Scribd
Upload
122 views13 pages

ASM Hot Dip Coatings

ASM Hot Dip Coatings

Uploaded by

Rashid Guliyev
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
122 views13 pages

ASM Hot Dip Coatings

ASM Hot Dip Coatings

Uploaded by

Rashid Guliyev
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Hot Dip Coatings HOT DIP COATING is a process in which a protective coating i applied to a metal by fersing it ina molten bath of the costing mets Although hot dip coatings ean be used t0 provect i mimber of metals, his ticle will consider ony ‘Move used to protect steel Hot din cootings have « number of sa including the ability to coat recessed or freas (stich as corners and edges) with 8 standard ‘mininwam coating thickness. resistance to me: ‘chanical damage (because the coating s metal ‘ically bonded to the steel), and good resistance to corrosion ins aumber of environments. How ever, the process has to limiting factors. Fis the coating must melt at'a reasonably low tem perature, and second, the steel base metal mus, fot undergo undesirable property changes during the costing process it dip coats may be applied by continuous cor batch processes. Materials such a8 steel sheet tnd wire may be bot dipped by continuausly passing the stee| through the molten metal bath. Continuous processing is highly automated and Imechaaized and is often associated with steel mill, persion. The section “-Continuoas. Hot Din ‘Costing™ inthis article discusses the corrasion resistance af rine, uluminum, snd neal Alloy ho dip coatings on stecl. Materials that are hutch processed are wenerully fabricated Before hot dipping. and the process may be performed ‘manually o° semiautomatically Articles that can the hot dipped by the batch process range in size (om lage steel seuctural meenbers to such small, items as fasteners. The section "Hot Dip Galvee izing by the Batch Process” in this article pro ‘details onthe use of hot dip zine costings (0 protect steel Other article ia this Volume Thal ‘Sontain information onthe use of hee dip coatinas Tor corrosion prevention include "Cortasion of Zine,” “Corrosion in the Automotive Indust.” fant "Corrosion in Structures Continuous Hot Dip Coatings As, Stavros Union Carbide Corporation ‘Steel sheet and wire re coated by a cominuous hot dip process: that s. they enter the coating bath in an unending stip. In theory. al coi ‘ous bot dip processes are similar in thatthe See sheet oF wire subjected to successive cleaning. ‘uting. and posteuating eps Typical cleaning steps sy include alkaline fearing or eid pickling (bath of which may be ‘leetroytien,oxiation usually gaseous fr sie! but often in molter lead for wire) and reduction eascoush If-& giscous reduction 4 the fil leaning step, the steel must enter the molten coating bath directly without being exposed to fir. When th fins cleaning step isan acd pickle {this is usually the ease for wine), the see then Immersed in a lguid fix, which dissolves any femaining oxides, before entering the mollen both. Similarly, gaseous reduction can also Be considered a fus treatment. Ar gaseous cleaning {used on about 0% of the shect couting lines. The remaining 407% $8 approximately hal Uighid cleaningiiox pd half liquid cleaning gascous Cleaning. Most wire-coating lines use the fail fx technigh The clean steel is then immersed inthe molten coating bath long cnegh to allow the coating ‘eal To wet and react withthe sel surface. AN the coated sheet of wire emerges fom the molten ‘oath, i¢ pulls coating metal up from the surtace, which cin then be smoothed or wiped 10 the Wesired thickness by a vatiety of methods. Most Sheet-coating nes tse x wisowiping lechrigue in Jha jet oF sean ai, or as such ss ailvogen) fs directed sugunst the emerging sheet. Wires Vanizers either contat the wire with solid devi linet sith ashestos or simihir melas frodice thin comings oF se Roating mouads of Charcoal for heavier cotings. wllhongh ther fechniques are sso used “The coated stee! can be given any number of supssanent- mecharical, therm, oF chemical postireatments designed to impart speciic prop rics. Typically, cated sheet might be aed 0° {coated With a eheomate solution Io inhibit stain ing oF superficial cortesion during storage and twansi (ee the article "Chromate Conversion Coatings” in this Volume Waxing would serve the saime purpose oo wire and would faiiate thanting diving subseqdent processing Zine-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Galvanized steel nas been in wse for aver 10 years. Continuous galvanizing of sheet steel vas, Iniraciiced into the United States. in 1936, In 983 an estimated $.9 = 10° Mg (6.5 ~ 10° tons} of galvanized sheet steel were produced. Because fof ts long history of use. galvanized steel has been expend 10, and sted in wide eange of corrosive environments, An excellent summary ff the hehavior of galvanized steel iS provided it Ref Microstructure of Galvanized Coatings ‘A hot dip zine coating consists wf a series of ayers Stating atte steel suaface. each layer is tin sromerine alloy with successively lower ron fontent until the outer kyyer of pure zine Is reached. In continuous galvanizing. however. it {s typical to ald about 0.1 190.2% Al, which Suppresses the formation of the ally layers 0 thatthe coating is mostly pure zine (Fig. 1- Other alloying clemenis. in addition to alu influence appearance, mechanical prope isan important factor ia atmospheric corrosion. This sulfate compound aso appears 10 be more protective than the sulfates found of zine coatings, which is consistent with observer {Corrosion hehuvior Aqueous Corrosion Resistance ‘luminum-couted stel has aot generally been used in situations requiring aqueous comosion Fesiunce. There are no covaterarts to gala nized water tanks, galvanized pipe of galvanized fullk, However, sce 1979 the Type 2 sliminum oiing hs been used in the munufacture of Corrugated steel pipe. Corrosion in Natural Waters. Numerical data on the corrosion resistance of alvayinum coatings are few because of the lack of use Behavior is usually inferred from alumisum alloy ia, But this could be inappropriate because of Uilfereoces in structure and composition, Nove theless, studies on aluminum alloys have shown that the airformed aluminum oxide is destroyed lifter invmersion (Ref 18). Corrusion resistance then depends on the oxide Being re formes from dissolved oxygen quicker than Uhe aluminum is attacked by ctfer rons. sich ag chlorides (CL) nitrates (NO, ) oF sulfates (SOF). With the pro teclive aluminum oxide layer place, the normal ‘mode of failure pitting, not general dissolution, In general, soft waters ave the Teast agaressive towantaluminum. The oxide is regarded as stable from pit $ to 9, However, specific ions ean ‘change this range of sability. There is also some ceuidence that pitting may increase 6 the pH ‘anes frog neutral hut increasing the ow rae specially at the more extreme pH valles, C28 SMlevite pitting. Stull concentrations af capper and some offer heavy metas cin also Wel 10 fcvelerited pitting. Pitting aod corrosion have bbeon observed in Tess than 3 years on aluminu coated roofing Patels exposed to signant water (Ref 19). On the other hl. when under 2 ‘omstant ow of relatively soft neutral pH water. corrugated sel pine made from Type 2 alu numn-coated see gives excellent service (Ref 20) nin Seawater. Unlike almiouin inun-coated stec i not used in sea sion Tater ae 9? igh tO provide ‘ecariomical use except as part ofa more complex protectin system. Types thickness Toss after 1 Seat of immersion in seawater has been reported lesbe 19K urn (7.8 mil) for Tspe Fad 38 mn 1S ils) for Type 2 aluminum-coated sheets (Ref 1. Corrosion in Soils ‘As with aqueous environments. aluninusn weated steel docs not have it history of ase 40 Soils. Rehuvior would he expected to depend on DH, resistivity. aod especially the chemistry of the Sel. The made of falar should be piting. To date, no detrimental soil experience has been feported for the corrugated steel pipe use dis cused previously, Aluminum-Zine Alloy Coated Stee! AAs discussed earlier. galvanized coatings pro vide an acceptable degree of resistance 1 atl: spheric. aqueous. and soil corrosion. Because of falvanic protection, the rusting nd staining of Steel exposed at cut edges or coating defects are prevented anil the nearby zinc i consumed. The Tiujor inadeysacies of zine coatings are the bit ited protection in the more severe environments And uny significant high temperature protection ‘Sluminumn coatings have addressed these 10 fuctors. However, because they cannot provide cathodic protection 10 exposed steel in most ‘environments. early rusting oceurs at coating ddofoets and cut edges. Bven though this using seldom progresses. if precludes use where ap. pearance is imporiant. Aluiinurn coatings are iso subject to crevice corrosion in marine envi Many attempts have been ade 1 pave the conmsion resistance of bath galvanized and alt ‘minum costings through alloying, ANBoUgh com: Dirations of these two elements with euch o1ner wwere known to provide an attactive degree of forosion resince. hot dip coatings, didnot become feasible tint the discovery that silicon inhibits che rapid alloying rection with steel Ref 21), The SSALZn (by Weight, SSAI-48.47-L 651) ‘coating wis firs available commercially in 1972 This composition was selected [rom a syslematic investigation of aaminum-zine alloys, with up to 70% Al providing te best combination of iat tection and low corrosion rate. Current use fs from meal roving, For whieh i iy the jor coated steel used. 19 automative compar fens, appllanees, and, wos! recently, corrugated Stee! pipe. Production capacity of shcet in the United! States in aver 726 000 Mi (800000 tons) ‘The SSAIZa coating is now the fastest growing fot dip coating worKlwide in both production capacity and use Microstructure of SSAl-Zn Coating ‘The S8AL-Zn exating his two-phase structure ‘of cored aluminum-rich dendrites and a zine-tich Hot Dip Coatings / 435 Interdendritic constituent. This overlay is honded {othe steel substrate by thin intermetallic layer ‘whose composition is 48% Al. 2460 Fe. 4% Zn, and 11% Si X-ray diffraction suggests sictare Similar to AlyFe,. In addition, silicon particles are often found ih the intendendriticresion. By volume, the coating is annrvximately 80% AL + Shand 106 Zn, The effect of cooling rate during Solidification ts. manifested in the spacing. be: (breed the dendritic arms. Easter cooling [used commercially) results in finer spacing, which i proves corrosion resistance Protection by Aluminum-Zine Alloy Coatings ‘The SSAl-Ln coating provides both burier and talvinie protection, Because the zinerich com Stituent i intimately distributed throughout the {oatng, i will be ip contact with exposed steel a fny brcak in the cating and at cul edges. Al though less galvanic protestion is available than ‘vith pure galvanized coatings, the alloy coating Tasts longer because the overall corrosion rate = ‘controlled by the aluminum-rich phase, which {eorroles mich more slowly thn 2196 Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance Samples of SSALZn-couted steel have been tested in atmospheric exposure for over 20 years Tigure 7 shows thickness loss with time for the first 15 yours of exposure in Tour different alin spheres. Compared to galvanized panels expoved [at the same time, the SSALZn coating provides {oo to six ines the corrosion fesistance (haved ‘on equal-coaling thicknesses). Although these Fesuls were bused on pile line samples. subse= ‘quent lesting of commercial SSAFZn sheet steel for 10 years shows a slightly greater advantage cover galvanized sieel (Ref 23) ‘Corrosion Mechanism. Te zinc-rich coms! vent ofthe coating has heen observed to corrode preferentially. AS these regions are removed, their space is tuken by corrosion products that become mechanically locked into the ioterden sintic spaces, Thewe carrion products are mest Iy amorphous stuminam or hydrated alu Zinc sulfes-—similar €0 the corrosion products found on the coating surfuee of aluminury and SSAl2n coatings. ‘These sulfates are adbereat and may’ help explain the improved daratility of {healt in coating Seppo forth meck- ‘Studies in whieh the corrosion potential is ob Served to change that of a galvanized coating ‘pom immersion Io. value approsching tht of shuminurs after subsequent corrosion (Ref 24) Aqueous Corrosion Resistance The SSAbZa coating is finding increased use in applications. demanding. resistance aqueous corrosion, especialy where weldry cycles are ‘bined Corrosion in Natural Waters, As with other castings, the corrosion of SSALZa coating would toe expected to vary with the specific properties of the water Is not known how water hardness Will affect corrosion, but in distilled water (very oft) and distilled water containing 85 mg/L of CI ion, the S8AF-Zn conting is muck more rei tant than galvanized exaling Table 4) In sin lar tests, SSALZn and golvanized panels were immersed for 99 cys in distilled Water containing pm of SO}- and 10 ppm of Cl at pt values from 3 to TH (Ref 26), The pH was maintained 436 | Corrosion Protection Methods Fa ra ay through sulturie acid (H,80,) or sodium hydrox ide (NSOH) additions. As Table $ domonstentes, the SSAL2n retains more coating than the gular nized at all pH values, especialy within the S 0 range most characteristic of natural waters. The longest service history of expostire to natural water for the SSALZa eouling fs obtained {rom corrugated steel pipe installed between Oc: tober, 197%, and October, 1974 (Ref 27), Waser chemistry, pH, and resistivity varied widely trom Site to nile and sometimes changed With time. Brosion and abrasion & a wear factors, Overall SSAi Zo applied at a coating weight of 180 git” provides greater durability than 2 600-8) galvanized coating. Continved monitoring of theve sites suggests an average of 10 years cf additional life fr the SSAI-Zn costing in the pipe inverts, the point of severest corrasion and Wea Corrosion in Seawater, No results of seas ter exposures have been published. Iti unlikely that the SSAl-Zn coating would provide serviee ‘tha dlrs substantially rom tha of a galvanized fF aluminum coating. Supplemental protection woul he requir fr long-term ue in seuater, Corrosion in Soils Again, there are few performance data forthe SsAl-Zn coting n soil The corrieate ste pipe exposures described previously provide the Tang est history of soil exposure, but because most ulverts fil from the mse. exterior sil carter Sion was not monitored closely im these tests Some data ave available from laboratory texts in Which lo-gige coated steel panes were buried in test sols and monitored for coating ls (Ret 27), Figure 8 shows coating loss and the soll charac teristics, These data supuest that the SSAFZin costing should provide corrosion resistance in Soil star to hat of & galvanized cowtin. J+ 7 Coating thickness loo of SSA Zn coated seein four atmoiphers, Soure: Ret 22 Hot Dip Galvanizing by the Batch Process J.W. Gombrell American Hot Dip Galvanizers Association ‘The metalic coating produced by sulvaniring process isthe reval of mel Feast called diffusion. Diffusion occur the steels immersed in the molten vine. In this reaction, series of intermetallic iron zine Fs ormed i ne difures inward und iron iluses utara, The finished product consists of Four layers om the steel: the nuler layer ty free ine. and the inner three layers are separate intermetal Ti layers that ure metallurgically bonded to each ‘other ond the steel, Thus, & galvanized coating hus extremely high bond strength relative lo ther coatings, which rely on mechanical or weak “lecial forse for bonding For the diffusion Fesction to occur, the 2ine must wel the steel surface, The presence on the eel surface of foreign msterials, such a rust Seale. paints, or lubricants, eum prevent the ne from wetting and reacting with the steel surface: therefore. ll contaminants: must he. removed before esivanizing The hatch hot dip galvanizing process consists ‘of to basic Steps surtace prepara meron inthe Fath of molten nc fof these broad steps isa series of operations ‘essen fo the proactiom of quality galvanized coating bot sip : ‘Surface Preparation Surface preparation essentially involves clean ing the steel, Dit, ols, lubricants, greases, and ther impurities, as well as normal oxidation Products. such as anil Seale OF rast, may Table 4 Average coating thickness loss of galvanized and S5Al-Zn-coated steel after 56 days Gatvined 08a ssakzn fois Gaus I oa Table 5 Coating weight losses of galvanized and 5SAl-Zn-coated steels after a 90-day immersion water of various pHs bbe deposited on the steel during fubricution, Aransportation, or storage. These. impurities smut be removed for the galvaniving reaction to ‘Alkcline Degreasing. 1f required by the condition of the molersl, the Best sop in the process Lentment nun utkaine solution. Oils ereases, and other suponfiable compounds are Femoved in this step. Mest of the various prope tary compounds available for this purpose con Sstofa mature of haste sodium sult ‘Acid Pickling. ‘The steel ticle is. usually sinsed aller alkatine degreasing and belore pick: fing to avoid neutralization ancl weakening af the pickle atid. The pickling process removes sur aes oxides and nll scale. The pickle seis aguenus solution of mineral acid, usually by Grochloric acid (HCI) OF slic a6 USO cid concentrations and pickliag temperatures vary from galvanizer 0 galvanize. but are within narrow range. An inhibitor is sometimes used to fi attack ofthe base met ‘Abrasive Cleaning. "Asan alternative tn aikaline degreasing tnd pickling, abrasive pthiasting may he used, followed by a fash Pickle to remove any surface oxies that Mu Aevelop hetween cleuning nd further processing Abrasive cleaning may not be practical for the palvanizer who handles variety of sizes and Shapes of material. Abrasive cleaning provides rapid und complete cleuning and is particularly fective in cleaning ion enstings because casing Sunds are easily removed and! surface untoraity ‘promoted. the method is also use for clea ing fabricated products composed of different ferrous materials that may pickle at different rates of for removing weld Nags oF offer impr fs that are dificul lo remove chemically. Abr sive cleaning. may reyoltin inereused. coating thicknesses because of changes in the ste! i face profile increased effective surface ate and roughness) Fluxing is required co dissolve any oxide films formed on the stecl after picking but hefare galvanizing. and 10 ensure that a clean mets Materia! Sai msta, 0 3 a io Storied «a Exposures, yaoe Somee: Rel 27 se comets the molten zine. “The Auxing Drocedures used include the wet provess and the ‘ry process. Inthe wet process. stet is passed Uvoush & hiyer oF molten Mux foating on the Surface of the molten zinc, The dry. process ‘prefoxing. involves immersion ofthe steet io an aqueous x solution and drying before galvania: ing. In both cases, a lox composed of zine ammonium chlorwle (2nCly-2NHC1 is used. Be- ause both processes have advantages, selection ‘ofa metbiod fs based on individ chai nnd the types af material to be processed. Galvanizing ‘The molten rine metal is contained in a kettle ‘made of frchox-quality steel, although ceramic: Fined ketles are increasing in use particulary in Europe, The zine Is maintained at & temperature oF 48 10 460°C (830 fo BA "F) The ete should be large enough to accommodate the material expected he hanaled and shoul have scien Trane dale ely wetie dg a ee CCorasion of golorized sel ond SSAl-Tr-coted weal inte rls, Soll characteris are aso given hat content to prevent Jeep shermal cycling, with a resulting decrease inthe Ket lie ‘The clean iron of steel is Hmmersed lipped) icecly into the molten zine of is passed through fo molten flex Blanket inte The zine. The material is immediately wetid, and as it reaches the lemperature of the molten zinc, the diffusion reaction begins, resulting in the Formation of @ Series of irow-zine alloys, For most steels, the easton is rapid. at frst but it subsequently Slows, ‘The thickness of The caaling does no increase substantially with Tonger immersion ‘The coating produced consists of a seri of Zincsinon alloys. with increasing. vine. content ‘occurring toward the coating surtace. When the rater withdrawn from the keitle, thin layer (of fee zine remains on the zine iron alloys, resulting im the charlerstic bright. shiny, gl ‘anized coating ish when allowed 6 C00! quick Ty in-air The thickness of the Tree rine Inyer Varies with the speed of withdrawal from the ‘molten Path Hot Dip Coatings / 437 Most galvanized articles ave air cooled after coating, although centrifuged parts und smaller items are olten weter quenched. Water quench ing balls the alloying reaction by diminishing the heat relsiaed by the workpiece; this prevents the ‘continued reaction that could convert the free ne layer to won-zne alloy. Couting Wei Sea'titcknese Galvanizing specications in the United States require the coating fo be measured in ounces pet sjlare foot, For wire, sheet, of small parts and ienere, the procedure involves stripping the coating, deteraining the weightloss of the tem. then calculating the costing weight. Porlarge iron and stee sructaral material, this may be impos Mole or impractieal The cating weight can be termined bY measuring the coating thickness with 2 calibrated magnetic thickness gape. The {hickness-to.weight conversion is | 0% oF zine (GOS gin? of zinc] equals 1? mile 43 ya) of thiektess Factors Affecting Coating Thickness and Structure For most steels, the costing thickness and structure are relatively insensitive to variations in the galvanizing process. Vanations in stel chem. Isury: zine bath temperature: the physical condi tion of the steel surface [grain Nze. stresses, ‘microstructure, roughness): Zine chemist: the mount of wiping, shaking. oe centnifusing: and the rate of coking alter galvanizing can eect the thickness, metallryical charueterisie, and the appearance of the coating ‘Stoel Chemistry. lihouh almost any steel can be galvanized, eel chemistry cam ive ‘marked effet on the thickness. siricture, and Anpearance of the galvanized coating. Silicon, phosphors, carbon, and manganese may’ e pre- ent in the stecl and can influence the 2ine-st0n reaction mechanism, depending 1 their concen: “The most influential steel constituent i silicon. which is added to steel as ferrosilicon to remove ‘oxygen from the molten steel before casting Figure @ shows the effect of increasing silicon Somtent in the steel versus time at two diferent Balvanizing temperatures. Un highsiticon (rea five) steels, the increase in coating. thickness fests ftom the aevelerated growth of the zinc fron alloy tayers. This growth is due (0 th formation of loosely packed small grains oF long sem crystals im the outermost alloy layer of th ‘coating. allowing Zine from the bath to penetrate fo the stecl surface, with continuation of the reaction, In general, steels with the following raximunn impurity Tevels ae est suited (© ge ‘anizing! 0.057 Si, 05S P.0.2577 Can 1% Zine Bath Temperature. For normal steels, an inereane in the zine bath Temperature, Fit does not exceed the normal operating range, results in redaced immersion lime and improved drainage ‘of free zine from the coating. The coating thik ness for slicon-contuining steels Yery temper ature dependeat (ig. 9) Steel Surface Condition. The condition of tho steol surface with respect to roughness and ricrosiructare cam affect the thickness of the 438 | Corrosion Protection Methods falvanized coating, Roushening of he surface Increases the profile ard thus the effective sur face avea of the material, resulting in increased ‘coating thickness. Pine-grain microstructures can Fesuit In lower coating Weights (Ref 29). Coating thicknessspecifications generally pravide fot lose= ‘ex coating thicknesses for thinner stel sections. Zine Chemistry. Trace elements in the mol fen dine ether present as impurities or inienton= ily ade to he rine to achieve certaia benefit fests, ean alfet the appearance of the galvie ied coating. Prime Western zine, the grade normally used for batch process galvanizing, can contain up to 14% Pb, 0.2% Cu, 0.05% Fe, and Inust contain & minimum of 98% 7. ‘Although the lead content of Prime Western zinc cat be as high as 149%, a typical galvanizing bath will contain 1% or less, Lead has no effet ‘op the viscosity of molten zine, hut it does affect the surface tension: this results in better drainage ‘of ine from the galvanized product, un important onsideration when galvanizing complex shapes fo wite fabries, Aluminurn is usually not found in the arid of ine normally used for galvanizing, but is occa sionally added to improve the finish ofthe work Alumiturm at 8 concentration of 0.008% in zine ‘nll result in coatings with improved br and uniformity. Iealso retards the surface oxida ion of the molten 2ne, resulting in a smoother Mlow of ine overthe work and improved drainage sharsctenistics, “The typical galvanizing zine bath may contain ‘other tive elements that were originally present inthe cine or that celled from the chemistry of the steel processed. These trace elements, tt lading cadmium and copper. are usually present at Too low a concentration to aect the Costing Structure or appearance Degree of Wiping, Shaking, or Centrifug- ing. Thete techrigues ate used for the efficient emoval of excess zinc afer galvanicing nd result in @ coating with a very uniform suri appearance. These teebnigues pa Important when galvanizing threaded mater Rate of Cooling. Siicon-coniaining. stews that are allowed to coo! slowly ater galvanizing will continue To react uni the temperature de- tereases to below about 300 °C 1370 °F). This may resul in the izonezine alloy layers extending to the coating surface and an almost total absence of the fee zinc liver. The result i a gray coating ‘stead ofthe notnal bright finish, The service lie of the coating is not adversely affected ind ‘may’ in fact be greater with these coatings Be ‘Cause of their increased thicknesses, IF the material is not water quenched after salvanizing, then elose tacking of material while Still hot should be avanded because of heat fetes Tian, which could allow: the vines alloying feastion to continue, Material should be well Spaced with good air eircuation for cooling ef wieney Mechanical Proportios of the Coati and Steel Substrate Hardness and Abration Resistance. The layers that compose the galvanized coating boing discrete zinc-iron alloys. vary in hardness, The fre zine layer (a) ts relatively soft. but the alloy layers are very hand, barder even than ordinary structural steels. Typical values for the micro : Fel Eee at ry. 7 . al p| | gt |— ee ealL\ : zw ao 3m a of ; : : oor esos S Silicon content, % Fig. 9 a CT Silicon content Se o fect of sion content of al, nection tne, ond glvniing tmparotore onthe hice of hot dip Sghered

You might also like