SCAFFOLDING
SCAFFOLDING
COMPONENT AND
CONSTRUCTION
Tube and Coupler scaffold:-A scaffold constructed of steel tubing that serves as posts (standards),
runners (ledgers), bearers (transoms), braces and ties; a base supporting the posts; and specially
designed scaffold couplers that serve to connect the various members
COMPONENT OF MOBILE SCAFFOLD
BASE OF THE
SCAFFOLDING
Base plate
Mud sills
EDGE PROTECTION
(g)(4)(xv)
Top
38”- 40”
48” Max
Mid
20”- 30”
SUBPARTS
X&L Ladders and Scaffolds 54
Toeboard Options
Using extra planks on edge:
– Wire in place
– Maintain max. gap of ¼"
– Wire or nail ends in place
Job-made w/1"x 6" lumber:
– Wire/nail/cleat in place
– Lighter, easier to handle
WORKING
PLATFORM
WORKING PLATFORM
Capacity
Support its own weight and 4 X the
Maximum Intended Load (MIL).
SUBPARTS
Platform Construction
• Platforms fully planked or decked
• Maximum 1” gaps
• Maximum openings of 9½” if necessary
• Platforms and walkways minimum 18” wide
• Guardrails and/or Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS)
for < 18” wide
• Planks laid at angles other than 90º laid first under
planks laid over supports at 90 º
9 1/2 ”
1” MAX
SUBPARTS
X&L Ladders and Scaffolds 21
What Makes a Safe Platform?
• Fully planked with scaffold-grade wood or metal.
Scaffold Platform Construction
Front of scaffold no more than 14 inches from face of
work
For outrigger scaffolds 3 inches
Unless secured platforms extend minimum of six
inches over support
6"
Overlapping of Platform
12”
SUBPARTS
X&L Ladders and Scaffolds 37
What’s the Best Way
to Load the Scaffold?
Distribute loads evenly. Point load over uprights.
Evenly Point Loading -
distributed – When necessary, it should be done
over uprights.
A good practice!
An unsafe practice!
SUPPORTING
OPTION
SUBPARTS
X&L Ladders and Scaffolds 30
Tie-Ins to the Building
This 6-tier scaffold is
is anchored to the building
with rope through windows.
A solid strut anchor is better, especially if
not dependent upon friction attachments at
both ends.
ACCESS AND
EGRESS
ERECTION AND
DISMANTLINGNG
OF SCAFFOLD
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
Pole
• Restrict movement of existing
platform until bearers are set, and
braced
• Couplers have to be made of structural
steel
• The use of couplers made from gray
cast iron is prohibited
• Designed by P.E. when more than 125
feet
• Transverse bracing form an “X” across
width of the scaffold must be installed
at scaffold ends
Independent Run Scaffold (Independent Tied):-The Scaffold that has two lines of posts
(standards), one line supporting out side of the scaffold platform (s) and one line supporting the
inside of the platforms (s). The bearers (transoms) are not build in to the wall of the building. It is
usually tied to the building for stability.
Tube and Coupler
• When platforms are being moved to
the next level, the existing platform
must be left undisturbed until the new
bearers have been braced and set in
place
• Couplers must be made of a structural
metal
• Couplers made from gray cast iron is
prohibited
• Designed by P.E. if over 125 feet
Tube and Coupler (cont’d)
• Transverse bracing forming an "X" across the width of the
scaffold must be installed at the scaffold ends, and at least at:
– Every third set of posts horizontally (measured from only one end)
– Every fourth runner vertically
• Bracing must extend upward diagonally to opposite sides of
the scaffold
• Where length is greater than their height, longitudinal bracing
must be repeated beginning at least at every fifth post
• On outside posts, tube and coupler guardrails and midrails
may be used in lieu of outside runners
Fabricated frame
• Existing platforms remain
until the frames are set /
braced
– Joined with stack pin
• Must be designed by
registered engineer when
over 125 ft.
Mobile
• Plumb, level and squared
• Braced to prevent collapse
• Casters and wheels locked to
prevent movement while in a
stationary position
• Platforms must not extend beyond
the base supports of the scaffold,
unless stability is ensured
Mobile (cont’d)
• Not allowed to ride on scaffolds unless the following exist
– Surface on which scaffold is being moved is within 3
degrees of level, and free of pits, holes and obstructions
– Height to base width ratio during movement is 2:1 or less
– Outrigger frames, when used, are installed on both sides
of the scaffold
• When power systems are used, the propelling force is:
– Applied directly to the wheels
– Does not produce a speed in excess of 1 foot per second
• No employee is on any part of the scaffold that extends
beyond the wheels, casters, or other supports
Ladder jack
• Must meet requirements of
subpart “X”, stairways and ladders
– Exception: Job-made ladders must
not be used to support ladder jack
scaffolds
• Ladder jacks must be designed
and constructed to bear on:
– Side rails and ladder rungs, or
– Ladder rungs alone
• Ladders used to support ladder
jack scaffolds must be:
– Placed and fastened to prevent
slipping
Suspended scaffolds
• Suspended scaffolds are
platforms suspended by
ropes, or other non-
rigid means, from an
overhead structure
Suspended Scaffolds
• Two-Point
• Single-Point
Adjustable
• Catenary
• Multi-point
Adjustable
• Interior Hung
• Needle Beam
• Multi-Level
• Float (ship)
USA (v. 2008) 46
Single-point adjustable
• Supporting rope between
scaffold and the suspension
device must be kept vertical
unless:
– Rigging has been designed by a
qualified person
– Scaffold is accessible to rescuers
– Support rope is protected from
rubbing during direction changes,
and
– Scaffold is positioned so swinging
cannot bring it into contact with
other surfaces
Multi-level
• Must be equipped with additional
independent support lines that are:
– Equal in number to number of points
supported
– Equal in strength to the suspension ropes
– Rigged to support scaffold if the
suspension ropes fail
• Independent support lines and
suspension ropes must not be
anchored to the same points
• Supports for platforms must be
attached directly to support stirrups
(not to other platforms)
Pump jack
• Brackets, braces must be fabricated
from metal plates and angles
• Each bracket must have two positive
gripping mechanisms
• Workbench may be used as a top-rail
when guardrails used for fall
protection
• Work benches must not be used as
scaffold platforms
• Poles must be secured to structure
by rigid triangular bracing, or
equivalent
SCAFFOLD RISK CONTROL
PLAN
SUBPARTS
X&L Ladders and Scaffolds 71
Protect Yourself With
Good Practice
• Don’t allow tools, materials, or debris to collect on
scaffold.
• Never, never throw or drop tools, materials, or
equipment.
• Make sure connections are in place and completely
tight.
• Do not stand on ties.
• Do not stand on guardrails or plank extensions.
• Do not overreach outside of the guardrails.
CLEARANCE FROM
ELECTRICAL
CHARGED LINE
Clearances
• Any work where the
tube could come into
contact with the line
would need to be 6
meters plus the
“Danger Zone”
distance relative to the
voltage and nature of
insulation in order that
the scaffold tube
cannot enter the
“Danger Zone”
USA (v. 2008) 56
Clearances
Minimum Clearances From Electrical Lines
Insulated Lines
Less than 300 volts 3 feet
300 volts to 50 kv 10 feet
More than 50 kv 10 feet plus 4” for each
additional kv
Uninsulated Lines
Up to 50 kv 10 feet
More than 50 kv 10 feet plus 4” for each
additional kv
USA (v. 2008) 57
THANK YOU
