STO.

CRISTO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: PERCEPTIONS, PRACTICES,

AND KNOWLEDGE AMONG INDIVIDUALS

A Research Project Presented to the Faculty of Sto. Cristo National High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Subject Research Project

Conducted by Medical Field – Group 1:

Heart Angel S. Barro

Sheila May L. Calimlim

Kristine Anne H. Cortalla

Kim Leslie Ann V. Legaspi

Jhet Q. Sarmiento

Alizza Mae F. Sinaban

Rochelle C. Solano

12 STEM - A

2022 - 202

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APPROVAL SHEET

This research entitled “ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: PERCEPTIONS,

PRACTICES, AND KNOWLEDGE AMONG INDIVIDUALS” prepared and

submitted by Heart Angel S. Barro, Sheila May L. Calimlim, Kristine Anne H. Cortalla,

Kim Leslie Ann V. Legaspi, Jhet Q. Sarmiento, Alizza Mae F. Sinaban, Rochelle C.

Solano, in partial fulfillment for the Research Project subject has been examined and

recommended for acceptance for oral examination.

(Adviser name)

As approved by the Research Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _____ on

June ___, 2023.

LAURIANO A. EWAY
Chairman

RUNDEL MOYA
Member

JONNA C. ANG
Member

BASILLE HAIM DANAE C. JOAQUIN

Member

ANDY M. SALVATIERA
Member

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, I would like to thank God for giving me the strength and knowledge to carry

out this research.

To Ma’am Basille Joaquin, Sir Rundel Moya, Sir Carl Llarinas, and all the

teachers who validated this paper, for their patience and time in checking and rechecking

the research paper, and for sharing their suggestions and constructive criticisms, which

meant so much for the completion of this study.

I want to sincerely thank my family for their constant support, love, and

understanding. Their unwavering support and trust in my capabilities served as a source

of motivation and inspiration.

I want to thank all the people who took time to participate in this study and were

willing to share their knowledge. As a result of their involvement, the data collection

procedure has been improved and the conclusions were more credible.

I also want to thank my co-researchers and friends for their support, assistance,

and lively discussion throughout this research journey, and without them, this study

would not have been possible.

B. H. A. S.

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First, I would like to thank the Almighty God for the guidance, patience, and

perseverance He gave us to accomplish our research paper.

I would like to give my warmest thanks to our Practical Research 2 and Research

Project teacher Sir Rundel Moya, who has been our mentor from the beginning of our

research paper up to being one of the Research Presenters in the Conduct of 3rd SHS

Research Conference. His guidance, advice, and patience in mentoring me and our whole

group have been one of the major factors to accomplish those achievements our group

had.

I also want to express my gratitude and appreciation to my group mates for

investing time and effort to stay up late at night just to rush our paper. I am grateful to

have you as my group mates for you have been cooperative and responsible all

throughout.

Lastly, I would like to give special thanks to Ms. Basille Haim Danae Joaquin for

mentoring us, and Sir Carl Llarinas for giving advice on the statistical data of our paper.

Above all, I want to acknowledge myself for all the hard work, sweat, tears,

perseverance, and leadership I have shown as the co-leader of our group.

C. S. M. L.

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I would like to acknowledge and give my warmest thanks to Ma'am Basille

Joaquin and Sir Rundel Moya. Their guidance and advice carried me through all the

stages of writing my paper. I would also like to thank my research group members for

helping me to finish and complete the task. I would also like to give special thanks to my

family, classmates, and friends for their continued support and understanding as I do this

task. Lastly, I would like to thank God for guiding me and my decisions and for letting

me through all the difficulties.

C. K. A. H.

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I sincerely appreciate our All-Powerful God for giving me knowledge, wisdom,

and everything else that I was unable to have initially. In the absence of Him, this inquiry

would not have been possible.

I also want to express my gratitude to my group members for helping me and

providing guidance for our research.

I'd like to express my gratitude to Mr. Rundel Moya, my research adviser, for

overseeing this project from beginning to end and for having such a strong belief in the

importance of spreading awareness about AMR.

In addition, I'd like to thank Mr. Carl Llarinas and Ms. Basille Haim Danae

Joaquin for their broad understanding and support to us.

Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to my parents for their help

and appreciate their financial contribution to the research.

L. K. L. A. V.

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First and foremost, I would like to give my sincerest thanks to our God for

blessing me with wisdom and strength, and for everything that He gave me. Without

Him, this project would not have been completed.

I would also like to acknowledge our research adviser, Sir Rundel Moya, for

guiding us in this project from the beginning until we finished it, and for putting his

complete support and faith on us in studying the awareness of our respondents regarding

antimicrobial resistance.

I am also grateful to our class adviser, Ma’am Basille Haim Danae Joaquin, to Sir

Carl Llarinas, to Sir Al Santiago, and to all the teachers who contributed to this study, for

their patience in giving suggestions, guidance, and assistance when we were working on

our project.

I also acknowledge my group members for being the hardest working and

encouraging companions ever. Without their powerful support, this study would not have

been completed since I am not a perfect leader.

I would also like to thank my family and friends, as well as the respondents of this

study for their overall help and support, and for giving me inspiration in finishing this

study.

And last but never the least, I am wholeheartedly thankful to our Grade 11

Biology teacher, Ma’am Eloisa Santos, for making me wide awake about the problem

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regarding antimicrobial resistance and for giving me ideas and inspiration to make this

research useful in spreading awareness about AMR.

S. J. Q.

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I would like to express my greatest appreciation to all those who guided me to

complete this 2nd semester of work immersion.

First, I would like to thank our Almighty God for giving me strength and guiding

me throughout my journey and for motivating me to continue this research paper.

Second, I would like to thank my parents for giving encouragement, enthusiasm,

and invaluable assistance to me. Without all these, I might not be able to complete my

research paper.

Thirdly, my deepest appreciation to our teachers, Ms. Basille Haim Danae C.

Joaquin, Mr. Carl Llarinas, and Mr. Rundel Moya for guiding us in doing this paper.

Thank you for always being with us.

Lastly, to my classmates and groupmates who were there for me, thank you for

your encouraging words and for always being there in times of trouble and when I need

someone to talk to.

S. A.M.F.

I would like to acknowledge and give my warmest thanks to our

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supervisor/trainer/subject teacher Mr. Rundel A. Moya and Ms. Basille Haim Danae C.

Joaquin who made this work possible. Their guidance and advice carried me through all

the stages of writing our project. I would also like to thank the committee members for

letting our defense have an enjoyable moment, and for their brilliant comments and

suggestions. I would also like to give special thanks to my family for their continuous

support and understanding while I am undertaking this research project. Their prayer for

me was what sustained me this far. Finally, I would like to thank God for letting me

through all the difficulties. I will keep on trusting in Him in my future endeavors.

S. R. C.

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DEDICATION

I dedicated this study to the great God who always gives me strength, courage,

protection, and ability. Thank you very much.

This study is dedicated to my dear family who have been my source of

inspiration, and who continuously support me morally, mentally, emotionally, and

financially.

To my adviser and research adviser who trusted us to complete this research on

time, and who always helped us improve our research, I owe it all to you.

To my co-researchers and friends, who have been my supporter and helped me

solve my problems, this is for you. You encouraged me to complete this important

research on time and inspired me to keep going.

H. A. B.S.

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First, I would like to dedicate this to the community, future researchers, and

healthcare professionals. May this study help them in their studies on antimicrobial

resistance.

To our mentor and subject teachers related to research subjects, especially to Sir

Rundel who helped us to improve not only our research study but also our skills and

knowledge, I owe you big time.

I also dedicate this study to my co- members who put their effort and time to

finish and accomplish not only the tasks, our research, but also their responsibilities in the

group.

Lastly, I dedicated this study to myself who worked hard to accomplish my

responsibilities as a co-leader, student, and a student researcher. The sole reason why I

dedicate this study to myself was not only because I enjoyed doing this paper but to

accomplish my tasks from Practical Research 2 to Research Project and Capstone subject.

C. S. M. L.

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I sincerely dedicate this research paper to my parents who support, encourage, and

inspire me in conducting this study. They are always there for me to cheer me up and

motivate me to do this study. Moreover, I dedicate this study to my teachers who guide

and teach us to make this study better. Without their love and assistance, this research

would not have been made possible. Lastly, I dedicate this study to God who gives me

hope, strength, guidance, security, and power of thinking despite many problems that I

encountered in life.

C. K. A. H.

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I want to dedicate this research to my cherished family, especially to my parents

for encouraging me to stay firm and for providing financial support throughout our

research. I also dedicate this study to our leader and research teachers, who have been

directing and assisting us from the very beginning up until this point. Of course, I want to

thank God for providing us with wisdom and strength each day up until our defense. I

also want to dedicate this research to other researchers who will use it as a reference or a

guide in the future. We, researchers, would like to conclude by dedicating this effort to

our dear alma mater, Sto. Cristo National High School.

L. K. L. A.

V.

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I dedicate this study to my family and friends for their never-ending help and

assistance whenever I have school activities to do. Also, I dedicate this to Ma’am Basille

and Sir Rundel who patiently taught and guided us SCNHS STEM students while we are

working on this project, to Ma’am Eloisa Santos for assisting me when I was creating an

article on Antimicrobial Resistance back in grade eleven, and to all SCNHS teachers who

helped and supported us in our study. I also want to commend my group mates for their

perseverance, hard work, and enthusiasm while working with me as their leader. To my

classmates for their never-ending support, especially when we presented our research

project in the Schools Division Office, and last but not the least, I dedicate this research

to our Almighty God who blessed me with these precious things: love, strength, and

wisdom.

S. J. Q.

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I would like to dedicate this research paper to my parents and family who

supported, encouraged, inspired, and motivated me in conducting this research paper.

Also, I dedicate this to the teachers who helped us by giving guidance and improvements

before we presented this paper. Lastly, I offer the success of this study to God who

always gives me hope, strength, and motivation in times of trouble.

S. A. M. F.

I truly dedicate my research report to my parents, who have encouraged,

supported, and inspired me in carrying out this study. They are constantly there to cheer

me up and inspire me to complete this education. Furthermore, I dedicate this research to

my teachers who advised and taught us to improve this study. This research would not

have been possible without their affection and assistance. Finally, I dedicate this research

to God, who gives me hope, strength, guidance, stability, and the ability to think despite

the numerous hardships I face in life.

S. R. C

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL SHEET

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

DEDICATION

LIST OF TABLES

RESEARCH ABSTRACT

CHAPTER

1. INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

STATEMENT OF THE

HYPOTHESES

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

DEFINITION OF TERMS

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1. METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

RESEARCH DESIGN

POPULATION

SAMPLING METHOD

SOURCES OF DATA

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

INSTRUMENT VALIDATION

DATA ANALYSIS

ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

2. RESULTS

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

3. DISCUSSION

SUMMARY OF RESULTS

CONCLUSION

RECOMMENDATIONS

EXPECTED OUTPUT

4. APPENDICE

LETTERS

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

CURRICULUM VITAE

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ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to the effective treatment of an

increasing number of infections caused by microbes that are no longer vulnerable to the

medications used to treat them. Despite increased public awareness of the issue, many

people still do not see antibiotic resistance as a major threat to global health. The goal of

this study is to determine how perceptions, practices, and knowledge of certain groups of

people about antimicrobial resistance vary. The researchers performed the Descriptive

Statistics approach, where the perceptions, practices, and knowledge of the respondents

have an overall weighted mean of 2.97, 2.27, and 2.95, respectively. Additionally,

researchers used the One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and found significant

differences in respondents’ perceptions, practices, and knowledge regarding antimicrobial

resistance. The researchers conclude that many of the respondents have little knowledge

about antimicrobials and how to properly use them and are still unaware of the

antimicrobial resistance. The researchers recommend doing study on how well the public

comprehends the various subcategories of antimicrobial drugs and how they work.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is one of the major public health issues of the

21st century, which poses a threat to the effective prevention and treatment of the

expanding number of infections caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi that are

no longer susceptible to the conventional medications used to treat them. As years passed

by, bacteria and viruses that cause common illnesses developed resistance to the

antibiotics present (Prestinaci et al., 2015).

Over time, AMR develops naturally, typically because of genetic alterations.

However, misuse and overuse of antimicrobials accelerate the process of antimicrobial

resistance. Those are the main factors influencing the emergence of bacteria that are

resistant to antibiotics (World Health Organization, 2021). The usage of antibiotics is the

main contributor to antibiotic resistance. Some bacteria are killed by antibiotics;

however, resistant bacteria can survive and even proliferate. Antibiotic usage increases

the prevalence of resistant bacteria. The more antibiotics we use, the greater the

likelihood that microorganisms will develop resistance to them (Australian Government,

2022). Misuse and overuse are the result of a lack of knowledge and awareness about

antimicrobial use and resistance. This reality has become an alarming problem, a threat

that requires immediate action.

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Numerous microorganisms are not susceptible to over-the-counter antibiotics due

to antimicrobial resistance. A broader term, “antimicrobial resistance,” includes

resistance to medications used to treat diseases brought on by various microorganisms,

such as parasites (like malaria), viruses (such as HIV), and fungi (e.g., Candida albicans).

Antibiotics are drugs that are used to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Antibiotic

resistance develops when bacteria adapt to antibiotics. The bacteria developed resistance

to antibiotics, not humans (World Health Organization EMRO, n.d.).

AMR also includes antiparasitic resistance, where the parasites gain resistance

against an antiparasitic medicine that has previously been successfully used against those

parasites (Center for Veterinary Medicine, 2023). As AMR became a significant threat to

public health and a problem in earlier years, the World Health Organization (WHO)

endorsed a global action plan to fight this growing problem of resistance to antibiotics

and other antimicrobial drugs at the 68th World Health Assembly in May 2015.

Annually, from November 18 to 24, the world commemorates World Antimicrobial

Awareness Week to promote best practices among the public and raise public awareness

of AMR. This initial large-scale step by the WHO makes people aware of how big a

threat AMR is.

The problem for most people who are taking antibiotics or other medicines is the

lack of knowledge about the medicines or antibiotics they are taking. That is why it can

increase mortality, hospital stays, and medical costs. Many Filipinos are taking antibiotics

that are not prescribed by their physicians, which increases the severity of an illness. It

may also have a role in the rise of “superbugs,” or bacteria that are difficult to treat.

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Lastly, the lack of practice when it comes to taking antibiotics has led to many of us

taking antibiotics wrongly. That is why it will lead to certain problems, like organ failure

and prolonged care and recovery. This study aims to know how perceptions, practices,

and knowledge about antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance vary among a group of

people.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Profile of the Respondents

In the study “Knowledge and Awareness on Antibiotic Resistance Among the

Residents of Barangay San Fabian, Echague, Isabela,” people between the ages of 18 and

35 had the highest weighted average degree of awareness of antibiotic resistance, with

men having a higher mean level of knowledge than women. Vocational graduates had the

greatest educational attainment and knowledge level, with males also having higher

awareness. The Chi-square test found no correlation between respondents' age, gender, or

highest educational attainment and their level of knowledge or awareness of antibiotic

resistance (Cacayan et al., 2022).

Moreover, in the article entitled “Knowledge, attitude, and practice on

antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance among the veterinarians and para-veterinarians in

Bhutan,” the researchers found that 38.8% of Bhutanese animal health professionals had

excellent understanding of antibiotic use and AMR, with 51% favoring it. 77% had

appropriate practices for using antibiotics, and those who had read the national plan

scored highly. Regular training and refresher courses are needed to prevent incorrect use

of antibiotics (Wangmo et al., 2021).

The study entitled “Investigating knowledge regarding antibiotics and

antimicrobial resistance among pharmacy students in Sri Lankan universities” stated that

pharmacy students demonstrated a solid awareness of AMR, but some admitted to taking

antibiotics. A comparison between junior and senior pharmacy students revealed that

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undergraduate pharmacy students in Sri Lanka had better understanding of optimal

antibiotic use and AMR (Sakeena et al., 2018).

Based on the article entitled “The effectiveness of raising Hong Kong parents’

awareness of antimicrobial resistance through an education program with peer support on

social media: a randomized, controlled pilot study,” peer support on Facebook and

parents' perception that antibiotics might be discontinued were associated with a Pearson

coefficient of 0.78 at p 0.001. Overall, there was no significant difference in the scale

between the two groups. It is recommended that a larger-scale study be conducted with a

focus on the education program and peer support to lower the incidence of antimicrobial

resistance (Or & Ching, 2022).

Furthermore, the study entitled “Knowledge and attitude towards antimicrobial

resistance among final year undergraduate paramedical students at University of Gondar,

Ethiopia” stated that many of the participants believed that if suitable methods are

developed, antibiotic resistance can be prevented as a public health threat. However, most

of them had little awareness about antimicrobial resistance, and their attitudes varied

depending on the topic of research. This finding suggests that raising students' awareness

of antimicrobial resistance could be a strategy for enhancing their attitudes and

justifications for using antibiotics (Seid & Hussen, 2018).

As stated in the article “Knowledge, Attitudes And Practices Regarding The

Use Of Antibiotics. Study On The General Population Of Mureş County, Romania,” 996

individuals were eligible for the study, with 68.7% from rural and 56.8% from urban

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regions. 62.65% believed antibiotics were used to treat bacterial infections, and 61.45%

had used an antibiotic at least once in the previous year. 10.34% took antibiotics on

advice of family or friends, and 22.9% used medicines from their previous prescription.

Most respondents had sufficient knowledge of antibiotics and understood potential effects

(Voidăzan et al., 2019).

The study “Knowledge, attitude and practices among consumers toward

antibiotics use and antibiotic resistance in Swat, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan” stated

that there were 399 participants at three pharmacies, and it was found that most of them

were male (n = 352, 88.2%), between the ages of 34 and 41 (n = 138, 34.6%), illiterate (n

= 128, 32.1%), and higher education (n = 76, 19.0%). Participants at all three pharmacies

had low to moderate levels of knowledge about the dangers and abuse of antibiotics

(Khan et al., 2020).

According to the article “Knowledge and beliefs on antimicrobial resistance

among physicians and nurses in hospitals in Amhara Region, Ethiopia,” their research

showed that 385 people, including 175 doctors and 210 nurses, participated in the study.

95 percent of nurses and 65 percent of doctors said they needed training on antimicrobial

stewardship. In contrast, just 22.8% of nurses and 48% of doctors had access to local

antibiogram data. In total, 278 (72.2%) individuals had knowledge of AMR (Abera et al.,

2014).

The study entitled “Self-Medication Practices and Risk Factors for Self-

Medication among Medical Students in Belgrade, Serbia” articulated that male

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respondents used self-medication less frequently than did female respondents (x2 515.54,

p 0.001). Also, the Spearman's test revealed a negative correlation (r520.13, p 0.001)

between self-medication and respondents' ages. The respondents with fathers with

primary and secondary school education backgrounds self-prescribed more frequently

than the students with fathers with below-degree and university degree qualifications (x2

59.30, p 50.363). Self-medication frequency did not depend on the mother's educational

background (x2 56.02, p 50.014) (Lukovic et al., 2014).

Perceptions

In the article "A Survey and Analysis of the American Public's Perceptions and

Knowledge about Antibiotic Resistance" the researchers found that 92% of respondents

agreed that using antibiotics inappropriately increases the risk of developing antibiotic

resistance, while 70% disagreed or gave neutral responses. Only 10% thought antibiotics

were the best option for treating fatigue, headaches, moodiness, or anxiety. Most likely to

spread infections were not washing their hands, unsanitary hospitals, touching doorknobs,

being in close contact with children, and being out in public (Carter et al., 2016).

According to the study entitled "The misconception of antibiotic equal to an

anti-inflammatory drug promoting antibiotic misuse among Chinese university students,"

Female students were more likely to hold the misconception of antibiotic equal to an anti-

inflammatory drug, while those with backgrounds in social science and humanities were

more likely. Rural students were more likely to report self-medication, request to obtain

antibiotics, and take antibiotics prophylactically (Wang et al., 2019).

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The article "Prevalence of Parental Misconceptions About Antibiotic Use"

found that parents with Medicaid coverage in 2013 were younger, less likely to be white,

and had lower levels of education than those with commercial insurance. Compared to

2000, more parents were aware that green nasal discharge did not need antibiotics, but

this gain was less among Medicaid-covered parents (32% vs 22% P = .02) than

commercially insured parents (49% vs 23% P.01). Parents who had Medicaid coverage in

2013 were more likely to ask for unneeded antibiotics (P.01). Insurance status and

sociodemographic factors have complex relationships (Vaz et al., 2015).

In the article "Misconceptions of Parents about Antibiotic Use in Upper

Respiratory Tract Infections: A survey in Primary Schools of the Eastern Province" They

found that 78.9% of parents received a questionnaire, with 56.6% of them being mothers.

Sixty-seven percent of the parents admitted self-prescribing once or more, and 37.7%

used "leftovers". 62.5% of respondents agreed that children who have a fever and nasal

congestion should not receive an antibiotic, and 63.5% agreed that parents should give

their kids antibiotics for ear or throat problems. The median overall knowledge score was

lowest among those who got their information from primary care facilities and general

practitioners, and highest among those who got it from websites and social media (Al-

Shawi et al., 2018).

Based on the article entitled "A systematic review of the public's knowledge

and beliefs about antibiotic resistance," The researchers found that most participants

thought it was related to alterations in the human body. Many chose reducing antibiotic

use and talking to their doctor as methods for minimizing resistance. Qualitative data also

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revealed that participants thought they were at low risk of developing antibiotic resistance

and blamed others for its emergence (McCullough et al., 2016).

In the study "Not in my backyard: a systematic review of clinicians' knowledge

and beliefs about antibiotic resistance" The researchers found that most clinicians

recognized antibiotic resistance and 98% thought it was a severe problem. Most

respondents thought patient non-adherence and excessive antibiotic use were the main

causes of resistance, and 90% were aware of tactics to lessen it. Qualitative findings

blamed patients, other nations, and healthcare institutions for resistance, and it was

viewed as a low priority and far-off effect of antibiotic prescribing (McCullough et al.,

2015).

In the study "Public Knowledge, Beliefs and Behavior on Antibiotic Use and

Self-Medication in Lithuania" they found that 61.1 percent of respondents have little

understanding about antibiotics and are wrongly perceived as effective against viral or

mixed illnesses. Self-medication with antibiotics was estimated to be occurring at a rate

of 31.0%, with higher likelihoods in men, rural areas, and those without children.

Antibiotics are not well understood by Lithuanians (Pavydė et al., 2015).

The study "Public Beliefs on Antibiotics and Symptoms of Respiratory Tract

Infections among Rural and Urban Population in Poland: A Questionnaire Study" found

that 44.3% of respondents in rural areas and 57.9% of respondents in urban areas had

used an antibiotic in the past two years. Rural participants were less likely to agree with

the statement "usually I know when I need an antibiotic", more likely to consult a doctor

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if they had a cough producing yellow or green phlegm, and more likely to leave the

decision to prescribe antibiotics to their doctor. However, rural participants were more

likely to think that antibiotics speed up the healing of a sore throat (Godycki-Cwirko et

al., 2014).

According to the study entitled "Public awareness and individual responsibility

needed for judicious use of antibiotics: a qualitative study of public beliefs and

perceptions," Public awareness and individual responsibility for judicious use of

antibiotics was identified as a serious health risk with severe potential effects. There was

conflict between reasons for acting wisely on an individual (egoistic) and group

(collective) level, with the need for individual effort and the overuse of antibiotics seen as

the main obstacles (Ancillotti et al., 2018).

In the article "Patient Attitudes and Beliefs and Provider Practices Regarding

Antibiotic Use for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Minya, Egypt" The researchers

found that 292 (83%) of 350 interactions for patients with different ARIs had at least one

antibiotic prescribed. This was linked to the presence of fever, cough, lack of appetite,

and sore throat in children under the age of 18, as well as the caregiver's preference for

antibiotics. Interventions to encourage proper antibiotic usage for ARIs need to be

piloted, with medical education initiatives and public awareness campaigns (Kandeel et

al., 2014).

Based on the study entitled "Influence of Clinical Communication on Parents’

Antibiotic Expectations for Children with Respiratory Tract Infections," Cabral et al.

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(2016) found that while doctors often reminded parents that antibiotics are ineffective

against viruses, this had no effect on their beliefs about the necessity for consultation or

their expectations regarding medicines. Parents claimed that antibiotics were required to

treat more serious infections, which was confirmed by doctors' use of problem-

minimizing language with viral diagnoses and problem-oriented language with antibiotic

prescriptions. Most parents had little awareness of antimicrobial resistance, but the

majority supported less antibiotic prescribing.

According to the study entitled "Knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic

resistance among Norwegian pharmacy customers – a cross-sectional study," Waaseth et

al. (2019) found that 71% of pharmacy customers had strong awareness of antibiotic

resistance, 57% had high understanding of antibiotics, 90% believed overuse could

reduce effectiveness, and 30% falsely claimed antibiotics work well against viruses,

colds, and influenza.

In the study "Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice toward

Antibiotic Use among Harar City and Its Surrounding Community, Eastern Ethiopia,"

participants in Harar City and its surrounding community, Eastern Ethiopia, agreed that

using antibiotics too often can make germs more resistant, should not be kept at home,

and should have a prescription to purchase antibiotics from a drugstore (Jifar & Ayele,

2018).

As stated by Nogueira-Uzal et al. (2020) in their study entitled "Does the

problem begin at the beginning?,” medical students are aware of the overuse of broad-

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spectrum antibiotics at their teaching hospital, but have a lack of understanding on the

treatment of prevalent infections and upper respiratory tract infections.

According to the study entitled "European medical students: a first multicenter

study of knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of antibiotic prescribing and antibiotic

resistance," They found that students were most confident in their ability to identify an

infection, but least confident in their ability to select combination treatments. The most

significant causes of resistance were overprescription of medications and overuse of

broad-spectrum antibiotics. 92% of students believed antimicrobial resistance was an

issue at the national level, and 83% believed MRSA bacteremia rates had grown in their

home countries. 388 students self-medicated, with the most common sickness being a

cold or cough (Dyar et al., 2014).

In the study entitled "Perceptions in the community about the use of antibiotics

without a prescription: exploring ideas behind this practice," Aponte-González et al.

(2019) found that it is common practice to use antibiotics without a prescription due to

poor medical insurance, drugstore owners' high levels of public trust, and

misunderstandings concerning antibiotic therapy.

According to the study entitled "Prevalence and correlates of antibiotic sharing

in the Philippines: antibiotic misconceptions and community-level access to non-medical

sources of antibiotics" found that 78% of people admitted to always sharing antibiotics,

usually with family members. The likelihood of reported antibiotic sharing was correlated

with agreement with the notion that it is safe to abruptly end an antibiotic course and

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worries about adverse effects of antibiotics. The two antibiotics most frequently offered

for purchase at the stands were amoxicillin and cephalexin. 59% of the antibiotics lacked

expiration dates.

Practices

In the article entitled "Clinical pattern of antibiotic overuse and misuse in

primary healthcare hospitals in the southwest of China," 91,8% of the 74,648

prescriptions for antibiotics were found to be used improperly. The greatest rates of

improper usage were seen for illnesses of the eye and adnexa (0%) and diseases of the

skin and subcutaneous tissue (99%) (Chang et al., 2019).

The article "Prevalence of Self-Medication Among the Elderly in Kermanshah-

Iran" found that 83% of elderly people engaged in self-medication due to trust in its

safety, past use of the drug, crowded doctor's offices, belief that the sickness was not

serious, and experience with the disease. The most used medications were analgesics,

cold medications, vitamins, digestive medications, and antibiotics (Jafari et al., 2015).

The article "Self-medication practice in Akuse, a rural setting in Ghana" found

that influence from family and friends was one of the main causes of self-medication.

The most used medications were antibiotics and analgesics, which were purchased from

licensed chemical sellers. A little over a third of respondents claimed that self-medication

had no effect on their illness, but most were unaware of any possible side effects. Higher

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education respondents had the most knowledge about negative medication responses

(Mensah et al., 2019).

The study "Patterns and Predictors of Self-Medication in Northern Uganda''

found that 75.7 percent of those surveyed reported self-medicating with antibiotics. The

most common symptoms were fever, headache, loss of appetite, and generalized

weakness. Courtem, amoxicillin, metronidazole, and cotrimoxazole were the most often

self-prescribed antibiotics. Participants bought 13.98.8 pills or capsules of antimicrobial

medication on average from pharmacies and used it for an average of 3.72.8 days. Half of

the respondents said they would advise another ill individual to self-medicate (Ocan et

al., 2014).

Self-medication practice in pregnant women from central Mexico was found to

be practiced by 21.9% of the population, which included allopathic drugs, medicinal

plants, and other products like vitamins and dietary supplements. Self-medication related

to higher levels of education, smoking, and alcohol use. Consuming medicinal plants has

been associated with relief from nausea, constipation, colds, and migraines, while using

allopathy for self-medication has been linked to migraines and gastritis. The majority of

those who self-medicated were swayed by friends or family members who supported the

use of allopathic or herbal medications (Alonzo-Castro et al., 2018).

The article "Studying the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Antibiotic

Misuse Among Alexandria Population" found that 64% of the population used antibiotics

without a prescription in the preceding year. The top two reasons for self-medication

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were to save time and effort and to avoid doctor appointments. Amoxicillin-clavulanic

acid was used to treat almost 60% of the patients. Of the 85 caregivers for young

children, 18 (21%) admitted to administering antibiotics without first seeing a doctor.

Only 30 (26%) of the 115 people who asserted to have medical skill were able to

complete part 3, with 23 of them claiming to have used antibiotics for self-medication

(El-Hawy et al., 2014).

In the article entitled "Antibiotic use by poultry farmers in Kiambu County,

Kenya: exploring practices and drivers of potential overuse" by Kariuki et al. (2023),

farmers use antibiotics extensively due to availability, medicine accessibility, and

financial constraints. Common practices include prevention, boosting production, self-

prescription, combination antibiotics, and antibiotics of high importance in human

medicine. Sources of information for farmers include distributors, agro-veterinary

practitioners, and peer-learning. The frequency of illness, medicine accessibility, and

financial constraints all affect how often antibiotics are used.

The article "Non-prescribed drug use and predictors among pregnant women in

Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis" found that 4492 pregnant women met the

inclusion criteria. Nationally, 30.38% of pregnant women used non-prescription drugs,

with Paracetamol (34.38%), amoxicillin (14.73%), aspirin (4.25%), metronidazole

(2.81%), and ciprofloxacin (2.80%) being the most frequently taken. There were

significant correlations between the mother's history of self-medication, her pregnancy-

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related sickness, her marital status, and the usage of women's over-the-counter drugs

during pregnancy (Yimer et al., 2020).

Rahmani et al. (2019) in their study entitled “Prevalence of Self-medication

Among Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis” found that regional

differences in prescription and over-the-counter drug systems account for the various

self-medication prevalence rates around the world. The high prevalence of self-

medication can be attributed to high costs of routine doctor visits, insufficient health

insurance coverage, the availability of supplements in pharmacies, prior exposure to

certain medications, and a lack of awareness of symptoms. All medicines can be acquired

without a prescription in various African countries.

In the article entitled "Prevalence and Associated Factors of Self-Medication

Among Pregnant Women on Antenatal Care Follow-Up at University of Gondar

Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional

Study," self-medication during pregnancy was common among 400 respondents, with

38.0% using herbal and traditional drugs and 12.5% using traditional drugs. Self-

medication history and monthly income were found to be significantly correlated with

each other. It is important to educate pregnant women about the potential risks of self-

medication (Sema et al., 2020).

In the article entitled "Prevalence and Drivers of Self-Medication Practices

among Savar Residents in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study." They found that self-

medication practice (SMP) was prevalent in 520 participants, with 60.2% reporting SMP

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as a primary practice. The primary causes of SMP were pharmacies, prior experience or

prescriptions, and peer consultations. The stated reasons were basic sickness, increased

consulting costs, inadequate health-care services, and delayed access. The study found

that sociodemographic risk factors for SMP included age, marriage, illiteracy, having any

occupation, and having a chronic illness. They suggest that adequate health care access

mechanisms and public education should be developed to lower the rate of SMP

(Moonajilin et al., 2020).

The article "Prevalence and Associated Factors of Self-Medication Among

Pregnant Women on Antenatal Care Follow-Up at University of Gondar Comprehensive

Specialized Hospital in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study" found that

self-medication during pregnancy was common among 400 respondents, with 38.0%

using herbal and traditional drugs and 12.5% using traditional drugs. Self-medication

history and monthly income were found to be significantly correlated with each other. It

is important to educate pregnant women about the potential risks of self-medication

(Pereira et al., 2021).

The article "Comparative assessment of the prevalence, practices and factors

associated with self-medication with antibiotics in Africa" found that self-medication

with antibiotics is very common in Africa, especially in Western Africa. Factors such as

low education, financial difficulties, limited access to healthcare, poor health-seeking

behavior, and insufficient policies contribute to this trend. To control self-medication

with antibiotics in Africa, a user-centered, context-specific, multimodal approach is

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needed that speaks to a range of actors and stakeholders, from antibiotic users to

dispensers to legislators (Yeika et al., 2021).

In the article by Altorkmani et al. (2021) found that the majority of survey

participants had minimal knowledge and attitudes against the use of antibiotics, but a

significant fraction was abusing them due to ignorance and access issues. The study calls

for the reactivation and strict enforcement of laws prohibiting pharmacists from selling

medications without a prescription, the establishment of laws regulating the prescription

of antibiotics, and awareness campaigns targeting people with low levels of education

and financial stability.

In the article entitled "Assessment of the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of

Antibiotic Prescription among a group of Dentists in Egypt: A Cross-sectional Survey,"

the participants' practices varied in their degrees of departure from the AAPD's

recommendations for antibiotic prescriptions, primarily in the form of over-prescriptions

for illnesses that don't call for them. Additionally, these immoral behaviors can directly

exacerbate the problem of antibiotic resistance (El-Geleel et al., 2021).

In the article entitled "Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of

Antibiotic Use among the Population of Boyolali, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study",

the researchers found that 73.12% of participants believed antibiotics were useful for

healing viral infections and 63.35% could mitigate fever. 50% of respondents admitted to

ending their use when symptoms subsided. Gender, place of residence, education level,

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and monthly income were associated with knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding

antibiotic use (Karuniawati et al., 2021).

The article "Household antimicrobial self-medication: a systematic review and

meta-analysis of the burden, risk factors and outcomes in developing countries'' found

that the most common problematic practices in the nonprescription use of antimicrobial

drugs include brief treatment durations, insufficient medicine doses, wrong indications,

and drug exchange sharing. Studies from the Middle East and Asia typically included 5-

day antimicrobial self-medication strategies, and the majority of studies on insufficient

drug dosage for self-medication originated from Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (Ocan et

al., 2015).

In the article entitled "Factors Associated with Parental Self-medication of

Antibiotics in Health Centers of Manila," parental self-medication with antibiotics was

common (42.05%), and the age of the mothers was associated with it (p 0.029, OR =

1.02). Without a prescription, moms were giving antibiotics to their children, mostly to

treat coughing (33.54%). The antibiotic that was most frequently used improperly

(54.08% of cases) was amoxicillin.

In the article titled "An Overview of Antibiotic Prescription After Tooth

Extraction Across Dentist in Bandung City, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study", some

dentists in Bandung City still prescribe antibiotics even though they aren't always

necessary for conditions like basic post-extraction, irreversible pulpitis, and reversible

pulpitis. Infections are more typically treated with antibiotics that have a broad spectrum

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of activity. When determining whether to give antibiotics after a straightforward tooth

extraction, one must also consider the patient's health, the diagnosis, and the degree of

extraction difficulty (Shasya et al., 2022).

In the article entitled "Antibiotic prescribing practices of Filipino Dentists" by

Sarmiento et al. (2019), the survey found that most dentists adhere to proper antibiotic

prescribing guidelines, but some prescribe antibiotics for unrelated illnesses. Most

patients prefer periodontal surgery, endodontic surgery, extraction of infected teeth, and

other treatments. However, some dentists do not prescribe antibiotics when it is medically

necessary, such as in cases requiring antibiotic prophylaxis. Only a small percentage of

respondents had extensive knowledge about antimicrobial stewardship, suggesting that

some dentists inappropriately prescribe antibiotics for dental conditions, treatments, and

medical issues.

Knowledge

Although fewer than 25% of respondents to their study said that antibiotics are

effective for most colds and coughs, almost 40% thought they were the best option for

treating cold symptoms including a runny nose and sore throat. Around two thirds of

respondents to the WHO poll thought that antibiotics would treat a sore throat (70%) as

well as colds and the flu (64%).

The study "A systematic review of the public’s knowledge and beliefs about

antibiotic resistance" found that a median of 70% of participants had been familiar with

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the term "antibiotic resistance". The majority (median 88%) defined resistance as a

mutation brought on by antibiotics that makes the treatment ineffective. Of the seven

studies that asked participants about this, 68% thought that bacteria were becoming more

resistant to antibiotic treatment, and 53% thought that antibiotic resistance was a problem

for their nation (McCullough et al., 2015).

In the article entitled "Antibiotics Use and Misuse in Children: A Knowledge,

Attitude and Practice Survey of Parents in India," Agarwal et al. (2015) stated that their

study of 872 parents revealed that 15.5% of them did not recognize what antibiotic

resistance meant, compared to 28% who correctly identified that antibiotics are used to

treat bacterial diseases. 73.6%) agreed that giving children antibiotics they don't need can

be harmful, and 85.2% never use leftover antibiotics without consulting a doctor. Males,

parents with greater levels of formal education, and those who had previously used

antibiotics had more knowledge about antibiotics and fewer misunderstandings.

According to Asante et al. (2017) in their study entitled "Knowledge of

antibiotic resistance and antibiotic prescription practices among prescribers in the Brong

Ahafo Region of Ghana", they found that most of the prescribers (50.0%) were nurses

and 51.0%) worked in hospitals. All the prescribers had a high level of ABR expertise

and 80.0% agreed that the antibiotics now in use may eventually lose their effectiveness.

Prescribers attributed the burden of ABR to wrong prescribing habits and a lack of

effective ABR control mechanisms. Among the lower cadre, the prescribers' prescription

procedures varied, but were generally improper.

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The article "Understanding of Pharmacy Students towards Antibiotic Use,

Antibiotic Resistance and Antibiotic Stewardship Programs: A Cross-Sectional Study

from Punjab, Pakistan" found that most pharmacy students had average knowledge of

antibiotic usage, ABR (42.6%), ABR mechanisms (48.0%), and factors of ABR (51.7%).

However, most pharmacy students had below-average knowledge of various facets of

antibiotic usage, ABR, and stewardship programs. Teaching and training medical

students and healthcare professionals on the proper prescription and use of antibiotics

may lessen the burden of ABR (Hayat et al., 2021).

In the results of the study entitled "Knowledge-Based Attitudes of Medical

Students in Antibiotic Therapy and Antibiotic Resistance. A Cross-Sectional Study,"

students at the Medical University of Warsaw are aware of the risks of antibiotic

resistance and believe it is caused by abuse. They are aware of their knowledge gaps and

agree that further classes on antibiotic therapy should be added to the curriculum. The

survey also highlighted informed opinions regarding antibiotics, with one in four

respondents (23.7%) and four out of ten (40.9%) disagreeing with a doctor's

recommendation. 92.4 percent of students would like to learn more about antibiotic

treatment (Sobierajski et al., 2021).

As stated by Al-Taani et al. (2022) in their study entitled "Knowledge,

Attitude, and Behavior about Antimicrobial Use and Resistance among Medical, Nursing

and Pharmacy Students in Jordan: A Cross Sectional Study," Participants scored highly

on knowledge of proper use, misuse, and adverse effects of antibiotics, while 65.2%

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understood the rise of antibiotic resistance. There is a national action plan to combat

antibiotic resistance, but only 13.1%, 29.1%, or 57.8% of students know about it. More

information is needed on antibiotic resistance, medical problems for which antibiotics are

prescribed, and proper antibiotic usage.

According to the study entitled "Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on

Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Commercial Poultry Farmers in

Bangladesh," The majority of respondents lack adequate AMU and AMR knowledge,

attitudes, and practices (KAP). One-third don't ask licensed veterinarians for

antimicrobials. Factor score analysis showed socioeconomic and demographic

characteristics had a significant impact on KAP. Older farmers with 9-12 years of

farming experience and graduate-level education were more likely to have proper KAP

on AMU and AMR (Hassan et al., 2021).

Pham-Duc et al. (2019) stated in their study entitled "Knowledge, attitudes and

practices of livestock and aquaculture producers regarding antimicrobial use and

resistance in Vietnam" that pig farmers reported different justifications for using

antibiotics, with only one-fifth of producers showing support for using antibiotics and

combating antibiotic resistance. They favor providing antibiotics (17%) over using

cleanliness (10%) or quarantine (5%) as their first line of defense when a disease is

detected. Pig farmers showed better levels of knowledge, more positive attitudes, and

higher self-reported usage of good practices.

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The article "Knowledge and perceptions of Australian postgraduate veterinary

students prior to formal education of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance" by

McClelland et al. (2021) revealed that 84.4% of students agreed to act against AMR, and

that livestock producers had a significant role in the continuation of AMR. 37.8% were

unclear if AMR could be transferred from animals to people. Initiatives such as

education, cleanliness, surveillance, and the creation and dissemination of guidelines

were more important than restrictive measures to decrease veterinarian prescriptions of

antibiotics.

In the study entitled "Knowledge of Antimicrobial Resistance among

Veterinary Students and Their Personal Antibiotic Use Practices: A National Cross-

Sectional Survey," 39.2% of 426 participants had used personal antibiotics over the

preceding six months. 60% received lower than average knowledge scores, and 87%

asked for additional guidance. Fewer than 25% were aware of international organizations

and activities for AMR and antimicrobial stewardship. Final year students had 9 and 14

times more satisfactory knowledge on antimicrobials in humans and animals, and 13x

more knowledge and awareness of contributing variables of AMR than other students

(Odetokun et al., 2019).

As articulated by Arshad et al. (2022) in their study entitled "Knowledge on

Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens, Antibiotic Use and Self-Reported Adherence to

Antibiotic Intake: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey From Pakistan," Males

and urban people had better knowledge of antibiotic usage, with 50% of responders

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providing accurate responses. Of the 3,611 people who took antibiotics, 855 (23.7%) had

a cough, 497 (13.8%) had a sore throat, 335 (9.3%) had earaches, 665 (18.4%) had a

burning sensation when urinating, and 667 (18.4%) had wounds or soft tissue

inflammation. 60.1% said MDR pathogen was a crucial issue.

The article "Attitudes and Knowledge Regarding Antimicrobial Use and

Resistance Among Pharmacy and Medical Students at the University of Split, Croatia"

found that 92.5% felt that a solid knowledge of antibiotics is essential for their job, that

improper use of antibiotics leads to the development of AMR, and that 64.9% of MSE

students would prefer greater instruction on how to use antimicrobials appropriately

(Rusic et al., 2018).

As stated by Shah et al. (2019) in their article entitled "Knowledge, Attitude,

and Practice Associated with Antibiotic Use among University Students: A Survey in

Nepal," the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of medical students (MS) compared to

non-medical students (NMS) were more advanced. Interventions are needed to increase

knowledge and alter behavior of both MS and NMS regarding the prudent use of

medicines, such as lectures, courses, workshops, and seminars. These interventions

include lectures, courses, workshops, and seminars, as well as online and media

campaigns.

In the study "Use of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance in Nepal: a

nationwide survey," 75% of the 324 patients surveyed had little knowledge of the

problem of antimicrobial resistance. Of the total 324 patients, 5.6% were exposed to

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AMR and terms related to it through the media, 3.7% through friends and family, 3.1%

through doctors or nurses, and only a few (1.2%) were exposed to it through prescribers.

The final portion of the questionnaire focused on how people perceive antibiotic

resistance, and 75% had little knowledge of the problem (Rijal et al., 2021).

Marzan et al. (2021) articulated in their study entitled "Knowledge, Attitudes,

and Practices of Antimicrobial Uses and Resistance Among Public University Students in

Bangladesh" that 42.4% of students demonstrated a high level of knowledge, with

students with a background in biology having more knowledge than those without a

background in biology. All students displayed a more positive attitude. 90% of students

took antibiotics as prescribed by a doctor, and the percentage of self-medication was

extremely low. Self-medication was not significantly correlated with gender, student

category, or amount of antibiotic knowledge.

Based on the study entitled "Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding

antimicrobial use and resistance among communities of Ilala, Kilosa and Kibaha districts

of Tanzania," more than half of participants from Ilala (56.3%) and fewer than half from

Kilosa (40.4%) and Kibaha (35.9%) strongly agreed that AMR develops when antibiotics

are no longer effective in treating illnesses. This degree of agreement was more

pronounced among individuals with secondary and college/university education than

those with less education. Additionally, over half (51.8%) of participants from Ilala and

about one-third from Kilosa (35.2%) and Kibaha (32.1%) strongly concurred that many

infections are getting more difficult to treat with antimicrobials (Sindato et al., 2020).

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The article "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Community Pharmacy

Professionals on Poultry Antibiotic Dispensing, Use, and Bacterial Antimicrobial

Resistance in Zambia: Implications on Antibiotic Stewardship and WHO AWaRe

Classification of Antibiotics" by Mudenda et al. (2022) articulated that those who had

been employed for at least a year had a better understanding of ABU and AMR.

However, veterinarians found that those who studied the National Action Plan on

Antibiotics and AMR had a strong knowledge of ABU and AMR. Factors affecting good

knowledge of ABU and AMR include age, education level, years of experience, and

training in those fields.

Al-Shibani et al. (2017) stated in their study entitled "Knowledge, attitude and

practice of antibiotic use and misuse among adults in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia" that the

definition of antimicrobial resistance was unknown to 67% of 1974 participants, and 67%

had no knowledge of the dangers of antibiotics. Twenty four percent thought they could

treat viruses, 31 percent a cold, and 21 percent a cough. Fifty one percent of people used

antibiotics without a doctor's prescription, and 37.5% got them directly from drugstores.

Forty two percent stopped taking antibiotics after symptoms subsided. The most

immediate need is to raise public knowledge about the use of antibiotics, and

enforcement of laws may be necessary in prescription. Additionally, it is important to

regulate other issues such as clinician conduct and lack of diagnoses.

The Filipino participants in the study entitled "Knowledge of Residents of

Lagro, Quezon City, Philippines on Antimicrobials and the Development of

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Antimicrobial Resistance" lacks knowledge of the categorization of antibiotics and the

possibility of developing antibiotic resistance from eating poultry products. Additionally,

they lack understanding of how improper use of antibiotics could result in poor therapy,

how to store antibiotic suspensions, and how taking antibiotics too often can reduce their

effectiveness. To prevent both antibiotic resistance and inefficient treatment, there is an

urgent need to educate the public about antimicrobials and their development. (Tejada et

al., 2017).

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In this section, researchers examine various theories that are connected to

people’s perceptions, knowledge, and practices regarding antimicrobials. “The Social

Cognitive Theory “by Albert Bandura (SCT) explains how personal experiences, other

people’s conduct and environmental circumstances affect a person’s health behaviors

(Social Cognitive Theory Model- Rural Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Toolkit, n. d.). Observational learning plays a significant role in Social Cognitive Theory.

Behaviorists like B. F. Skinner and Bandura disagreed with each other’s theories of

learning. Skinner believed that individual activity was the only way for learning to occur.

But according to Bandura, learning occurs considerably more swiftly through

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observational learning, which involves watching and copying models that one encounters

in one’s surroundings (Vinney, 2019).

On the other hand, Social Learning Theory discusses the significance of

observing, modeling, and copying the actions, mindsets, and emotions of others on how

people think and act. It also examines the relationship between cognitive and

environment-related factors which influence human learning and behavior (Mcleod,

2023).

To relate the two theories of Albert Bandura to researchers’ study, the

perceptions, practices, and knowledge of the individuals regarding healthcare may affect

due to influence of an individual 's experiences, the actions of others, and environmental

factors on individual health behaviors. This can be done by influence of the internal and

external factors, and modeling and observational learning

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The figure presents the conceptual paradigm of the study indicating the

independent variable and dependent variable. On the left-hand side of the framework

includes the independent variables of the study, namely the antimicrobial resistance. On

the other hand, the dependent variable of the study is the perception, practices, and

knowledge particularly individuals.

INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
Perception
Antimicrobial Resistance Practice
(AMR)
Knowledge

Figure 2. A graphical representation of the IV - DV Framework of the study.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The proposed study is focused on the perception, practices, and knowledge of

chosen Northridge residents.

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions:

1. How may the respondents be described in terms of:

1.1 age;

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1.2 highest educational attainment;

1.3 monthly income; and
2. What are the perceptions of the respondents in antimicrobial resistance?
3. What are the practices of the respondents in using antimicrobial drugs?
4. What is the knowledge of the respondents with regards to antimicrobial
resistance?
5. Is there a significant difference among the respondents’ perceptions, practices,
and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance?

6. Is there a significant difference among perceptions, practices, and knowledge of

antimicrobial resistance of respondents in terms of age group?

7. Is there a significant difference among the perceptions, practices, and knowledge

of antimicrobial resistance among respondents in terms of educational attainment?

8. Is there a significant difference among the perceptions, practices, and knowledge

of antimicrobial resistance among respondents in terms of socioeconomic income
class?

9. Is there a significant difference among the respondents’ age categories (early,

middle, and late adulthood) concerning perceptions, practices, and knowledge of
antimicrobial resistance?

10. Is there a significant difference among the respondent’s educational attainment

with regards to perceptions, practices, and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance?

11. Is there a significant difference among the respondent’s socioeconomic income

class with regards to perceptions, practices, and knowledge of antimicrobial
resistance?

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HYPOTHESES

Null Hypotheses

Ho: There is no significant difference among respondents’ perceptions, practices,

and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance.

Ho: There is no significant difference among respondents’ perceptions, practices,

and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance in terms of age group.

Ho: There is no significant difference among respondents’ perceptions, practices,

and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance in terms of educational attainment.

Ho: There is no significant difference among respondents’ perceptions, practices,

and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance in terms of socioeconomic income class.

Ho: There is no significant difference among respondent’s educational attainment in

regards with perceptions, practices, and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance.

Ho: There is no significant difference among respondent’s age categories in regards

with perceptions, practices, and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance.

Ho: There is no significant difference among respondent’s socioeconomic income

class in regards with perceptions, practices, and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance.

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Alternative Hypotheses

Ha: There is a significant difference among respondents’ perceptions, practices,

and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance.

Ha: There is a significant difference among respondents’ perceptions, practices,

and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance in terms of age group.

Ha: There is a significant difference among respondents’ perceptions, practices,

and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance in terms of educational attainment.

Ha: There is a significant difference among respondents’ perceptions, practices,

and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance in terms of socioeconomic income class.

Ha: There is a significant difference among respondent’s age categories in regards

with perceptions, practices, and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance.

Ha: There is a significant difference among respondent’s educational attainment in

regards with perceptions, practices, and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance.

Ha: There is a significant difference among respondent’s socioeconomic income

class in regards with perceptions, practices, and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance.

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SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The general intent of this study is to know the awareness of adults in antimicrobial

resistance with a focus on the knowledge, practices, and perception they know about

antimicrobial resistance.

This study will mainly identify and assess different factors in awareness of adults

in antimicrobial resistance. Also, this study learns to identify on how much perception,

practices, and knowledge of adults in antimicrobial resistance.

This study will be conducted with a limited number of financial resources and time

framework.

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

For Healthcare Providers

Healthcare professionals may consider the findings of this study to confirm if

many people are still unaware of antimicrobial resistance. They could initiate appropriate

action to address the problem based on the results of our research.

For Medicine Consumers

This study may help medicine users understand the risks of antimicrobial

resistance. Thus, they would utilize medicines with more caution, especially for parents

when treating their children.

For Future Researchers

For future researchers, the findings of this study could serve as the foundation of

further research and as relevant literature.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

Age

A time in a person's life measured in years from birth, usually marked by a certain

stage or degree of mental or physical development and involving legal responsibility and

capacity.

Antimicrobial

An agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth. Antimicrobial

medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against.

For example, antibiotics are used against bacteria, and antifungals are used against fungi.

Antimicrobial Resistance

Antimicrobial resistance occurs when germs such as bacteria and fungi develop

the ability to resist drugs that are designed to kill them.

Educational attainment

The highest level of education that a person has successfully completed is referred

to as educational attainment. The achievement of the learning objectives of that level,

typically validated through the assessment of acquired knowledge, skills, and

competencies, is referred to as successful completion of a level of education.

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Knowledge

The body of knowledge about diseases, mechanisms and pathogenesis, therapies

and interactions, and lab test interpretation.

Monthly Income

The gross monthly wages or salaries paid to employees before deducting

employee CPF contributions and personal income tax. It consists of base pay, overtime

pay, commissions, tips, other allowances, and one-twelfth of the annual bonus.

Perceptions

The act or faculty of apprehending by means of the senses or of the mind;

cognition; understanding.

Practices

A clinical prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of human disease, injury, or

condition requiring a physician to obtain and maintain a license in accordance with a

member state's medical practice act.

Socioeconomic Income Class

It is a means of classifying people based on their income or wealth. Social class as

a marker of one's social standing in relation to one's socioeconomic situation.

Socioeconomic status is often described as a mix of financial income, education level,

and occupation.

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CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the researchers discussed the methodology of this study. The

methodologies employed in this study to assess antimicrobial resistance as well as their

rationale for use were examined, including how well people understand it and how they

perceive it. It consists of the research design, population sampling technique, data

sources, data gathering procedures, instrument validation, data analysis, and ethical

consideration.

RESEARCH DESIGN

A descriptive research design was used in this study. In a descriptive research

approach, the variables are observed and not controlled or changed (McCombes, 2019).

This study likewise used a correlational research approach. According to Study.com, a

correlational study aims to ascertain whether two or more variables are related and, if so,

how. Additionally, the researchers will assess the connection between an individual's

perspective, practices, and knowledge using only a survey and no outside influence.

Aspects of the variable’s association will also be established using the research design.

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POPULATION AND SAMPLING

The participants in the study are the residents of Northridge Classic, a subdivision

in Palmera in City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan. The researchers used convenience

sampling because of the availability at that time. Convenience sampling is a non-

probability sampling technique which enables researchers to quickly access individuals or

groups that are accessible and convenient to reach, this is particularly useful when the

time is limited (Fleetwood, 2023). The researchers obtained seventy (70) adult residents

of the subdivision. It consists of thirty-one (31) people from early adulthood, twenty-five

(25) people from middle adulthood, and fourteen (14) people late adulthood. The target

respondents for this study are only 18 years old to 80 years old.

Table 1. Distribution of Adult Groups

Age groups Number of Respondents

Early Adulthood 31

Middle Adulthood 25

Late Adulthood 14

Total 70

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Table 2. Distribution of Educational Attainment Groups

Educational Attainment Groups Number of the Respondents
Elementary Undergraduate 0
Elementary Graduate 5
High School Undergraduate 6
High School Graduate 20
College Undergraduate 15
College Graduate 21
Vocational Graduate 0
Chose not to say 3
Total 70

Table 3. Distribution of Socioeconomic Income Class

Socioeconomic Income Class Number of the Respondents
Poor
44
(Below 10, 957)
Low Income But Not Poor
13
(10. 957-21, 914)
Lower Middle
7
(21, 914- 43, 828)
Chose not to say 6
Total 70

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SOURCES OF DATA

The researchers used a survey questionnaire as a source of data for this study. The

survey questionnaires will be used to get the demographic profile of the respondents as

well their perception, practices, and knowledge in antimicrobial resistance. It has been

distributed as a 4-point Likert scale. The questions will be related to the study's statement

of the problem, which is about the perception, practices, and knowledge of individuals in

antimicrobial resistance. Every response to the questions will be tallied and analyzed. The

questionnaire's substance and number were reviewed and approved by the specialist and

the grammarian. Furthermore, the data for perception, practices, and knowledge will be

based on the response of the respondents in the survey questionnaire.

Construction. The researchers made this survey questionnaire with sensitivity.

The researchers organized the survey by using a 4-point Likert scale about Antimicrobial

Resistance: Perception, Practices, and Knowledge among Individuals.

Validity. The survey questionnaire was validated by a healthcare professional,

and a science major teacher.

Administration. The researchers wait for the permission of the specialist who

validated the survey form before distributing it to the respondents.

Retrieval. The researchers distribute the survey questionnaire to the respondents,

then respectfully wait for the answers of the respondents.

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DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The researchers conducted a survey to record the demographics of the

respondents and used a 4-point Likert scale to determine if the respondent agreed or

disagreed with the said practices, knowledge of antibiotics, and perceptions about

antimicrobial resistance.

INSTRUMENT VALIDATION

The surveys were approved following a second review and the identification and

confirmation of any grammatical errors and improper study-related questions. Following

the investigation, the researchers revised the questions that had been shown to be

incorrect. The adviser was given permission to conduct the survey for assessment and

approval. It was evaluated and approved by a healthcare professional before the

researchers gave the questionnaire to the respondents.

DATA ANALYSIS

Using the Central Limit Theorem, the given data will be examined for normality.

According to the theorem, which was explained by Data Science Central, the sample

means' sampling distribution tends to approach the normal distribution as sample size

rises. A sample size of at least 50 is implied by this fact. The researchers used different

statistical tools such as:

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1. Frequency

The frequency is the number of times a given value occurs.

2. Percentage

The percentage can be calculated to determine what portion of the sample

matches the specified frequency. The formula for percentage is:

Where:

% = Percentage

N = Total number of items in the data

f = Frequency

100 = Constant Multiplier

3. Rank order

The rank order is a scale that presents a list of items to the respondents and

asks them to rank them in greater, lower, or equal order.

4. Mean

Mean is the average of the given numbers and is calculated by dividing the sum

of given numbers by the total number of numbers. the formula for mean is:

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Where:

A = arithmetic mean

n = number of values

a₁ = data set values

5. Standard Deviation

It is a treatment that measures a dataset's dispersion. Each data point is

compared to the average of all the data points, and standard deviation gives a

determined value that indicates whether the data points are clustered together or

dispersed. The formula for standard deviation is:

Where:

σ = Standard Deviation

xi = Each value from the population

μ = The population mean

n = The size of the population

6. Variance

The variance is the mean squared difference between each data point and

the center of the distribution measured by the mean.

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Where:

S² = The variance
Xi = Term in data set
x = Sample mean
Σ = Sum
n = Sample size

7. Likert scale

Likert scale is a rating scale that is used for measuring beliefs, attitudes, or

action.

Table 2. 4 Point Likert Scale

4-Point Likert Scale Interval Verbal Description

4 3.26 – 4.00 Strongly Agree
3 2.51 – 3.25 Agree
2 1.76 – 2.50 Disagree
1 1.00 – 1.75 Strongly Disagree

8. Weighted Mean

Weighted mean is the average of the given data set. It is an average

calculated by assigning different weights to some of the individual values.

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Where:

W = weighted average

n = number of terms to be averaged

wi = weights applied to x values

Xi = data values to be average

9. One way Analysis of variance

ANOVA is a statistical technique that divides observed variance data into several

components to be used for further tests. To learn more about the link between the

dependent and independent variables, a one-way ANOVA is utilized when there

are three or more groups of data. The formula for ANOVA is:

Where:

F = ANOVA coefficient

SSw = Sum of squares within the groups

SSb = Sum of squares between the groups

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DFb = Regression degrees of freedom

DFw = Error degrees of freedom

MSB = Mean sum of squares between the groups

MSW = Mean sum of squares within the groups

DFb = Regression degrees of freedom

DFw = Error degrees of freedom

Σ = Summation symbol

x = All the values of groups

n = The sample size of each group

x̄ = Sample mean symbol

k = The number of groups

ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

This document certifies that the data collected will only be used for this study.

The personal data or identity of the respondents who participated in the study will be kept

hidden and protected according to ethical guidelines in research. The respondents will

receive both oral and written explanations from the researchers for them to be aware of

the process of the study and their rights. In addition, the respondents have freedom to

withdraw their participation and only can participate and contribute to the research with

their own will.

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CHAPTER 3

RESULTS

This chapter summarizes the data collected from the respondents and presents the

results of the data analysis to provide the set of statistics and standard form of tables,

appropriate headings, and relation to text and tables.

Table 4. Distribution of Respondents Profile

Demographic Frequency Percentage
Age Early Adulthood (18 - 40) 31 44%
Middle Adulthood (41 – 60) 31 44%
Late Adulthood (61 and above) 8 12%

Educational Elementary Undergraduate 0%

0
Attainment
Elementary Graduate 5 7%
High School Undergraduate 6 6%
High School Graduate 20 31%
Vocational Graduate 0 0%
College Undergraduate 15 22%
College Graduate 21 30%
Chose not to say 3 4%

Monthly Poor Below (10,957) 63%

44
Income
Low Income but Not Poor 19%
13
(10,957 – 21,914)
Lower Middle (21,914 – 43,828) 7 10%
Choose not to say 6 8%

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Table 4 shows the demographic profile of the respondents. Majority of the

respondents are females. Most of the respondents came from the age group of 21 – 30

years old, the majority of which are college graduates. Most of the respondents have a

monthly income of below PhP 5,000, while most of them were unemployed.

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Table 5. Perceptions of Respondents About Antimicrobial Resistance

Weighted Verbal
Statement
mean Description

1. Antimicrobial resistance is a serious global health Strongly

3.31
issue. Agree

2. Antimicrobial resistance is a threatening issue to

3.21 Agree
people’s lives.

3. Antimicrobial resistance can develop in a short

3.18 Agree
period of time.

4. Antimicrobial resistance can spread from one

3.13 Agree
person to another person.

5. It’s our body becoming resistant to antibiotics

3.07 Agree
that causes antimicrobial resistance.

6. Antimicrobial resistance is hereditary. 2.31 Disagree

7. Over dosage of antibiotics can cause

3.03 Agree
antimicrobial resistance.

8. Under dosage of antibiotics can cause

2.86 Agree
antimicrobial resistance.

9. Opened stock of antibiotics even if it is not

2.98 Agree
expired can cause antimicrobial resistance.

10. Skipping one or two doses does not contribute to

2.6 Agree
the development of antimicrobial resistance.

Overall Weighted Mean 2.97 Agree

Table 5 shows the perceptions of the respondents about antimicrobial resistance.

Most respondents strongly agree that antimicrobial resistance is a severe global health

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issue, with a weighted mean of 3.31, while the least number of respondents disagree, with

a weighted mean of 2.31. The perceptions about antimicrobial resistance have an overall

weighted mean of 2.97, with a verbal description of agree.

Table 6. Practices of Respondents Involving Antimicrobial Drugs

Weighted Verbal
Statement
Mean Description

1. Taking medicine from a physician's Strongly

3.63
prescription. Agree

2. Self-medication. 1.96 Disagree

3. Taking medicine suggested by friends,

1.97 Disagree
acquaintances, or relatives.

4. Taking medicine suggested by the pharmacist. 2.9 Agree

5. Taking medicine according to a previous

1.77 Disagree
prescription.

6. Taking different medicines at once (Example:

1.97 Disagree
Biogesic and Neozep).

7. Discontinuing the medication after feeling

2.64 Agree
better.

8. Reusing leftover medicines so they do not have

2.13 Disagree
to spend money to buy another antibiotic.

9. Taking higher dosage of antibiotics speeds up

1.99 Disagree
recovery

10. Drinking carbonated drinks while taking

1.81 Disagree
medicines.

Overall Weighted Mean 2.27 Disagree

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Table 6 shows the respondents’ practices involving the use of antimicrobial drugs.

Most of the respondents strongly agree on statement 1, with a weighted mean of 3.6,

while statement 5 has the least with a weighted mean of 1.77 and a verbal interpretation

of disagree. The overall weighted mean of 2.27 shows a verbal interpretation of disagree.

Table 7. Knowledge of Respondents in Antimicrobial Resistance

Weighted Verbal
Statement
Mean Description
1. Antibiotics can treat symptoms such as fever,
3.06 Agree
cough, pain, and inflammation, etc.
2. Antibiotics can cause allergic reactions. 3.14 Agree
3. Antibiotics are effective treatments for Strongly
3.3
bacterial infections. Agree
4. Antibiotics are effective treatments for viral Strongly
3.27
infections. Agree
5. Overdose or underdose of antibiotics can have
side effects such as dizziness, vomiting or 2.9 Agree
diarrhea.

6. You can stop the full course of medication if

2.74 Agree
you are already feeling better.

7. Taking antibiotics to speed up the recovery 2.78 Agree

8. The more expensive or branded the antibiotic

2.84 Agree
is the higher the efficacy of antibiotics.
9. When someone takes antibiotics frequently, it
becomes more difficult to cure their future 2.7 Agree
infection with antibiotics.
10. Antibiotics are safe drugs; hence it can be used
2. 8 Agree
for different illnesses and infections.

Overall Weighted Mean 2.95 Agree

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Table 7 shows the knowledge of the respondents in antimicrobial resistance. Most

respondents agree that antibiotics have bad effects if not consumed properly, with a

weighted mean of 3.27, while the least number of respondents agree, with a weighted

mean of 2.7. The overall weighted mean of 2.95 shows that most of the respondents

agree.

Table 8. Mean and Variance of Respondents’ Perceptions, Practices, and

Knowledge in Antimicrobial Resistance
Groups PERCEPTION PRACTICES KNOWLEDGE
Count 70 70 70
Sum 205.3 158.5 203.7
Mean 2.93 2.26 2.91
Variance 0.17 0.18 0.17

Table 8 shows the mean and variance in the respondents’ perceptions, practices,

and knowledge in antimicrobial resistance. Based on the table, the perceptions and

knowledge are more likely to be the same, having 2.93 and 2.91 for the mean and 0.173

and 0.17 for the variance, while practices show 2.26 and 0.18 for mean and variance,

respectively.

Table 9. Result of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at α=5%

Test of
F computed F critical
Source of Significanc
value value
Variation SS df MS e
Between
57.16 3.03 Significant
Groups 20.17 2 10.08

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Within
Groups 36.51 207 0.17
Total 56.68 209
Table 9 shows the result of analysis of variance (ANOVA) at α=5%. Since the

F-computed value of 57.16 is greater than the F-critical value of 3.039, the null

hypothesis is rejected. This means that there is a significant difference between

perception, practices, and knowledge of the respondents with regards to antimicrobial

resistance. This implies that the perception, practices, and knowledge of the respondents

differ from one another.

Table 10. Perceptions, Practices, and Knowledge of Respondents who belong in

Early Adulthood about Antimicrobial Resistance

Source of Test of
SS df MS F F crit
Variation Significant

Between Groups 6.37 2 3.18

16.47 3.09 Significant
Within Groups 17.41 90 0.19
Total 23.78 92

Table 10 shows the perception, practices, and knowledge of the respondents who

belong in early adulthood about antimicrobial resistance. Based on the table, since the F-

computed value of 16.47 is greater than the F – critical value of 3.09, the null hypothesis

is rejected. Thus, there is a significant difference between perceptions, practices, and

knowledge of early adulthood respondents with regards to antimicrobial resistance.

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Table 11. Perceptions, Practices, and Knowledge of Respondents who belong in

Middle Adulthood about Antimicrobial Resistance

Test of
Source of
SS df MS F F crit Significan
Variation
t
Between Groups 9.86 2 4.93
Within Groups 11.47 90 0.12 38.68 3.09 Significant
Total 21.33 92

Table 11 shows the perception, practices and knowledge of the respondents who

belong in middle adulthood about antimicrobial resistance. Based on the table, since the

F- Computed Value of 38.68 is greater than F- critical Value of 3.09, the null hypothesis

is rejected. Thus, there is a significant difference between perceptions, practices, and

knowledge of the middle adulthood respondents with regards to antimicrobial resistance.

Table 12. Perceptions, Practices, and Knowledge of Respondents who belong in Late

Adulthood about Antimicrobial Resistance

Source of Test of
SS df MS F F crit
Variation Significant

Between Groups 4.45 2 2.22

Within Groups 5.28 21 0.25 8.85 3.46 Significant
Total 9.73 23

Table 12 shows the perceptions, practices, and knowledge of the respondents who

belong in late adulthood about antimicrobial resistance. Based on the table, since the F –

computed value of 8.85 is greater than F – critical value of 3.46, the null hypothesis is

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rejected. Thus, there is a significant difference between the perception, practices, and

knowledge with regards to antimicrobial resistance.

Table 13. Perceptions, Practices, and Knowledge of Elementary Graduate

Respondents about Antimicrobial Resistance

Source of Test of
SS df MS F F crit
Variation Significant
Between Groups 2.72 2 1.36
Within Groups 1.40 12 0.11 11.59 3.88 Significant
Total 4.12 14

Table 13 shows the perception, practices, and knowledge of elementary graduate

respondents about antimicrobial resistance. Based on the table, since the F- computed

value of 11.59 is greater than F- critical value of 3.88, therefore the null hypothesis is

rejected. Thus, there is a significant difference between the perception, practices, and

knowledge of elementary graduate respondents with regards to antimicrobial resistance.

Table 14. Perceptions, Practices, and Knowledge of High School Undergraduate

Respondents about Antimicrobial Resistance
Source of Test of
SS df MS F F crit
Variation Significant
Between Groups 0.81 2 0.40 There is no
Within Groups 3.43 9 0.38 1.06 4.25 significant
Total 4.24 11 difference

Table 14 shows the perception, practices, and knowledge of high school

undergraduate respondents about antimicrobial resistance. Based on the table, since the

F- computed value of 1.06 is less than F- critical value of 4.25, therefore the null

hypothesis is accepted. Thus, there is no significant difference between the perception,

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practices, and knowledge of high school undergraduate respondents with regards to

antimicrobial resistance.

Table 15. Perceptions, Practices, and Knowledge of High School Graduate

Respondents about Antimicrobial Resistance

Source of Test of
SS df MS F F crit
Variation Significant
Between Groups 6.70 2 3.35
Within Groups 10.28 63 0.16 20.53 3.14 Significant
Total 16.98 65

Table 15 shows the perception, practices, and knowledge of high school graduates

about antimicrobial resistance. Based on the table, since the F- computed value of 20.53

is greater than F- critical value of 3.14, therefore the null hypothesis is rejected. Thus,

there is a significant difference between the perception, practices, and knowledge of high

school graduate respondents with regards to antimicrobial resistance.

Table 16. Perceptions, Practices, and Knowledge of College Undergraduate

Respondents about Antimicrobial Resistance

Source of Test of
SS Df MS F F crit
Variation Significant
Between Groups 2.24 2 1.12
Within Groups 4.94 42 0.11 9.55 3.21 Significant
Total 7.19 44

Table 16 shows the perception, practices, and knowledge of college

undergraduate respondents about antimicrobial resistance. Based on the table, since the

F- computed value of 9.55 is greater than F- critical value of 3.21, therefore the null

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hypothesis is rejected. Thus, there is a significant difference between the perception,

practices, and knowledge of college undergraduate respondents with regards to

antimicrobial resistance.

Table 17. Perceptions, Practices, and Knowledge of College Graduate Respondents

about Antimicrobial Resistance
Source of Test of
SS df MS F F crit
Variation Significant
Between Groups 9.53 2 4.76
Within Groups 12.43 60 0.20 23.01 3.15 Significant
Total 21.97 62

Table 17 shows the perception, practices, and knowledge of college graduates

about antimicrobial resistance. Based on the table, since the F- computed value 23.01 is

greater than the F- critical value of 3.15, therefore the null hypothesis is rejected. Thus,

there is a significant difference between the perception, practices, and knowledge of

college graduate respondents about antimicrobial resistance.

Table 18. Perceptions, Practices, and Knowledge of Respondents who chose not to

say their educational attainment about Antimicrobial Resistance

Source of Test of
SS df MS F F crit Significan
Variation
t
Between Groups 0.38 2 0.19 There is
Within Groups 0.24 6 0.04 no
4.64 5.14
significant
Total 0.62 8 difference

Table 18 shows the perception, practices, and knowledge of the respondents who

choose not to mention their educational attainment about antimicrobial resistance. Based

on the table, since the F- computed value of 4.64 is less than F- critical value of 5.14,

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therefore the null hypothesis is accepted. Thus, there is no significant difference between

the perception, practices, and knowledge of the respondents who choose not to mention

their educational attainment concerning antimicrobial resistance.

FOR ELEMENTARY UNDERGRADUATE AND VOCATIONAL GRADUATE

The categories of elementary undergraduate and vocational graduate respondents

have no data.

Table 19. Perceptions, Practices, and Knowledge of Respondents who belong Poor

Socioeconomic Income Class about Antimicrobial Resistance

Source of Test of
SS df MS F F crit
Variation Significant
Between Groups 11.00 2 5.50
Within Groups 21.27 129 0.16 33.36 3.06 Significant
Total 32.27 131

Table 19 shows the perception, practices, and knowledge of the respondents who

belong in poor socioeconomic income class about antimicrobial resistance. Since the F –

computed value of 33.68 is greater than the F – critical value of 3.06 the null hypothesis

is rejected. This means that there is a significant difference between perception, practices,

and knowledge of the respondents with antimicrobial resistance.

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Table 20. Perceptions, Practices, and Knowledge of Respondents who belong in

Low-Income but Not Poor Socioeconomic Income Class about Antimicrobial
Resistance

Test of
Source of
SS df MS F F crit Significan
Variation
t
Between Groups 5.60 2 2.80
15.52 3.25
Within Groups 6.49 36 0.18 Significant
Total 12.09 38

Table 20 shows the perception, practices, and knowledge of the respondents who

belong in low income but not poor socioeconomic income class about antimicrobial

resistance. Since the F- Computed value of 15.52 is greater than the F - Critical value of

3.25, the null hypothesis is rejected. This means that there is a significant difference

between perception, practices, and knowledge of the respondents with regards to

antimicrobial resistance.

Table 21. Perceptions, Practices, and Knowledge of Respondents who belong in

Lower Middle Socioeconomic Income Class about Antimicrobial Resistance

Source of Test of
SS df MS F F crit
Variation significant
Between Groups 1.86 2 0.93
Within Groups 3.56 18 0.19 4.72 3.55 Significant
Total 5.42 20

Table 21 shows the perception, practices, and knowledge of the respondents who

belong in the low middle socioeconomic income class about antimicrobial resistance.

Since the F - computed value of 4.72 is greater than the F- critical value of 3.55, the null

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hypothesis is rejected. This means that there is a significant difference between

perception, practices, and knowledge of the respondents with regards to antimicrobial

resistance.

Table 22. Perceptions, Practices, and Knowledge of Respondents who chose not to
say their Socioeconomic Income Class about Antimicrobial Resistance

Source of Test of
SS df MS F F crit
Variation Significant
Between Groups 2.28 2 1.14
Within Groups 4.2 15 0.28 4.07 3.68 Significant
Total 6.48 17

The Table 22 shows the perception, practices, and knowledge of the respondents

who choose not to say their socioeconomic income class about antimicrobial resistance.

Since the F- Computed value of 4.071 is greater than the F-critical value of 3.68, the null

hypothesis is rejected. This means that there is a significant difference between

perception, practices, and knowledge of the respondents with regards to antimicrobial

resistance.

Table 23. Mean and Standard Deviation of Respondents' Perceptions, Practices, and
Knowledge in Antimicrobial Resistance Categorized Based on Age Group

Category Mean Standard Deviation Verbal Description

Early Adulthood 2.76 0.36 Agree
Middle Adulthood 2.6 0.23 Agree
Late Adulthood 2.85 0.31 Agree
Choose not to say 2.6 0.45 Agree

Table 23 shows the mean and standard deviation in the respondents' perceptions,

practices, and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance categorized based on their age group

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namely: early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. Some respondents chose

not to mention their age group. According to the table, the weighted mean of early

adulthood is 2.76. Middle adulthood has a weighted mean of 2.6, while late adulthood has

a weighted mean of 2.85. The weighted mean of the respondent who declined to indicate

their age group is 2.6. However, the standard deviation of early adulthood, middle

adulthood, late adulthood, and respondents who chose not to say their age group were:

0.36, 0.23, 0.31, and 0.45, respectively. This means that the responses of the respondents

were clustered. Lastly, all the respondents from the said age category have a verbal

description of agree.

Table 24. Mean and Standard Deviation of Respondents' Perceptions, Practices, and
Knowledge in Antimicrobial Resistance Categorized Based on Highest Educational
Attainment

Category Mean Standard Deviation Verbal Description

Elementary Graduate 2.67 0.18 Agree
High School
2.99 0.58 Agree
Undergraduate
High School Graduate 2.73 0.26 Agree
College Undergraduate 2.65 0.29 Agree
College Graduate 2.64 0.35 Agree
Choose not to say 2.79 0.11 Agree

Table 24 shows the mean and standard deviation in the respondents' perceptions,

practices, and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance based on the educational attainment.

Elementary graduates’ category has a mean of 2.67 and standard deviation of 0. 18. High

school undergraduates’ category has a mean of 2.99 while the standard deviation was

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0.58. However, high school graduates, college undergraduates, and college graduates’

categories have a weighted mean of 2.73, 2.65, and 2.64 while 0.26, 0.29, and 0.35 for

standard deviation, respectively. On the other hand, the respondents who chose not to say

their educational background was 2.79 for weighted mean and 0.11 for standard

deviation. Overall, the respondents have a verbal interpretation of agree and the responses

were clustered or not far away from the mean. Lastly, elementary undergraduates and

vocational graduates have no mean and standard deviation as they have no data.

Table 25. Mean and Standard Deviation of Respondents' Perceptions, Practices, and
Knowledge in Antimicrobial Resistance Categorized Based on Socioeconomic
Income Class

Category Mean Standard Deviation Verbal Description

Poor (Below PhP 10,
2.70 0.29 Agree
957)
Low Income But Not
Poor (PhP 10, 957 – 21, 2.71 0.30 Agree
914)
Lower Middle (PhP 21,
2.80 0.39 Agree
914 – 43,828)
Choose not to say 2.6 0.45 Agree

Table 25 displays the mean and standard deviation in the respondents'

perceptions, practices, and knowledge in antimicrobial resistance categorized on

socioeconomic income class of respondents. Poor category has weighted mean of 2.7 and

standard deviation of 0.29. Respondents under low income but not poor, lower middle

and who chose not to say their socioeconomic income class have weighted mean 2.71,

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2.8, and 2.6, while the standard deviations were 0.3, 0.39, and 0.45, respectively. The

weighted mean of the said brackets have a verbal description of agree. On the other hand,

based on the standard deviation of all the socioeconomic income class categories, the

responses of the respondents were clustered.

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CHAPTER 4

DISCUSSION

This chapter summarizes the data collected, the results of the statistical analysis,

and the interpretation of the findings. This chapter contains a summary and discussion of

the study's main findings. The conclusion and recommendation are also included.

SUMMARY OF RESULTS

Based on data that was gathered and the statistical treatments have been

performed, the researchers came up with the following findings:

The majority of the respondents come from the age bracket of early, and middle

adulthood, and are college graduates. Lastly, most of the respondents belong to the

socioeconomic income class of poor.

The perception in antimicrobial of the respondents have an overall weighted mean

of 2.97 with verbal description of agree. While the practices involving the use of

antimicrobial drugs have a verbal interpretation of disagree with an overall weighted

mean of 2.27. Lastly, the knowledge of the respondents in antimicrobial resistance has an

overall weighted mean of 2.95 and verbal description of agree. On the other hand, the

results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) at α=5%, the F-computed value was 57.16786

and F-critical value was 3.039508 while the mean of the respondents’ perception,

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practices, and knowledge in antimicrobial resistance were 2.93, 2.26, and 2.91 while the

variance of the said variable were 0.1735, 0.1835, and 0.1722, respectively. For the

results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) at α=5%, the F-computed value was 57.16786

and F-critical value was 3.039508.

In correlation of perceptions, practices, and knowledge of profile of the

respondents, in the age category, the respondents who belong in the age categories of

early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood have a F- computed value that is

greater than the F- critical value. The null hypothesis is rejected, thus, there is significant

difference among the perceptions, practices, and knowledge of the respondents based on

their age categories about antimicrobial resistance.

The perceptions, practices, and knowledge of the respondents in regards with

antimicrobial resistance based on their educational attainment, the elementary graduates,

high school graduates, college undergraduates, and college graduates have a F- computed

value that is greater than the F- critical value, therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.

This means, there is significant difference corresponding to perceptions, practices, and

knowledge about antimicrobial resistance. While the high school undergraduates have no

significant difference as the null hypothesis regarding their perceptions, practices, and

knowledge about antimicrobial resistance is accepted. Additionally, the respondents who

decline to state their educational attainment have a F- computed value was greater than

the F- critical value, there is significant difference in regards with the respondents'

perceptions, practices, and knowledge about antimicrobial resistance. On the other hand,

the categories of elementary undergraduates and vocational graduates have no data.

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Moreover, the respondents’ perceptions, practices, and knowledge regarding

antimicrobial resistance categorize their socioeconomic income class. The F- computed

value of poor, low-income but not poor, and lower middle categories of socioeconomic

income is greater than the F- critical value. Additionally, the respondents who chose not

to say their socioeconomic income class have a F- computed value that is also higher than

the F-critical value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected, which means there is

significant difference between their perceptions, practices, and knowledge about

antimicrobial resistance.

Lastly, the researchers answered the question of the correlation of the

respondents’ profiles. On the findings of the means and standard deviations of

respondents’ age group, highest educational attainment, and socioeconomic income class

were to have a verbal description of agree and the responses were clustered.

CONCLUSION

Based on the findings, most of the respondents strongly agree that antimicrobial

resistance is a serious global health issue, with a weighted mean of 3.31, while the least

number of respondents disagree, with a weighted mean of 2.31. The overall weighted

mean of respondents’ perception in regards with antimicrobial resistance is 2.97, with a

verbal description of agree.

According to the respondents' antimicrobial drug practices, most of the

respondents strongly agree on statement 1 with a weighted mean of 3.6, while statement 5

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has the least with a weighted mean of 1.77 and a verbal interpretation of disagree. A

verbal interpretation of disagree is indicated by the overall weighted mean of 2.27.

Finally, the respondents' knowledge of antimicrobial resistance shows that most

of the respondents agree on the negative effects of antibiotics if not consumed properly,

with a weighted mean of 3.27, while the least number of respondents agree, with a

weighted mean of 2.7. The overall weighted mean of 2.95 indicates that respondents

concur.

Perceptions and Knowledge are more likely to be the same having 2.93 and 2.91

for the mean and both have 0.17 for the variance, whereas practices show 2.26 and 0.18

for mean and variance, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of variance (ANOVA)

results at a=5%. Since the F-computed value of 57.16786 is greater than the F-critical

value of 3.039508, thus the null hypothesis is rejected. This means that there is a

significant difference between perception, practices, and knowledge of the respondents

with regards to antimicrobial resistance. This implies that the respondents know the

difference between the perceptions, practices, and knowledge about antimicrobial

resistance.

In correlation of perceptions, practices, and knowledge of profile of the

respondents, the perceptions, practices, and knowledge about antimicrobial resistance of

the respondents in terms of age category, and socioeconomic income class have

significant differences. On the other hand, the respondents who were categorized by their

educational attainment, most of the sub-categories showed that there is significant

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difference among the perceptions, practices, and knowledge regarding antimicrobial

resistance. It implies that the perceptions, practices, and knowledge about antimicrobial

resistance of the respondents had not differ from one another.

Finally, the researchers provided an answer to the questions regarding the

significant difference of the profile of the respondents concerning perceptions, practices,

and knowledge about antimicrobial resistance. The findings of the means and standard

deviations of the respondents’ age group, highest educational attainment, and

socioeconomic income class were to have verbal interpretation of agree and the responses

were clustered. This means many of the respondents are aware about antimicrobial

resistance and in terms of the responses concerning their perceptions, practices, and

knowledge were not far apart or different from other respondents. In this finding, it shows

that despite differences of age group, educational attainment, and socioeconomic income

class where respondents belong, most of them are aware about antimicrobial resistance. It

implies that their social status doesn’t have a great impact or not a big factor in regards

with their perceptions, practices, and knowledge about antimicrobial resistance.

Furthermore, researchers need to do in-depth study regarding how a social status of an

individual impacts their perceptions, practices, and knowledge about antimicrobial

resistance to support this finding.

In conclusion, the respondents know the significant difference among perceptions,

practices, and knowledge about antimicrobial resistance. The responses of the

respondents regarding perceptions, practices, and knowledge about antimicrobial

resistance did not differ from another respondents; which means the majority of the

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respondents are aware but some have minimal knowledge about the antimicrobial and

how to properly use them, and are still unaware of the antimicrobial resistance.

RECOMMENDATIONS

For Healthcare Providers

Considering the findings of our study, the researchers suggest that the healthcare

professionals should utilize different social media platforms as well as radio and

television advertisements in circulating information and awareness regarding

antimicrobial resistance.

For Medicine Consumers

Do not adhere to the suggestions of families and friends in treatments using

antibiotics unless they are healthcare professionals. Consumers should be more mindful

in using medicines. Parents who are treating their sick children should seek medical

advice and follow the doctors’ prescriptions.

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For Future Researchers

Considering that the researchers only have a limited time and resources, future

researchers may conduct more in-depth research on antimicrobial resistance. The

researchers suggest doing study on how well the public comprehends the various

subcategories of antimicrobial drugs and how they work. In addition, researchers

recommend in-depth study on how age, educational attainment, and socioeconomic

income class that represents respondent’s social status affects their perceptions, practices,

and knowledge in regards with antimicrobial resistance.

EXPECTED OUTPUT

The researchers produced a video campaign and posted it on social media

platforms. It contains information and awareness on antimicrobial resistance.

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resistance among final year undergraduate paramedical students at University of

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Sema, F. D., Addis, D. G., Melese, E. A., Nassa, D. D., & Kifle, Z. D. (2020, September

29). Prevalence and Associated Factors of Self-Medication among Pregnant

Women on Antenatal Care Follow-Up at University of Gondar Comprehensive

Specialized Hospital in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

International Journal of Reproductive Medicine; Hindawi Publishing Corporation.

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Shah, P. S., Shrestha, R., Mao, Z., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Koju, P., Liu, X., & Li, H. (2019,

October 18). Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Associated with Antibiotic Use

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prescription after tooth extraction across dentist in Bandung City, Indonesia: A

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Legido-Quigley, H., Mshana, S. E., Rweyemamu, M. M., & Matee, M. (2020,

December 7). Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding antimicrobial use

and resistance among communities of Ilala, Kilosa and Kibaha districts of

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Sobierajski, T., Mazińska, B., Wanke-Rytt, M., & Hryniewicz, W. (2021, April 8).

Knowledge-Based Attitudes of Medical Students in Antibiotic Therapy and

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January 25). The Misconception of Antibiotic Equal to an Anti-Inflammatory

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Yeika, E. V., Ingelbeen, B., Kemah, B. A., Wirsiy, F. S., Fomengia, J. N., & Van Der

Sande, M. a. B. (2021, May 24). Comparative assessment of the prevalence,

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APPENDICIES

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APROVAL LETTER

Dear Ma’am/Sir:

Greetings

We would like to ask your permission to allow us conduct a survey among the individuals who

are resident of Northridge, Classic Subdivision. This is in view of our research paper, entitled

“ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: PERCEPTIONS, PRACTICES AND KNOWLEDGE

AMONG INDIVIDUALS”. The survey would last only about 1 day and would be arranged at the time

convenient to the individuals availability. Participation in the survey is entirely voluntary and there are no

known or anticipated risks participation in this study. All information provided will be kept in utmost

confidentiality and would be used only for academic purposes.

After the data have been analyzed, you will receive a copy of the executive summary. If you

would be interested in greater detail, an electronic copy (e.g. PDF) of the entire research paper can be made

available for you. If you agree, kindly sign below acknowledging your consent and permission for us to

conduct this study/survey at your subdivision and return signed form on an enclosed envelope. Your

approval to conduct this study will be greatly appreciated. Thank you in advance for your interest and

assistance with this research.

Sincerely yours,
Jhet Q. Sarmiento
Research Leader

Approved By:

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Signature Over Printed Name Date

VALIDATION LETTER

Ma’am/Sir:

Greetings!
Researchers of Senior High School of Sto. Cristo National High School are
conducting research entitled “ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: PERCEPTIONS,
PRACTICES AND KNOWLEDGE AMONG INDIVIDUALS”.
In connection with our study, I would like to ask for your help, consent, and
expert assistance to validate our instrument to be use in this study. We are glad and
looking forward to hear your recommendation to improve our instrument. Your approval
will prove the way for the success of this research study.

I would like to appreciate your patience and support to our research paper.

Thank You!

Sincerely yours,

Jhet Q. Sarmiento
Research Leader

Validated by:

SGD
Kimberly Ann L. Yambao
Registered Nurse

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INVITATION AND ACCEPTANCE FORM

To: Khristine M. Maniquez

Title or Position: Teacher III

You are hereby nominated as Grammarian Adviser for the topic entitled
“Antimicrobial Resistance: Perceptions, Practices, and Knowledge Among Individuals”. We
consider you very well qualified to be the grammarian of the Medical Group 1 of Grade 12
STEM A researchers. We would like to know if you accept the appointment, which entails the
following:
 Making yourself available for consultation by Ms. Calimlim and company in relation to
her research. (It will be completely up to you to set the time, place, frequency, and
duration of the consultation);
 Responding to queries about the topic; and,
 Directing the student’s research.

If these terms are acceptable to you, please signify your acceptance by signing this form.

Accept Not Accepting

Khristine M. Maniquez
Signature Over Printed Name Date

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SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Minamahal naming mga Respondente,

Isang magandang araw! Kami ay mga estudyante ng 12- STEM A mula sa
Sto.Cristo National High School. Magsasagawa kami ng survey para sa aming
pananaliksik na pinamagatang “Antimicrobial Resistance: Perception, Practices and
Knowledge among Individuals.”
Kaugnay nito, buong kababaang-loob naming hinihiling ang inyong kooperasyon.
Makatitiyak na ang inyong mga tugon ay pananatiling kumpidensyal.
Salamat, at magandang araw!

Lubos na sumasainyo,
JHET Q. SARMIENTO
Lider ng Grupo

PART I: DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

Panuto: Punan ang form na ito.
Pangalan (Opsyonal): Edad:
Kasarian:______________
Ano ang iyong pinakamataas na natapos sa edukasyon?
 Elementary Undergraduate (Hindi nakapagtapos ng elementarya)
 Elementary Graduate (Nakapagtapos ng elementarya)
 High school Undergraduate (Hindi nakapagtapos ng high school)
 High school Graduate (Nakapagtapos ng high hchool)
 College Undergraduate (Hindi nakapagtapos ng kolehiyo)
 College Graduate (Nakapagtapos ng kolehiyo)
 Others (Iba pang kasagutan):___________________________

Ano ang iyong kabuuang Buwanang ta mula sa lahat ng pinagmumulan? (Suweldo,

Interes sa Bangko, Tulong sa Pamilya ng Gobyerno, Pamumuhunan at iba pa)
 ₱0 - ₱5,000
 ₱5,001 - ₱10,000
 ₱10,001 - ₱15,000
 ₱15,001 - ₱20,000
 ₱20,001 - ₱25,000
 ₱25,001 - ₱30,000
 ₱30,001 - ₱35,000
 ₱35,001 - ₱40,000
 Kung may iba pang kasagutan, pakitukoy:_____________________

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Ano ang iyong trabaho?_________________

PART II: PERCEPTION ABOUT ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
Panuto: Lagyan ng tsek (✓) ang naaangkop na hanay kung lubos kang sumasang-ayon,
sumasang-ayon, hindi sumasang-ayon, o lubos na hindi sumasang-ayon sa mga
sumusunod na pahayag.

4 – Strongly agree (Lubos na sumasang-ayon)

3 – Agree (Sumasang-ayon)

2 – Disagree (Hindi sumasang-ayon)

1 – Strongly disagree (Lubos na hindi sumasang-ayon)

(4) (3) (2) (1)

1. Ang antimicrobial resistance ay isang seryosong

pandaigdigang isyu sa kalusugan.

2. Ang antimicrobial resistance ay isang nagbabantang isyu

sa buhay ng mga tao.

3. Ang antimicrobial resistance ay maaaring lumakas sa

maikling panahon.

4. Ang antimicrobial resistance ay maaaring kumalat sa mga

tao.

5. Ang ating katawan ang nagiging resistant sa mga

antibiotic na nagiging sanhi ng antimicrobial resistance.

6. Namamana ang antimicrobial resistance.

7. Ang labis na paggamit ng antibiotics ay maaaring maging

sanhi ng antimicrobial resistance.

8. Ang kulang na pag-inom ng antibiotics ay maaaring

maging sanhi ng antimicrobial resistance.

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9. Ang nakabukas na lalagyan ng mga antibiotics kahit na

hindi ito expired ay maaaring magdulot ng antimicrobial
resistance kapag ininom.

10. Ang paglaktaw sa mga iniresetang dosis ay hindi

kabilang sa dahilan ng pagbuo ng antimicrobial resistance.

PART III: PRACTICES INVOLVING ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

Panuti: Lagyan ng tsek (✓) ang naaangkop na hanay kung lubos kang sumasang-ayon,
sumasang-ayon, hindi sumasang-ayon, o lubos na hindi sumasang-ayon sa mga
sumusunod na pahayag.

4 – Strongly agree (Lubos na sumasang-ayon)

3 – Agree (Sumasang-ayon)

2 – Disagree (Hindi sumasang-ayon)

1 – Strongly disagree (Lubos na hindi sumasang-ayon)

(4) (3) (2) (1)

1. Pag- inom ng gamot na may reseta ng doktor.

2. Paggamot sa sarili nang walang reseta/rekomendasyon

mula sa doktor.

3. Pag – inom ng gamot na nirekomenda ng kaibigan,

kakilala, o kamag anak.

4. Pag – inom ng gamot na nirekomenda ng parmasyutiko.

5. Pag – inom ng gamot gamit ang dating reseta.

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6. Pag – -inom ng gamot na mas kauntikonti sa nireseta.

7. Pagtigil sa pag – inom ng gamot kapag mabuti na ang

pakiramdam.

8. Pag – inom ng mga natitirang gamot upang hindi na

muling bumili ng panibagong antibiotics.

9. Pag – inom ng mas mataas na dosage o mas maraming

gamot upang mapabilis ang paggaling.

10. Pag – inom ng mga carbonated drinks (tulad ng juice at

soft drinks) habang umiinom ng gamot.

PART IV: KNOWLEDGE OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE

Panuto: Lagyan ng tsek (✓) ang naaangkop na hanay kung lubos kang sumasang-ayon,
sumasang-ayon, hindi sumasang-ayon, o lubos na hindi sumasang-ayon sa mga
sumusunod na pahayag.

4 – Strongly agree (Lubos na sumasang-ayon)

3 – Agree (Sumasang-ayon)

2 – Disagree (Hindi sumasang-ayon)

1 – Strongly disagree (Lubos na hindi sumasang-ayon)

(4) (3) (2) (1)

1. Ang antibiotic ay nakakagamot ng mga simtomas tulad ng

lagnat, ubo, sakit sa katawan, pamamaga at iba pa.

2. Ang antibiotic ay pwedeng magdulot ng allergic reaction.

3. Ang antibiotic ay mabisang gamot para sa mga bacterial

infections.

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4. Ang antibiotic ay mabisang gamot para sa mga viral

infections.

5. Sobra o kakulangan sa dosage o rami ng gamot/ antibiotic

ay maaaring magdulot ng mga side effects tulad ng pagkahilo,
pagsusuka, o pagtatae

6. Maaari mong ihinto ang iyong gamutan kapag mabuti na

ang iyong pakiramdam.

7. Pag – inom ng antibiotic para mapabilis ang paggaling.

8. Mas mahal na antibiotic o mas branded na antibiotic ay

mas mabisa ang antibiotic.

9. Kapag madalas ang pag – inom ng mga antibiotics, mas

mahirap ng gamutin ang impeksyon sa hinaharap gamit ang
antibiotics.

10. Ang antibiotic ay ligtas inumin kaya maaari itong inumin

para sa iba’t ibang sakit at impeksyon.

Validated by:

SGD
Kimberly Ann L. Yambao
Registered Nurse

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CURRICULUM
VITAE

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DOCUMENTATION

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CONDUCTING A SURVEY IN NORTHRIDGE CLASSIC

BRAINSTORMING FOR UPCOMING RESEARCH DEFENSE IN DIVISION OFFICE

WHEN WE DONE TO OUR AMR IMRAD PAPER

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WHEN WE TAKE OUR VIDEO PRESENTATION FOR AMR IMRAD PAPER

WHEN WE GO TO SIR CARL FOR STATISTICAL TREATMENT

WHEN WE HAVE A BRAINSTORMING FOR MOCK DEFENSE AND ALSO

CELEBRATE THEIR INCENTIVES

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MOCK DEFENSE FOR RESEARCH CAPSTONE

WHEN WE TAKE A VIDEO FOR OUR RESEARCH FINAL DEFENSE

WHEN WE RECEIVE AND PRESENT OUR RESEARCH PAPER AND CERTIFICATE

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WHEN THEY RECEIVE THEIR CERTIFICATE FOR PARTICIPATION IN

RESEARCH DEFENSE IN DIVISION OFFICE

WHEN THEY OVERNIGHT TO JHET’S HOUSE TO FINALIZE THE FINAL

RESEARCH PAPER

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WHEN WE TALLIED OUR RESULTS

WHEN OUR GROUP PRESENT OUR RESEARCH PAPER IN DIVISION OFFICE

WHEN WE DO OUR PORTFOLIO FOR RESEARCH CAPSTONE

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WHEN WE PRINT OUR FINAL PAPER FOR DEFENSE

WHEN WE RECEIVE OUR CERTIFICATE OF PARTICIPATION AND BEST IN

RESEARCH PAPER

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