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Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, & Ions.
▪ Elements Al, C, Cl, .....
▪ Atoms The smallest Part in the elements.
❖ Atom :-
• Neutron No charge
• Proton +ve charge
Nucles:
np (Neutron Proton) • Electron -ve charge
electrons
❖ Atomic Number (Z):-
Number of Protons in the atom = Number of e-.
❖ Mass Number (A) :-
Proton + neutron. 𝐴
𝑍𝑋
𝟐𝟑
𝟏𝟏𝑵𝒂 :-
• Atomic Number: 11 p : 11 p + n = 23 11 + n = 23
• Mass Number: 23 e : 11 n = 23 – 11 = 12
𝟐𝟑𝟕
𝟗𝟐𝑼 :-
p=
e=
n=
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❖ Ions:-
- Cation (+ve charge) Na+ /K+ / Al3+ / Ca2+
- Anions (-Ve charge) Cl- / Br- / N3- /O2-
❖ How do you get (+ve charge)? "Not come in the exam"
𝟐𝟑
𝟏𝟏𝑵𝒂
𝟐𝟑 +
𝟏𝟏𝑵𝒂
p = 11 +11 = 0 charge. p = +11 = +1 charge.
e = 11 -11 -1e- e = -10
❖ How do you get (-ve charge)?
𝟏𝟗
𝟗𝑭 𝟏𝟗 −
𝟗𝑭
p=9 +9 = 0charge. p = +9 = +1 charge.
-
e=9 -9 +1e e = -10
Symbol p e n p e n
55 2+
25𝑀𝑛
32 2−
16𝑆
78.9 2−
34𝑆𝑒
118
50𝑆𝑛
79.9 −
35𝐵𝑟
55.8
26𝐹𝑒
65 2+
30𝑍𝑛
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❖ Find the total number of electrons and Protons
Present in 1) F2 2) P4 3) H2S :-
1) F2 :-
p=9 = 18 Total number for F.
9F
e=9 For F2 18 x 2 = 36
2) P4 :-
p=
15P
e=
3) H2S :-
1H16S
Total no. of P =
Total no. of e =
Total no. of P & e =
• Isotopes- • Meaning of Isotopes:-
• Example: 1
1𝐻
2
1𝐻
3
1𝐻 “Isotopes are the atoms of
the same element, having
• Element = Same
same atomic number &
• Atomic Number = 1 1 1 Same different mass number.”
• Mass Number = 1 2 3 Different
• no. of P = 1 1 1 Same
• no. of e = 1 1 1 Same
• no. of n = (1-1=0) (2-1=1) (3-1=2) Different
• Introduction to Periodic table :-
• Group (Family) (vertical Columns) There are 18 groups.
• Group 1 Alkali metal • Group3-12 Transition metals.
2 Alkaline earth metal ▪ lanthanides
17 Halogens ▪ Actinides
18 Noble gases
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• Metal, Nonmetal and metalloids:-
- Metal Left
- Metalloids (B(Boron) / Si (Silicon) / As (Arsenic) / Te (Tellurium) / Ge (Germanium) / Sb
(Antimony).
- Nonmetal right
( Ions )
Cations Anions
“+ve charge" "-ve charge”
- Mono Atomic cations:- - Mono Atomic Anions :-
+ 2+ 3+ +
Na , Mg , Al , K Cl- , F- , O2- , Br-
- Poly Atomic Cations :- - Poly Atomic Anions:-
+
NH4 OH- , PO43-, CN-
( Molecule )
Molecule of elements Molecule of Compounds
Cl2 , P4 , F2 , H2 , O2 , H2O , CH4 , NaCl , NH3 , H2SO4 ,
S8 , N2 C6H12O6 glucose
1 molecule of C12H22On Sugar :-
12 atoms of C
22 atoms of H
11 atoms of O
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Compounds
Ionic Compound Molecular Compound
(Metal + Nonmetal) (Nonmetal + Nonmetal)
1 element ide
• Cl- Chloride
• Br- Bromide
• O2- Oxide
more than one element ate or ite
• ClO3- Chlorate
• NO3- nitrate
• SO32- Sulfite
• H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate.
Exception:-
• OH- Hydroxide
• CN- Cyanide
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• Formula of ionic compounds :- (M + N.M)
Group 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
Charge +1 +2 +3 -3 -2 -1 0
Sulfite: SO32-
Dichromate: Cr2O72-
Dihydrogen phosphate: H2PO4-
• Sodium nitride Na+N3-
• Sodium Sulfide Na+S2-
• Sodium Phosphide Na+P3-
• Sodium nitrite Na+ NO2-
• Sodium Sulfate Na+ SO42-
• Sodium Phosphate Na+PO43-
❖ Exceptions:-
• Sodium Cyanide Na+CN-
• Aluminium Hydroxide Al3+OH-
❖ Excersizes:-
• Sodium chloride
• Aluminium chlorite
• Ammonium Perchlorate
• Potassium hypochlorite
• Barium Chlorate
❖ If it's transition metals they will give us the charge :-
• Copper (II) Sulfate
• Iron (II) hypobromite
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• Iron (III) dichromate
• Barium Phosphate
• Calcium phosphide
• Nickel (II) Acetate
• Potassium Permanganate
• Potassium Cyanide
• Sodium Carbonate
❖ Names of ionic compounds :-
1) First element No change.
2) If it's a transition element, write the charge in bracket in Roman numbers :-
1 Ⅰ/2 Ⅱ/ 3 Ⅲ/ 4 Ⅳ/ 5 Ⅴ/ 6 Ⅵ/ 7 Ⅶ/ 8 Ⅷ/9 Ⅸ/ 10 Ⅹ
ide (If only one element)
3) Second elements ends in ite Hore than one element
ate
• Exception CN- (Cyanide).
OH- (Hydroxide).
1. CaS
2. Al (NO3)3
3. FeCl3
4. MnO
5. MnO2
6. Mn2O3
7. K2SO4
8. MgSO3
9. K3PO4
10. Cu2S
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11. CdS
12. K2CrO4
13. Fe (CN)3
14. Ni (CIO4)2
15. CO (ClO)2
16. Mg3N2
17. (NH4)2SO4
❖ Write the formula of the ionic compound formed between:-
1) Alkali metal of Period 3 & Halogen of Period 2
2) Al Kaline earth metal of Period 4 & nitrate ion
-
❖ Naming binary molecular compounds (Non metal + Nonmetal)
- use the prefixes: 2-Di / 3- Tri / 4- Tetra / 5- Penta / 6- Hexa / 7- Hepta / 8- Octa / 9- Nona / 10-
Deca.
- First Element No change - Second Element Ends in ide
N: Nitrogen F: Fluorine Cl: Chlorine Br: Bromine I: Iodine
O: Oxygen P: Phosphours H: Hydrogen S: Sulfur
• CO2
• N2O3
• N2O5
• PCl3
• SO3
• OF2
• P4O10
• IF7
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• Iodine tribromide. • Ionic compounds:
• Bromine trifluoride No dis, tri ... X
• Iodine trichloride. • Holecular compounds:
use di, tri, ... ✓
• Chlorine trifluoride.
N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide
Al2(SO4)3 Aluminum Sulfate
❖ Naming of compounds having water of crystallization:-
1) CuSO4.5H2O
2) BaCl2.2H2O
3) Na2CO3. 10H2O
❖ Names of acids which don't have Oxoanion :-
Nameing of Acids: Can give H+ It in aqueous solution water
Acids Contains elements: e.g. H2S.(aq) / HCl (aq) / HCN (aq) / HBr (aq) / HF (aq) / HI (aq).
Acids contains Oxoanions: HNO3, HNO2, HClO4, HBrO4, H3PO4, H3PO3
Compound Name Acids
HCl(g) Hydrogen chloride. HCl(aq) Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen bromide (aq) Hydrobromic acid
HI(g) (aq) Hydroiodic acid
HCN(g) HCN(aq)
H2S(g) H2S(aq)
❖ Rule:-
Oxoanion Acid
_ite _ais acid
_ate _ic acid
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OXOanion Acid
-
NO3 Nitrate
HNO3
-
NO2 Nitrite
HNO2
ClO4- Perchlorate.
HClO4
ClO3- Chlorate
HClO3
CIO2- Chlorite
HClO2
-
ClO Hypochlorite
HClO-
SO42- Sulfate
H2SO4
SO32- Sulfite
H2SO3
PO43- Phosphate
H3PO4
PO33- Phosphite
H3PO3
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• Common names of some molecular compounds :-
H2O water CH4 Methane NH3 Ammonia Acetylene C 2 H2
• Atomic Mass (relative) Mass of an atom
Atomic Mass unit amu unit.
• Average atomic masses Average of atomic masses of all Isotopes.
1 2 3
1𝐻 1𝐻 1𝐻 Isotopes.
• Periodic Table :-
1
H
1.008 Atomic Number
3
Average Atomic Mass
Li
6.941
1) Carbon has 2 Isotopes C-12 (12 amu) & C-13 (13.00335 amu). The abundance of C-12 is
98.89% and abundance of C-13 is 1·11 %. Find average atomic mass of carbon.
Isotopes Abundance Atomic Mass
12
C 98.89% 12 amu
13
C 1.11% 13.00335 amu
Average Atomic Mass of C:-
98.89 X12 1.11 X13.00335 (98.89𝑋12) + (1.11𝑋13.00335)
+ = = 12.011 amu
100 100 100
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2) The atomic masses of 63Cu (69-09%) & 65Cu are 62.93 amu & 64.9278 amu respectively, Find
the average atomic mass of Cu?
Isotopes Abundance Atomic Mass
63
C 69.09% 62.93 amu
65
C ?! 64.9278 amu
() ()
Average atomic mass: + = amu
100 100
3) Br has two Isotopes Br-79 (78.92 amu) & Br-81 (80.92 amu). Find the abundance of heavier
isotopes? Averag atomic mass of Br-79.90 (Periodic table).
Isotopes Abundance Atomic Mass
79
Br 78.92 amu (Light)
81
Br 80.92 amu (Heavy)
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