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Commun. Theor. Phys. 64 (2015) 547–554 Vol. 64, No. 5, November 1, 2015

Mathematical Analysis for Peristaltic Flow of Two Phase Nanofluid in a Curved

Channel

S. Nadeem∗ and Iqra Shahzadi

Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University 45320, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan

(Received April 9, 2015; revised manuscript received July 21, 2015)

Abstract This paper describes the theoretical analysis for peristaltic motion of water base nanofluid containing
distinct types of the nanoparticles like Cu, TiO2 , and Al2 O3 . Equations of nano fluid are modelled and simplified by
constructing the suppositions of low Reynolds number as well as long wave length. The reduced equations are solved
exactly. Solutions are represented through graphs. Outcomes for the velocity, temperature, pressure rise and stream
lines are analyzed graphically. The work presented here is based on the fictitious values, however some other values can
be tested experimentally.

PACS numbers: 47.63.-b

Key words: peristaltic flow, nanofluid, curved channel, exact solution

1 Introduction An inventive technique, which uses a mixture of nano-

The study of peristaltic transport is highly important particles and the base fluid, was first introduced by
in modern applied mathematics, physics, engineering, and Choi[15] in order to grow advanced heat transfer fluid with
physiological world. A process of symmetrical contraction significantly higher conductivities. The resulting com-
and expansion of progressive waves on the walls of the bination of the base fluid and nanoparticles having ex-
channel, which transport fluid in a channel is termed as clusive physical and chemical properties is termed as a
peristalsis. Peristaltic flows have conventional significant nanofluid. Nanofluid is basically the liquid suspension
attention notices in the previous few decades principally that contains very small particles of diameter less than
because of its relevance to manufacturing and physiolog- 100 nm. These particles are generally found in the metals
ical processes. In physiology the application of peristal- such as, Carbides, Oxides, nitrides or non-metals (Car-
sis covers swallowing food through the esophagus, chime bon nanotubes, Graphite). The influence of endoscope
motion in the gastrointestinal tract, in the vasomotion of on the peristaltic transport of nanofluid has been exam-
small blood vessels such as venules, capillaries and arter- ined by Nadeem and Akbar.[16] In nano fluids flow and
ies, urine transport from kidney to bladder etc.[1] Also heat transfer over an unsteady shrinking sheet with suc-
biochemical instruments like heart, lung machine work on tion were analyzed by Rohni et al.[17] Zheng et al.[18] have
this code. In engineering science, peristalsis has applica- analyzed the heat transfer of nanofluid over a stretching
tions in the design of roller pumps, in sanitary fluid trans- sheet with temperature jump and velocity slip. Numeri-
port and transport of corrosive fluids where the contact cal study of Williamson nanofluid in an asymmetric chan-
of the fluid with machinery parts are prohibited. Breaker, nel was examined by Akbar et al.[19] Nadeem et al.[20−21]
handle pumps fluids, and acidic materials, a toxic liquid have analyzed the peristaltic flow of Newtonian and non-
transit in the nuclear industry etc.[2−8] Newtonian fluid in curved channel with compliant walls
In all above mentioned attempts peristaltic flows have under the effects of the nanoparticles.
been discussed in two-dimensional channels or asymmetric To our knowledge in a curved channel the peristaltic
channels. But in real world problems, curved channels are flow of two phase nano fluid model is still not explored.
of crucial importance. Generally, most practical applica- Therefore, in the present analysis we focused on the peri-
tions do not encounter with simple channels, curved chan- staltic flow of water base fluid containing different types
nels gain even more importance i.e. the veins, arteries and of nanoparticles like Cu, Al2 O3 , and TiO2 in a curved
intestines are not always straight or symmetrical, and we channel. The governing equations of two-dimensional
observe bends in them. Ramanamurthy et al.[9] discussed nanofluid in a curved channel together with the effects
unsteady peristaltic transport in a curved channel. Differ- of curvature are molded and simplified by using the wave
ent researchers used Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids frame transformation from fixed to moving frame. By
in different geometries with different assumptions.[10−14] using the transformations and assumptions of long wave-
∗ Corresponding
author, E-mail: snqau@[Link]
c 2015 Chinese Physical Society and IOP Publishing Ltd
[Link] [Link]
548 Communications in Theoretical Physics Vol. 64

h 2π i
length and low Reynolds number the exact solution of the H̄2 (X̄, t̄) = −ã − b̃ sin (X̄ − ct̄) , lower wall . (1)
reduced ordinary differential equation is obtained. The ex- λ
pression for pressure rise is computed by using numerical In Eq. (1) c is the speed and λ denotes the wavelength.
integration. At last the physical phenomena are described
by plotting graphs.

2 Mathematical Formulation
A curved channel of semi width ã curled in a circle
with radius R̃∗ and centre O (Fig. 1) is filled with an in-
compressible water based nanofluid carrying various types
of nanoparticles that are TiO2 , Cu and Al2 O3 . The flow
in the channel is convinced by sinusoidal waves of little
amplitude b̃ travelling along the flexible walls of the chan-
nel. Let Ũ and Ṽ be the velocity components in axial
(X̄) and radial (R̄) directions, respectively. The inertial
effects are negligible. Furthermore, upper and lower walls
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the problem.
of the channel are kept at a constant temperature T̃1 and
T̃0 (T̃1 < T̃0 ), respectively. Channel walls are considered
The constitutive equations of continuity, momentum
as:
h 2π i and energy in the absence of body force and in the pres-
H̄1 (X̄, t̄) = ã + b̃ sin (X̄ − ct̄) , upper wall , ence of viscous dissipation take the following form
λ
∂ ∂ Ũ
{(R̄ + R̃∗ )Ṽ } + R̃∗ = 0, (2)
∂ R̄ ∂ X̄
 ∂ Ṽ ∂ Ṽ R̃∗ Ũ ∂ Ṽ Ũ 2  µ 
nf 1 ∂  ∂ Ṽ 
+ Ṽ + − = (R̄ + R̃∗ )
∂ t̄ ∂ R̄ (R̄ + R̃∗ ) ∂ X̄ (R̄ + R̃∗ ) ρnf (R̄ + R̃∗ ) ∂ R̄ ∂ R̄
 R̃∗ 2 ∂ 2 Ṽ Ṽ 2R̃∗ ∂ Ũ  1 ∂ p̄
+ 2
− − − , (3)
R̄ + R̃∗ ∂ X̄ (R̄ + R̃∗ )2 (R̄ + R̃∗ )2 ∂ X̄ ρnf ∂ R̄
 ∂ Ũ ∂ Ũ R̃∗ Ũ ∂ Ũ Ũ Ṽ  µ  1 ∂  ∂ Ũ 
nf
+ Ṽ + + = (R̄ + R̃∗ )
∂ t̄ ∂ R̄ (R̄ + R̃∗ ) ∂ X̄ (R̄ + R̃∗ ) ρnf (R̄ + R̃∗ ) ∂ R̄ ∂ R̄
 R̃∗ 2 ∂ 2 Ũ Ũ 2R̃ ∗
∂ Ṽ  1 R̃ ∗
∂ p̄
+ 2
− + − , (4)
R̄ + R̃ ∗ ∂ X̄ (R̄ + R̃ ) ∗ 2 (R̄ + R̃ )∗ 2 ∂ X̄ ρ nf (R̄ + R̃ ) X̄
∗ ∂
 ∂ T̃ ∂ T̃ R̃∗ Ũ ∂ T̃   1 ∂ T̃ ∂ 2 T̃  R̃∗ 2 ∂ 2 T̃ 
+ Ṽ + = αnf + +
∂ t̄ ∂ R̄ (R̄ + R̃∗ ) ∂ X̄ (R̄ + R̃∗ ) ∂ R̄ ∂ R̄2 R̄ + R̃∗ ∂ X̄ 2
µnf h  ∂ Ṽ 2  R̃∗ ∂ Ṽ Ũ  ∂ Ũ Ũ R̃∗ ∂ Ṽ 
+ 2 + − − +
(ρCp )nf ∂ R̄ R̄ + R̃∗ ∂ X̄ R̄ + R̃∗ ∂ R̄ R̄ + R̃∗ R̄ + R̃∗ ∂ X̄
∂ Ũ ∂ Ũ
 Ũ R̃∗ ∂ Ṽ   R̃∗ ∂ Ũ Ṽ  2i
+ − + +2 + . (5)
∂ R̄ ∂ R̄ R̄ + R̃∗ R̄ + R̃∗ ∂ X̄ R̄ + R̃∗ ∂ X̄ R̄ + R̃∗
In above equations the fluid pressure is p̄, T̄ is the temperature of the nanofluid, the effective viscosity of the
nanofluid is µnf , ρnf is the effective density of the nanofluid and αnf is the effective thermal diffusivity of nano fluid,
which are given by
knf µf
αnf = , ρnf = (1 − ϕ)ρf + ϕρs , µnf = ,
(ρCp )nf (1 − ϕ)2.5
knf (ks + 2kf ) − 2ϕ(kf − ks )
(ρCp )nf = (1 − ϕ)(ρCp )f + ϕ(ρCp )s , = , (6)
kf (ks + 2kf ) + ϕ(kf − ks )
where ρf , ρs , kf , and ks denote the densities and the thermal conductivities of the base fluid and nanoparticles,
respectively. Dynamic viscosity of base fluid is µf and solid volume fraction is ϕ. Density premises of the fluid and
nanoparticles are in Table 1.[14]
Flow in the passage is unsteady in the fixed frame (R̄, X̄). So, we shift to wave frame (r̄, x̄) which move with the
speed c, then there be steady flow in the passage. The transformation relation among the two frames are
r̄ = R̄, x̄ = X̄ − ct̄, ṽ = Ṽ , ũ = Ũ − c . (7)
No. 5 Communications in Theoretical Physics 549

In the wave frame, along r̄ and x̄-directions velocity components are ṽ and ũ. After applying the above transformations,
Eqs. (2)–(5) reduce to
∂ ∂ ũ
{(r̄ + R̃∗ )ṽ} + R̃∗ = 0, (8)
∂r̄ ∂ x̄
 ∂ṽ ∂ṽ R̃∗ (ũ + c) ∂ṽ (ũ + c)2  µnf  1 ∂  ∂ṽ 
−c + ṽ + − = (r̄ + R̃∗ )
∂ x̄ ∂r̄ (r̄ + R̃∗ ) ∂ x̄ (r̄ + R̃∗ ) ρnf (r̄ + R̃∗ ) ∂r̄ ∂r̄
 R̃∗ 2 ∂ 2 ṽ ṽ 2R̃∗ ∂ ũ  1 ∂ p̄
+ 2
− + − , (9)
r̄ + R̃ ∗ ∂ x̄ (r̄ + R̃ ) ∗ 2 (r̄ + R̃ ) ∂ x̄
∗ 2 ρnf ∂r̄
 ∂ ũ ∂ ũ R̃∗ (ũ + c) ∂ ũ (ũ + c)ṽ  µnf  1 ∂  ∂ ũ 
−c + ṽ + − = (r̄ + R̃∗ r)
∂ x̄ ∂r̄ (r̄ + R̃∗ ) ∂ x̄ (r̄ + R̃∗ ) ρnf (r̄ + R̃∗ ) ∂r̄ ∂r̄
 R̃∗ 2 ∂ 2 ũ ũ 2R̃∗ ∂ṽ  1 R̃∗ ∂ p̄
+ 2
− − , (10)
r̄ + R̃∗ ∂ x̄ (r̄ + R̃∗ )2 (r̄ + R̃∗ )2 ∂ x̄ ρnf (r̄ + R̃∗ ) ∂ x̄
 ∂ T̃ ∂ T̃ (ũ + c)R̃∗ ∂ T̃   1 ∂ T̃ ∂ 2 T̃  R̃∗ 2 ∂ 2 T̃ 
−c + ṽ + = αnf + +
∂ x̄ ∂r̄ r̄ + R̃∗ ∂ x̄ (r̄ + R̃∗ ) ∂r̄ ∂r̄2 r̄ + R̃∗ ∂ x̄2
µnf h  ∂ṽ 2  R̃∗ ∂ṽ ũ  ∂ ũ ũ R̃∗ ∂ṽ 
+ 2 + − − +
(ρCp )nf ∂r̄ r̄ + R̃∗ ∂ x̄ r̄ + R̃∗ ∂r̄ r̄ + R̃∗ r̄ + R̃∗ ∂ x̄
∂ ũ ∂ ũ
 ũ R̃ ∗
∂ṽ   R̃ ∗
∂ ũ ṽ  2 i
+ − + +2 + . (11)
∂r̄ ∂r̄ r̄ + R̃ ∗ r̄ + R̃ ∂ x̄
∗ r̄ + R̃ ∂ x̄ r̄ + R̃
∗ ∗

Bring out the following dimensionless variables

2πx̄ r̄ ũ ṽ 2πã2 2πã R̃∗
x̃ = , r̃ = , u= , v= , p̃ = p̄, δ= , k̃ = ,
λ ã c c λµc λ ã
µf c2 2πct̄ T̃ − T̃1 ∂ ψ̃ k̃ ∂ ψ̃
Br = , t= , θ̃ = , u=− , v=δ , (12)
kf (T̃0 − T̃1 ) λ T̃0 − T̃1 ∂r̃ r̃ + k̃ ∂ x̃
where Re, δ, k̃, Br indicates the Reynolds number, wave number, curvature parameter, and Brinkman number.
Equation (8) is equivalently satisfied, Eqs. (9) to (11) under long wavelength and low Reynolds number assumptions
after eliminating pressure can be written in following dimensionless form
1 h ∂2 n ∂ 2 ψ̃ o ∂ n 1  ∂ ψ̃ oi
(r̃ + k̃) + 1 − = 0, (13)
k̃ ∂r̃2 ∂r̃2 ∂r̃ (k̃ + r̃) ∂r̃
∂ 2 θ̃ 1 ∂ θ̃ Brkf h ∂ 2 ψ̃ 2 1  ∂ ψ̃ 2 2 ∂ 2 ψ̃  ∂ ψ̃ i
2
+ + 2.5 2
+ 1− + 2
1− = 0. (14)
∂r̃ (k̃ + r̃) ∂r̃ knf (1 − ϕ) ∂r̃ (k̃ + r̃)2 ∂r̃ (k̃ + r̃) ∂r̃ ∂r̃

In fixed frame the dimensional volume flow rate is defined Plugging Eq. (17) into Eq. (18) and then integrating,
as we get
Z H̄
Q̌ = Ũ d R̄ , (15) Q̄ = q̄ + 2cã . (19)
−H̄
We define q̄ in the wave frame and the dimensionless
in which H̄ is a function of t̄ and X̄. In wave frame above
mean flows Q̌ in fixed frame, according to
declaration becomes
Z H̄ Q̄ F̌
Q̌ = , q̄ = . (20)
F̌ = ũd r̄ , (16) cã cã
−H̄
Equation (16) reduces to
where H̄ is a function of x̄ alone. From Eqs. (7), (15) and
(16) we can write Q̌ = q̄ + 2 , (21)

Q̌ = F̌ + 2cH̄ . (17) in which

h
∂ ψ̃
Z
At a fixed position X̄, the time average flow over a q̄ = − d r̃ = −(ψ̃(h) − ψ̃(−h)) . (22)
∂r̃
period T̆ is −h

1 T̆
Z Selecting ψ̃(h) = −q̄/2, we have ψ̃(−h) = q̄/2 and in the
Q̄ = Q̌dt . (18) wave frame the convenient boundary conditions are de-
T̆ 0
550 Communications in Theoretical Physics Vol. 64

fined as d ψ̃
= z̃ . (25)
q̄ ∂ ψ̃ d r̃
ψ̃ = − , = 1, θ̃ = 0
2 ∂r̃ Upon making use of Eq. (25) into (24) and multiply by
at r̃ = h1 = 1+ ∈ sin x̄ , (r̃ + k̃)2 , we get
q̄ ∂ ψ̃
ψ̃ = , = 1, θ̃ = 1 d 3 z̃ 2
2 d z̃ d z̃
2 ∂r̃ (r̃ + k̃)3 + 2(r̃ + k̃) − (r̃ + k̃) + z̃ = 1 . (26)
at r̃ = h2 = −1− ∈ sin x̄ , (23) d r̃3 d r̃2 d r̃

where the amplitude ratio is ∈= b̃/ã. This is the non-homogenous Cauchy Euler Equation.
The general solution of Eq. (26) is
3 Solution of the Problem
To illuminate the stream function ψ̃, Eq. (14) can be z̃ = z̃c + z̃p ,
written as C3
z̃ = C1 (r̃ + k̃) + C2 (r̃ + k̃) ln(r̃ + k̃) +
d 4 ψ̃ d 3 ψ̃ 1 d 2 ψ̃ (r̃ + k̃)
(r̃ + k̃) 4 + 2 3 − 3 r̃
d r̃ d r̃ (r̃ + k̃) d r̃2 + + . (27)
4 4(r̃ + k̃)
1 d ψ̃ 1
+ − = 0. (24)
(r̃ + k̃)2 d r̃ (r̃ + k̃)2 After integration, stream function becomes

 (r̃ + k̃)2   (r̃ + k̃)2 (r̃ + k̃)2  k̃

ψ̃(r̃) = C̃1 + C̃2 ln(r̃ + k̃) − + C̃3 ln(r̃ + k̃) + r̃ − ln(r̃ + k̃) + C̃4 . (28)
2 2 4 4
Substituting Eq. (28) into Eq. (14), we get
d 2 θ̃ 1 d θ̃ B̃r kf  (−4C̃ + 2C̃ k̃ 2 + 4C̃ k̃r̃ + 2C̃ r̃2 )2 
3 2 2 2
+ = . (29)
d r̃2 (r̃ + k̃) d r̃ knf (1 − ϕ)2.5
4(r̃ + k̃)4

The solution of above nonhomogeneous equation is directly written as

Brkf h  ln(k̃ + r̃) 1 + 2 ln(k̃ + r̃) 
θ̃ = D̃1 + D̃2 ln(r̃ + k̃) + α̃17 −
knf (1 − ϕ)2.5 2(k̃ + r̃)2 4(k̃ + r̃)2
 (k̃ + 2r̃) ln(k̃ + r̃) 3k̃ + 4r̃ + 2(k̃ + 2r̃) ln(k̃ + r̃) 
+ α̃18 −
2(k̃ + r̃)2 4(k̃ + r̃)2
 k̃(7k̃ + 8r̃) + 2k̃(3k̃ + 4r̃) ln(k̃ + r̃) + 2(k̃ + r̃)2 ln(k̃ + r̃)2 k̃(3k̃ + 4r̃) ln(k̃ + r̃) 
+ α̃19 − − ln(k̃ + r̃)2
4(k̃ + r̃)2 2(k̃ + r̃)2
2
 k̃ (5k̃ + 6r̃) ln(k̃ + r̃)
+ α̃16 −r̃ ln(k̃ + r̃) + + 3k̃ ln(k̃ + r̃)2
2(k̃ + r̃)2
(11k̃ 3 + 16k̃ 2 r̃ + 8k̃r̃2 + 4r̃3 + 2(3k̃ 3 − 6k̃r̃2 − 2r̃3 ) ln(k̃ + r̃) + 6k̃(k̃ + r̃)2 ln(k̃ + r̃)2 ) 
−
4(k̃ + r̃)2
 15k̃ 4 + 30k̃ 3 r̃ + 27k̃ 2 r̃2 + 12k̃r̃3 − r̃4
+ α̃15
4(k̃ + r̃)2
2r̃(−12k̃ 3 − 18k̃ 2 r̃ − 4k̃r̃2 + r̃3 ) ln(k̃ + r̃) + 12k̃ 2 (k̃ + r̃)2 ln(k̃ + r̃)2
+
4(k + r)2
r̃2 ln(k̃ + r̃) k̃ 4 ln(k̃ + r̃) 4k̃ 3 ln(k̃ + r̃) i
+ 3k̃r̃ ln(k̃ + r̃) − + − − 6r̃2 ln(k̃ + r̃)2 . (30)
2 2(k̃ + r̃)2 (k̃ + r̃)
The assertion for the pressure rise is determined as
2π
∂ p̃
Z
∆p = dx , (31)
0 ∂ x̄
where
∂ p̃ 1 ∂ n ∂ 2 ψ̃ o 1  ∂ ψ̃ 
=− (r̃ + k̃) 2 − 1− . (32)
∂ x̃ k̃ ∂r̃ ∂r̃ (k̃ + r̃) ∂r̃

pressure gradient can be obtained by invoking the value of ψ̃ from Eq. (28) into Eq. (32).
No. 5 Communications in Theoretical Physics 551

Table 1 Thermophysical premises of fluid and nanoparticles.[14]

Physical properties Fluid phase/water Cu Al2 O3 TiO2
k (W/m · K) 0.613 400 40 8.9538
ρ (kg/m3 ) 997.1 8933 3970 4250
Cp (J/kg · K) 4179 385 765 686.2

Table 2 Effects of the curvature parameter k̃ (a) on temperature profile θ̃, (b) on volume fraction
ϕ when kf = 0.613, ϕ = 0.15, Br = 0.17, ∈= 0.1, q̄ = 0.06, x = 0.15.
k̃ Cu Al2 O3 TiO2 ϕ Cu Al2 O3 TiO2
2 0.966 883 0.997 053 0.997 657 0.05 0.996 873 0.996 933 0.997 138
0.861 196 0.862 992 0.869 359 0.861 087 0.861 716 0.863 889
0.714 839 0.717 282 0.725 938 0.714 692 0.715 547 0.718 502
0.590 494 0.593 418 0.603 781 0.590 317 0.591 341 0.594 878
0.469 357 0.472 445 0.483 386 0.469 17 0.470 252 0.473 986
0.329 454 0.332 425 0.341 89 0.329 593 0.330 528 0.333 759
0.154 549 0.156 005 0.161 161 0.154 462 0.154 971 0.156 731
5 0.999 201 0.999 337 0.999 82 0.1 0.996 818 0.996 934 0.997 336
0.915 885 0.917 542 0.923 41 0.860 511 0.861 726 0.865 98
0.776 942 0.779 008 0.786 326 0.713 909 0.715 56 0.721 344
0.635 127 0.637 384 0.645 381 0.589 379 0.591 357 0.598 281
0.499 12 0.501 514 0.509 997 0.468 18 0.470 268 0.477 579
0.353 733 0.355 977 0.363 926 0.328 737 0.330 542 0.336 867
0.171 51 0.172 878 0.177 724 0.153 995 0.154 979 0.158 424
10 0.999 771 0.999 02 1.0036 0.15 0.996 883 0.997 053 0.997 657
0.932 178 0.933 845 0.939 752 0.861 196 0.862 992 0.869 399
0.801 262 0.803 34 0.810 702 0.714 839 0.717 282 0.725 938
0.656 977 0.659 166 0.666 924 0.590 494 0.593 418 0.603 781
0.514 906 0.517 169 0.525 188 0.469 357 0.472 445 0.483 386
0.365 118 0.367 258 0.374 842 0.329 754 0.332 425 0.341 89
0.178 922 0.180 274 0.185 065 0.154 549 0.156 005 0.161 161

4 Graphical Results and Discussion for TiO2 . The amplitude of temperature increases upon
In this portion, we have illustrated the solution for the increasing the values of k̃ for all the nano particles are
peristaltic flow of nanofluid in a curved channel through taken into account. The effects of the Brinkman num-
graphs and numerical data. Numerical integration is per- ber (Br) on the temperature profile is quite similar to
formed by using mathematical software to calculate pres- that of the curve-ness parameter k̃ i.e. increase in the Br
sure rise ∆p. The velocity field ũ for different values of increases the temperature of the fluid. Trapping aspect
curvature parameter k̃ is presented in Fig. 2. It is depicted is observed by plotting the graphs of the stream lines for
that in the inner half of the channel the fluid velocity de- k̃ = 3, 4, 5, 10 in Fig. 10. It is detected that under definite
creases with the increase in the curve-ness of the channel. circumstances some of the streamlines split and enclose
However, in the outer half of the channel more curve-ness a bolus, which travel as whole with the wave. It reveals
allows fluid to move freely i.e. the fluid velocity increases. that bolus/circulating region is not equal about centre line
Velocity attains its maximum value at r̃ = −0.1. Symme- (r̃ = 0), and upper part of the bolus thrust the lower part
try of the velocity profile is disturbed due to the curved towards the lower half of the channel. In two halves both
nature of the channel. Pressure rise per wavelength ∆p the size and shape of the boluses are different from each
versus dimensionless time mean flow rate q̄ is plotted for other. In the upper half of the channel the size of the bolus
distinct values of k̃. In Fig. 3 we notice that pressure rise decreases, while it increases in lower half of the channel
increases with the growth in k̃. The augmented pumping with the growth of curvature parameter k̃. Anyhow, the
region is 0 6 q̄ 6 2 and free pumping flux is at q̄ = −2. outcomes of straight channel can be attained when great
Temperature profile for particular values of k̃ and Br is values of k̃ are considered. Table 2 shows the behavior of
plotted in Figs. 4 to 6. As we consider the water base the curvature parameter and volume fraction for different
nanofluid having different types of the nanoparticles like nanoparticles on the temperature profile. With the raise
Cu, Al2 O3 and TiO2 . Therefore, Figs. 4 is plotted for of the curvature parameter, temperature profile increases.
Cu, Figs. 5 is plotted for Al2 O3 and Figs. 6 is plotted Moreover, the impact of the volume fraction is similar to
552 Communications in Theoretical Physics Vol. 64

that of the curvature parameter. It is also observed that to Al2 O3 followed by Cu because temperature depends on
increase in temperature is maximum for TiO2 as compared thermal conductivity.

Fig. 2 Velocity profile for various values of k̃ when q̄ = 0.5, Fig. 3 Pressure rise for distinct values of k̃ when ∈= 0.01.
∈= 0.01, x = 0.2.

Fig. 4 Temperature profile for nanoparticle (Cu) (a) for curvature parameter k̃ (b) for brinkmen number Br when
other parameters are ks = 400, kf = 0.613, ϕ = 0.15, ∈= 0.1, q̄ = 0.06, x = 0.15.

Fig. 5 Temperature profile for nanoparticle (Al2 O3 ) (a) for curvature parameter k̃ (b) for brinkmen number Br when
other parameters are ks = 40, kf = 0.613, ϕ = 0.15, ∈= 0.1, q̄ = 0.06, x = 0.15.

Fig. 6 Temperature profile for nanoparticle (TiO2 ) (a) for curvature parameter k̃ (b) for brinkmen number Br when
other parameters are ks = 8.9538, kf = 0.613, ϕ = 0.15, ∈= 0.1, q̄ = 0.06, x = 0.15.
No. 5 Communications in Theoretical Physics 553

Fig. 7 Stream lines for (a) k̃ = 3, (b) k̃ = 4, (c) k̃ = 5, and (d) k̃ = 10. when other parameters are ∈= 0.6, q̄ = 0.04.

5 Conclusions
The main outcomes are briefly represented as,

(i) Velocity profile rises with the rising values of k̃ closed to the inner half of the channel and decline in the outer
half of the channel.

(ii) It is predicted that Pressure rise ∆p̃ rises with the rising values of k̃.

(iii) The magnitude of the temperature profile increases by increasing the values of k̃ and Br for all the nanoparticles
taken into account.

(iv) With the rising values of k̃, the bolus size decreases in the lower half while it increase in the upper half of the
channel.

Appendix
α̃1 = ln(k̃ + h), α̃2 = ln(k̃ − h), α̃3 = (k̃ − h)2 , α̃4 = (k̃ + h)2 , α̃5 = (k̃ − h)2 α̃2 ,
α̃8
α̃6 = (k̃ + h)2 α̃1 , α̃7 = 2h + q̃, α̃8 = (k̃ 2 − h2 )(α̃1 − α̃2 ), α̃9 = ,
4k̃h
α̃7 C̃2 (α̃5 − α̃6 ) k̃
C̃2 = , C̃1 = , α̃10 = (k̃ 2 − h2 )α̃8 , C̃3 = + C̃2 α̃10 , α̃11 = 2α̃7 ,
k̃h + α̃9 4k̃h 4
k̃ α̃3 C̃1 α̃5 α̃3
α̃12 = − C̃3 , α̃13 = , α̃14 = − , C̃4 = α̃11 + α̃12 α̃2 − α̃13 + C̃2 α̃14 ,
4 2 2 4
k̃ 2
α̃15 = C̃22 , α̃16 = 4α̃15 k̃, α̃17 = 4C̃32 − 2C̃3 k̃ + − 4C̃2 C̃3 k̃ 2 + C̃2 k̃ 3 α̃15 k̃ 4 ,
4
α̃18 = −8C̃2 C̃3 k̃ + 2C̃2 k̃ 2 + k̃α̃15 , α̃19 = C̃2 k̃ − 4C̃2 C̃3 + 6α̃15 k̃ 2 ,
α̃21 = 8h(AC̃3 + h)k 2 , α̃22 = Ah(1 + 8α̃15 h2 )k 3 , α̃24 = α̃3 α̃4 ,
α̃25 = 2AC̃2 α̃24 (α̃2 − α̃1 ), α̃26 = −4α̃12 , α̃27 = −C̃2 k̃ 2 − α̃26 (α̃2 − α̃1 ) ,
α̃28 = 4α̃24 (α̃2 − α̃1 ), α̃29 = 4(h4 + k 4 ), α̃30 = α̃24 α̃26 ,
α̃29 − α̃20 − α̃21 + α̃22 − α̃23 + α̃30
D̃2 = , α̃31 = 4α̃28 , α̃32 = h − 2k ,
α̃28
554 Communications in Theoretical Physics Vol. 64

α̃33 = h + 2k, α̃34 = A(16C̃32 + 4α̃15 hα̃32 α̃3 − 8C̃3 k + k 2 ), α̃35 = 8AC̃2 α̃30 α̃22 α̃1 ,
α̃36 = Aα̃2 α̃3 , α̃37 = 16C̃32 + 4hα̃15 α̃33 α̃4 − 8C̃3 k + k 2 , α̃38 = 8C̃2 α̃26 α̃4 α̃21 ,
α̃4
α̃39 = α̃37 − α̃38 , α̃40 = − , D̃1 = α̃40 (16α̃3 + α̃34 α̃1 + α̃35 + α̃36 α̃39 ) ,
α̃31

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