1. What is manufacturing?
Write the importance of ‘manufacturing sector’ for our nation
Manufacturing. Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw
materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing...
Importance of manufacturing industries for India:
2. It helps in modernizing agriculture, which is the base of our economy.
3. It reduces heavy dependence on agricultural income by providing jobs in non-
agricultural sectors.
4. Industrial development is necessary for eradication of poverty and unemployment
because people get jobs and generate more income.
5. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and brings in much needed foreign
exchange.
6. Industries bring riches faster to a nation because manufacturing changes raw
materials into finished goods of a higher value, so industrial development brings
prosperity to the country.
2. Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other, but move hand in hand.” Give
arguments in favour of this statement.
Agriculture and industry in India are inseparable or interdependent on each other:
1. Agro-industries in India have boosted agriculture by raising its productivity.
2. Industries depend on agriculture for their raw materials, e.g. cotton textile
industry.
3. Industries provide many agricultural inputs like irrigation pumps, fertilisers,
insecticides, PVC pipes, machines and tools etc. to the farmers.
4. Manufacturing industries have assisted agriculturists to increase their production
and also made the production processes very efficient.
5. Development of different modes of transport by industrial sector has not only
helped farmers to obtain agricultural inputs but has also helped them trade their
products.
3. List the major factors which affect the location of an industry at a place. What is the key
to the decision of ‘factory location’?
1. Raw material. Cheap and abundant availability of raw material. Industries which
use heavy and perishable raw material have to be located close to the source of
raw material.
2. Labour. Availability of cheap labour is necessary for keeping the cost of
production low.
3. Power. Cheap and continuous supply of power is extremely necessary for
continuity in the production process.
4. Capital. It is necessary for developing infrastructure, for the entire manufacturing
process and for meeting manufacturing expenditure.
5. Banking and insurance facilities, favourable government policies are other factors
which affect location of an industry.
The ‘key’ to the decision of a factory location is least cost so that the venture is
profitable.
4. State any five basis on which industries are classified.
i)On the basis of source of raw materials used — Agro-based and mineral-based.
ii)According to their main role — Basic and Consumer industries.
iii)
On the basis of capital investment—Small-scale and large-scale industries.
iv)On the basis of ownership — Public Sector, Private Sector, Cooperative Sector,
Joint Sector.
v) Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods—Heavy
industries, Light industries.
[Link] the types of industries on the basis of ownership and give one example of
each.
Four types of industries based on ownership are:
1. Public Sector industries. They are owned and operated by government agencies,
e.g. BHEL, SAIL, etc.
2. Private Sector industries are owned and operated by an individual or a group of
individuals, e.g. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
3. Joint Sector industries are jointly run by the Public (government) and Private
Sector (individuals), e.g. Oil India Ltd.
4. Cooperative Sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or
suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both. They pool in the resources and share
the profits or losses proportionately, e.g. sugar industry in Maharashtra and coir
industry in Kerala.
6. What are the problems faced by the cotton textile industry?
Problems faced by the cotton textile industry:
1. Power supply is erratic in our country.
2. Machinery needs to be upgraded, especially in weaving and processing sectors.
3. Low output of labour.
4. We still need to import cotton in spite of the fact that the production of cotton in
the country has increased.
5. Stiff competition from the synthetic fibre industry.
7. Explain the main factors which are responsible for the concentration of jute mills
along the banks of Hugli river.
Factors responsible for the concentration of jute industry on the banks of Hugli:
1. Proximity of the jute producing areas to the Hugli Basin.
2. Inexpensive water transport provided by the Hugli river.
3. It is well connected by a good network of railways, waterways and roadways to
facilitate movement of raw materials to the mills.
4. Abundant water for processing raw jute.
5. Availability of cheap labour from West Bengal and the adjoining States of Bihar,
Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
6. Kolkata as a port and large urban centre, provides banking, insurance and port
facilities for export of jute goods.
8. Give reasons to highlight the importance of chemical industry in Indian economy.
Importance of chemical industry:
i) It contributes approximately 3% of the GDP.
ii) It is the 3rd largest in Asia and occupies 12th position in the world in
terms of its size.
iii) It comprises both large and small-scale manufacturing units producing
a variety of items, ranging from plastic, rubber, soaps, chemical
fertilizers to pharmaceuticals.
iv) The chemical industry is its own largest consumer. Basic chemicals
undergo processing to further produce other chemicals that are used
for industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets.
v) The chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying in both
organic and inorganic chemicals, thereby generating lot of
employment.
9. Why are most of the iron and steel industries concentrated in and around
Chotanagpur Plateau Region? Give reasons.
Reasons:
1. Low cost of iron-ore which is mined here.
2. High grade raw materials in close proximity.
3. Availability of cheap labour.
4. Vast growth potential in the home market.
5. Efficient transport network for their distribution to the markets and consumers.
6. Availability of power because this region has many thermal and hydel power
plants.
7. Liberalisation and FDI have also given boost to the industry with efforts of private
entrepreneurs.
10. Name four major groups of fertilizers produced in India.
Main groups of fertilizers produced in India are:
1. Nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea).
2. Phosphatic fertilizers.
3. Ammonium phosphate (DAP).
4. Complex fertilizers which have a combination of nitrogen, phosphate and potash.
11. Give examples of industries which cause a lot of water pollution.
1. Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluents
discharged into rivers.
2. Major water pollutants are dyes, detergents, acids and salts.
3. Heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides and fertilizers and synthetic
chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber etc. discharged in the water bodies
without treatment pollute these water bodies.
4. Solid wastes, e.g., fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags, etc. and
wastes from nuclear power plants cause water pollution.
5. Dumping of harmful chemicals and industrial effluents etc. on the land causes
rain-water to percolate. As a result, these pollutants contaminate ground water.
12. Explain any five measures to control industrial pollution in India.
Five measures to control industrial pollution:
1. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories
with fabric filters, electrostatic precipitators, etc.
2. Equipments to control aerosol emissions can be used in industries, e.g.,
electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers and inertial separators. Smoke can be
reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
3. Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements of industries and other
domestic purposes.
4. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
5. Machinery and equipment can be fitted with silencers.
6. Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and
earphones.
13. Explain the pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power
Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural environment and resources?
NTPC is taking the following measures in places where it is setting up power plants:
1. Optimum utilisation of equipment by adopting latest techniques and upgrading
existing equipment.
2. Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
3. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance.
4. Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water
recycling system and liquid waste management.
5. Ecological monitoring, reviews and online data base management for all its power
stations.
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