K Gangal

Madhulika Singh
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Key To
A Practical course in Interactive English Grammar
for Effective Communication–A Simplified Approach

First Edition 2016

ISBN: 978-93-259-9494-2

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 Unit 1. Organising Thoughts, Ideas, Facts and Messages

CONTENTS
The Sentence and its Constituents 5
  ASL ACTIVITY 6
Unit 2. Ways of Expressing Thoughts, Ideas, Facts and Messages
Kinds of Sentences 9
Unit 3. Talking about Process, Action, State and Possession
Verbs and their Kinds—State, Possession, Action 11
Unit 4. Time and Tense—Present, Past, Future
Present Tense 12
  ASL ACTIVITY 14
Unit 5. Talking about Actions in Progress in the Present
The Present Progressive/Continuous Tense 15
  ASL ACTIVITY 17
Unit 6. Talking about Past Habits and States
Simple Past Tense 19
Unit 7. Talking about Events/Actions of Limited Duration in the Past
The Past Progressive/Continuous Tense 21
Unit 8. Relating the Past to the Present
Present Perfect and Simple Tense 24
  ASL ACTIVITY 25
Unit 9. Relating the Past to the Present
Present Perfect and Present Progressive 27
Unit 10. Talking about Past Habits, States and Events
Simple Past, Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive 29
  ASL ACTIVITY 31
Unit 11. Talking about The Future
Simple Future, Simple Present and Present Progressive 32
Unit 12. Talking about the Events to Take Place in the Future
Future Progressive/Continuous 34
  ASL ACTIVITY 34
Unit 13. Talking about Events Likely to be Completed in the Future
Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive 36
Unit 14. Talking about Possibility or Likelihood of Events
Modal Auxiliary Verbs 37
  ASL ACTIVITY 37
Unit 15. Modals Indicating Possibility/Likelihood and Certainty of Events
May, Might, Can, Could, Must 38
Unit 16. Modals of Permission—Seeking/Granting Permission 39
  ASL ACTIVITY 40
Unit 17. Modals Expressing Intention, Willingness, Insistence and Wish
Shall, Will, Would 41
Unit 18. Modals Expressing Prediction
Will, Would, Could 43
  ASL ACTIVITY 44
Unit 19. Modals Expressing Obligation, Compulsion and Necessity
Should, Must, Ought to, Have to, Have got to, Need to 46
Unit 20. Focus on What is Done and not on Who Did it
The Passive Voice 48
  ASL ACTIVITY 50
 Unit 21. Expressing Likes and Dislikes, Preferences and Intentions
Non-finites—Infinitives, Gerunds and Participles 51
CONTENTS

  ASL ACTIVITY 53
Unit 22. Talking about Causes of Events and their Outcomes
Conditionals 55
Unit 23. Enlarging/Extending Meanings
The Phrasal Verbs 57
Unit 24. Enlarging/Extending Meanings
Prepositions and Prepositional Verbs 58
  ASL ACTIVITY 59
Unit 25. Naming Persons, Places,Things and Ideas
The Noun Family—Noun and Noun Phrases 61
  ASL ACTIVITY 63
Unit 26. Talking about People and Things without Naming Them
The Pronoun 65
Unit 27. Specifying whether a Noun is Definite or Indefinite
Articles 66
  ASL ACTIVITY 67
Unit 28. Specifying whether the Noun Referred to is Specific or General
Determiners 69
Unit 29. Describing/Modifying Persons/Places/Objects
Adjectives—Kinds, Formations and Degrees of Comparison 71
  ASL ACTIVITY 73
Unit 30. Referring to Persons, Places,Things and Time Talked of Earlier
Relative Clause 74
  ASL ACTIVITY 75
Unit 31. Talking about How Well an Action Has Taken Place
The Adverb Family—Adverb clauses of Manner, Time, Reason,
Place and Purpose 77
Unit 32. Telling How Often an Event/Action Takes Place
Adverbs of Frequency 78
  ASL ACTIVITY 79
Unit 33. Reporting People’s Words and Thoughts
Direct and Indirect Speech—Reporting Questions I 81
Unit 34. Reporting Words and Thoughts
Direct and Indirect Speech—Reporting Statements II 83
  ASL ACTIVITY 83
Unit 35. Reporting People’s Instructions, Feelings and Emotions
Reported Speech—Imperatives and Exclamatory Sentences III 85
Unit 36. Seeking Confirmation to Statements, Commands and Requests
Question Tags 86
  ASL ACTIVITY 87
Unit 37. Avoiding Misunderstanding and Confusion of Meanings
Punctuation and Capitalisation 88
  ASL ACTIVITY 88
Unit 38. Coordinating and Bringing Ideas Together
Conjunction Linkers 90
Unit 39. Preparing for Creativity in Speech and Writing
Transformation of Sentences 92
UNIT 1 Organising Thoughts, Ideas, Facts and Messages

The Sentence and its

Constituents
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

Essential Elements Optional Elements

Sentence 1 Mother is the child’s first which is absolutely true as endorsed
teacher after its birth in this by all great philosophers of the world
world.
Sentence 2 The jewellery was secretly who is a regular investor, to surprise
bought by her husband. her on their anniversary.
Sentence 3 These days, some people join without caring for the means they
politics just to grab power adopt for it
and money and not for the
service of their countrymen.
Sentence 4 India is a country of which is so natural for a big country.
multilingual, multi-religious A huge country like India cannot be
and multicultural group of an exception to it.
people.
Sentence 5 Our new school Principal with a backing from a well-known
is a young dynamic woman political family of the country.
around 45 years old. Everyone says that she is an asset to
the institution.

PRACTICE EXERCISE 2
1. Mr Surendra Khanna is the proprietor of the new publishing company.
2. He is a man of great vision.
3. He was earlier a business partner with another publisher.
4. Mr Khanna appears to be a man of integrity.
5. He seems fully satisfied with his honest earnings.
6. He feels happy to serve the children of the country.
7. Mr Khanna became the president of the association of all publishing companies of
Delhi last year.

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 PRACTICE EXERCISE 3
1. My father bought a three-bedroom flat .
2. He donated all his pension .
3. The speaker showed a film .
4. He gave an interesting talk .
5. The child narrated a detective story .

PRACTICE EXERCISE 4
1. her friends (indirect object); sweets (direct object)
2. him (indirect object); a book of Indian folk tales (direct object)
3. me (indirect object); a pair of imported jeans (direct object)
4. us (indirect object); a film on children of the 21st century (direct object)
5. her (indirect object); Head Girl of the school (direct object)

PRACTICE EXERCISE 5
1. Teachers teach. (SV–subject + verb intransitive)
2. Our principal read the condolence message. (SVO–mono-transitive)
3. My mother taught me English. (SVOO–ditransitive)
4. The CEO appointed her PRO of the company. (SVOOC–complex transitive)
5. The President of our Student Council seems well informed. (SVCS)
6. He is a social worker. (SVSC–linking)
7. He invited all his childhood friends on his birthday. (SVO)
8. She showed me her family photo album. (SVOO–ditransitive)
9. The government honoured Sachin on his retirement from regular cricket. (SVO)
10. The senior officials of the party elected him their party spokesperson.
(SVOOC–complex transitive)

UNIT–1 ASL ACTIVITY

SPEAKING ACTIVITY
While preparing for Spellathon, various important points have to be kept in mind.
I will try to learn words:
– that are often misspelled.
For example: association, convocation, statue, sophistication, psychology, adequate, etc.

6
 – with double letters.
For example: committee, questionnaire, occasionally, broccoli, embarrass, millennium,
sheriff, etc.
– with ea and ae.
For example: steak, leather, already, aeronautical, aerospace, aerobics, aerial, etc.
– ending with el, le and al.
For example: travel, vowel, enamel, tunnel, fatal, formal, carnival, funeral, saddle, dazzle,
ankle, article, etc.
– with ei and ie.
For example: ceiling, receive, deceit, vein, neighbour, brief, chief, grief, patience, priest,
thief, etc.
– with silent letters.
For example: pseudonym, balm, weightage, playwright, rhythm, etc.
– ending with tion and sion.
For example: nation, upgradation, confusion, fusion, etc.
– that are confusing.
For example: catastrophe, epitome, accommodation, amateur, atheism, category,
conscience, exhilarate, foreigner, license, possessive, etc.
– resources to be used.
For example: newspapers, dictionary, thesaurus, Internet, storybooks, textbooks etc.
– to be spelt in context.
For example: The van was stationary.
I went to a stationery shop yesterday.
The old lady gave alms to the old beggar.
My arms are aching because I carried heavy bags up the stairs.
– sentences will also be framed with word-pairs with the purpose of differentiating the
meanings.
For example: The driver felt intimidated when the traffic policeman shouted at him.
Sudhir intimated his boss about the delay in completion of the
ongoing project.

LISTENING ACTIVITY
A Spelling Bee is a competition in which contestants are asked to spell a broad selection of
words, usually with a varying degree of difficulty. The concept is said to have originated in
the United States.
The Spelling Bee events, along with the variants, are also held in some other countries
around the world. The first winner of an official spelling bee was Frank Neuhauser. He won
the 1st National Spelling Bee in Washington, D.C., in 1925 when he was eleven years old.

7
 In Asia, a spelling bee is conducted in India, Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Bahrain, Ajman, etc.
In Bahrain, an annual spelling bee contest named Spellbound Bahrain was conducted in Africa,
Australia, Canada, Bangladesh, UAE, the United Kingdom and so on.
The competition usually involves learning the correct spellings of words, their use in
sentences and in multiple contexts. The Scripps National Spelling Bee is a competition held
annually in Washington, D.C., in the United States.
Sriram Hathwar and Ansun Sujoe correctly spelt so many words that the Scripps National
Spelling Bee had to declare them both winners in 2014. The US President, Barrack Obama,
tweeted praise to the ‘incredible co-champs’. Children of Indian origin have been doing
exceptionally well in these contests.
1. The Spelling Bee contest is said to have originated in the United States.
2. The first National Spelling Bee contest was held in Washington, DC, in 1925.
3. Frank Neuhauser
4. India, Abu Dhabi and Bahrain
5. Australia and Africa
6. Sriram Hathwar and Ansun Sujoe

8
UNIT 2 Ways of Expressing Thoughts, Ideas,
Facts and Messages

Kinds of Sentences
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
1. Our school celebrated its silver jubilee last week. (S)
2. Is your new Principal from the north-east? (S)
3. I first met her on a flight while we were travelling to Goa. (Cx)
4. Please inform me about any future developments in the case. (S)
5. He asked me whether I liked Moscow during winter. (Cx)
6. Our teacher kept awake the whole night and spent hours in preparing the question paper.
(Cd)
7. She is very beautiful and also conducts herself gracefully. (Cd)
8. The man, who brought you that mysterious envelope, was hiding his face behind a scarf.
(Cx)
9. He never forgets my birthday. (S)
10. If you are upset about anything, please tell me about it. (Cx)

PRACTICE EXERCISE 2
1. Success often comes to those who are courageous. It never comes to those who are
timid or shy.
2. Those who are always worried about the results, never achieve their [Link] is why it
is said that man is the architect of his own destiny.
3. Everyone of us can achieve our goal in life provided we think positively.

PRACTICE EXERCISE 3
1.i. He worked hard for the merit scholarship examination, but he could not appear for
it due to his illness. (compound)
ii. In spite of having worked very hard, he could not appear for the merit scholarship
examination due to his illness. (simple)
2. i. She stood first in the board examination though she had joined the school only six
months before on being transferred from Pune. (complex)
ii. She stood first in the board examination in spite of being transferred from Pune
only six months earlier. (simple)

9
 3.i. Although people had hardly known him as a social worker six months ago, he won
the election to the Delhi Assembly. (complex)
ii. Though unknown as a social worker, he won the election to the Delhi Assembly.
(simple)
4. i. Being a dog lover, my mother spends three to four hours feeding stray dogs of her
locality. (simple)
ii. My mother loves dogs so much that she spends at least three to four hours feeding
the stray dogs of her locality. (compound)

HOW MUCH DO I KNOW? (SELF-EVALUATION)

[Link] dogs which bark at night do not bite.
[Link] of the birds fly very high in the sky.
[Link] woman sitting in the corner who plays organ in the church is my cousin.
[Link] respects an honest and cooperative person, and people want such a person
to be their guide and mentor.
5. Teachers never like students who play truant without any valid reasons.
6. I cannot have the coffee, for it is very hot. or
The coffee is very hot, so I cannot have it.

10
UNIT 3 Talking about Process, Action,

Verbs and their Kinds—

State and Possession

State, Possession, Action

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
1. Saurabh is an artist. (state)
2. They are the supporters of the newly appointed Chief Minister. (state)
3. They canvass for the newly formed political party. (action)
4. Rohit works for Bharat Electronics. (action)
5. The Principal awarded her the best student award of the year. (action)
6. All the encroachments near the assembly hall have been removed. (action)
7. Sushma was applauded for her generous behaviour with her classmates. (action)
8. He sold his farmhouse last week. (action)
9. Our uncle has a large family to support even after his retirement. (possession)
10. Priya is writing a novel these days. (action)

PRACTICE EXERCISE 2
1. Sam does his homework on his return from school.
2. Her parents invite all her friends to a get-together party on Christmas.
3. Sorry, Nadia is not available right now, she is talking on the phone with her friend.
4. Ravi paid an advance of ` 50,000 as booking amount for his office accommodation last
week.
5. All the trees are watered by the gardener regularly.
6. My cousin is coming from Australia today by an early morning flight.
7. Girls are skipping while boys are playing cricket./Girls skip while boys play cricket.
8. Jyoti has a severe backache; she is sleeping right now.

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 UNIT 4 Time and Tense—Present, Past, Future

Present Tense
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
1. My friend always consults me before he takes any important decision.
2. He often makes a century when he plays an inter-school cricket match.
3. He never gets late for school and always stands first in the class.
4. He always helps his friends when they need it.
5. He gives half of his pocket money to the poor and the needy.
6. All the teachers of our school praise him for his helping attitude.

PRACTICE EXERCISE 2 (GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT)

The newly elected Chief Minister of Delhi left for the Ramlila Ground by metro at 8 a.m. with
some of his cabinet ministers for the oath-taking ceremony. His party President welcomed
them at the specially created gate for this grand function. First, the Lieutenant-Governor
administered the oath of office and secrecy to the Chief Minister and then he administered
the oath to the ministers. After the oath-taking ceremony, the Chief Minister addressed the
[Link] addressing the audience, he talked about 18 issues that his government takes
up in the first three months of his taking over his office. He also threw light on his vision of
governance. The entire oath-taking programme took just fifty minutes to be over. After the
programme at the Ramlila Ground, he and his cabinet ministers went to Gandhi’s Samadhi
at Rajghat to pay their homage.

PRACTICE EXERCISE 3
The whole purpose of human life is happiness. All of us strive for it and work towards it.
Different people have different definitions of happiness, but ultimately we all want it. Happiness
is a state of mind, and hence the purpose of life is the maximizing of this experience.

PRACTICE EXERCISE 4
1. The CBSE examination for classes X and XII commences/starts on 1st March.
2. If you contest the election for MP on AAP party ticket this time, you may win.
3. Man cannot survive without oxygen and water.
4. We have two Maruti cars at our disposal.
5. Most Indian people are God-fearing.
6. I think there will be a change in the election strategies of every party for the Lok Sabha
elections after the results of the Delhi Assembly.

12
 7. I have a bad headache.
8. If you have plenty of money, spend it on the welfare activities for the poor and the
needy.
9. It is necessary that every member reports/arrives at 4 o’clock sharp for the emergency
meeting of the party.
10. If he doesn’t give the required information, about his marital status, we will challenge
his nomination to the post of Party President.

PRODUCTION EXERCISE 2
Ritika: Who is your new class teacher?
Mridula: Mrs X is my new class teacher.
Ritika: Where does Mrs X come from?
Mridula: I have no idea. Perhaps she comes from some part of the north-east.
Ritika: Is she married?
Mridula: I think she is a spinster.
Ritika: Where does she stay in Delhi?
Mridula: Why are you so curious about people?
Ritia: No. I am extremely sorry for asking you so many questions about your class
teacher. It is my hobby to collect information about my school teachers.
Mridula: Okay. Are you satisfied now?
Rita: O yes, fully! Thank you very much for all your cooperation.

PRODUCTION EXERCISE 5
1. A thing of beauty is a joy for ever.
2. Those who live for others, never die.
3. To be happy in life, always help others.
4. Love begets love, hatred begets hatred.
5. There is no shortcut to success in life.
6. Peace, power, knowledge, love, happiness and bliss are the internal characteristics of
our soul, which is eternal.

13
 UNIT–4 ASL ACTIVITY
SPEAKING ACTIVITY
The student is free to use his/her discretion and judgement while speaking about his/her
partner. Likewise, the partner should express how his/her attributes help in various fields
of life.

LISTENING ACTIVITY
1. The response will depend on the personal experiences of the student’s partner and
his/her thoughts about expectations by parents, teachers or friends.
2. The response of the student’s partner will depend on his/her own discretion.

14
 Key To A Practical Course In Interactive English
Grammar For Class IX & X

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