Contents

ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.........................................................................................................2
Chapter – 1...................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION- ENERGY AUDIT..........................................................................................3
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................3
1.1 Definition.........................................................................................................................3
1.2 Objective..........................................................................................................................4
1.3 Need for Energy Audit and Management........................................................................4
1.4 Steps of Energy Audit......................................................................................................4
1.5What are the types of Energy Audit?................................................................................5
1.7 Energy Audit Instruments and Their Uses.......................................................................7
Conclusion................................................................................................................................10
Future Scope.............................................................................................................................11
References..................................................................................................................................12
LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................13
LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................15

1
 ABSTRACT
An energy audit is a study of a plant or facility to determine how and where energy is used
and to identify methods for energy savings. There is now a universal recognition of the fact
that new technologies and much greater use of some technologies that already exist provide
the most hopeful prospects for the future. In this paper, the importance of energy auditing and
process of energy auditing are presented in detail.

What is Energy Audit?

An energy audit is an analysis of energy flows for energy conservation and to find energy
losses. It is a process by a collection of detailed data related to energy usage and comparison
of collected results.

An energy audit is a process by which we can reduce the amount of energy input to the
system without a negative impact on the output. It must be the first step in commercial and
industrial real estate to identify an opportunity to reduce the billing cost and waste of energy.

It measures various data like total connected load, power factor, load factor, and maximum
demand. All the calculations result in the investment required in terms of the payback period.

1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2
 Chapter – 1
INTRODUCTION- ENERGY AUDIT

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Definition
An energy audit, sometimes referred to as an energy survey or an energy inventory, is an
examination of the total energy used in a particular property. The analysis is designed to
provide a relatively quick and simple method of determining not only how much energy is
being consumed but where and when. The energy audit will identify deficiencies in operating
procedures and in physical facilities. Once these deficiencies have been identified, it will be
apparent where to concentrate efforts in order to save energy. The energy audit is the
beginning of and the basis for an effective energy-management programmed.

Human settlements encompass a variety of buildings. Regardless of the building involved, the
audit procedure is basically the same. If more than one facility is involved (as in the case of
apartment buildings), an audit of each will be necessary.

No two buildings are identical regarding energy usage. This is due to the possible variables
affecting the buildings, e.g., occupancy rates, the building's size and orientation, its
geographic location, the type of heating and cooling systems, the amount and types of
equipment in use, the type of construction, the level of insulation and so on. Because each
building is unique, it is difficult to generalize about energy-consumption patterns, and so it is
necessary to conduct an energy audit for each building. Most buildings were probably
designed, built and equipped when cheap energy was readily available. Little attention was
paid to energy efficiency. Consequently, there is a great potential for improving operating
costs of existing buildings.

The chapters that follow explain the procedures and computations necessary to understand all
phases of energy consumption. The data compiled will be suitable for use in both manual and
computer-assisted energy audits. The emphasis is on the do-it-yourself approach, and the
worksheets have been designed accordingly.

3
1.2 Objective

The objective of an energy audit is to save energy by maintaining and improve human
comfort and health.

Energy audit creates opportunities to reduce the cost of energy by simply identifying the
alternative source of energy or equipment. And make a priority of energy uses according to
high to a low amount of cost-effective opportunities.

Save energy by developing modification and use of modern equipment, is the aim of an
energy audit. The impact of energy audit may be a long-term impact on cost.

1.3 Need for Energy Audit and Management

As we have discussed, an energy audit is a process to find data and readings to identify
energy-saving opportunities with excess use of energy compared with set up standards.

It is a master tool of energy management to use energy efficiently. It is a method to find out
the way by which we can reduce our power consumption.

An energy audit is a study of building, plant, or industry, to determine where the energy is
wasting and where we can save energy.

Energy conservation is the main aim of an energy audit. And this is a need of any company to
reduce the running cost.

The need for an energy audit is to reduce the usage of energy and cutting costs. Mainly it
focuses to reduce the cost of electrical energy. And find different ways to cut the cost of
electricity bills.

1.4 Steps of Energy Audit

The energy audit includes the following steps to analysis of plant;

• Collect past data of energy usage.

• Study of plant, industries, or building and their operational characteristic.

4
• Identification of opportunities to reduce energy uses and cost.

• To perform analysis of potential modification.

• Prepare a priority-wise list of modifications.

• Prepare an audit report to document the analysis process and results.

1.5What are the types of Energy Audit?

The type of industrial energy audit conducted depends on the function, size, and type of the
industry, the depth to which the energy audit is needed, and the potential and magnitude of
energy savings and cost reduction desired. Based on these criteria, an industrial energy audit
and its types can be classified into two types: Preliminary Energy Audit (Walk-through
Energy Audit) and a Detailed Energy Audit (Diagnostic Energy Audit).

1. Preliminary Energy Audit (Walk-through audit). In a preliminary energy audit,

readily-available data are mostly used for a simple analysis of energy use and performance of
the plant. This type of audit does not require a lot of measurement and data collection. These
audits take a relatively short time and the results are more general, providing common
opportunities for energy efficiency. The economic analysis is typically limited to calculation
of the simple payback period, or the time required paying back the initial capital investment
through realized energy savings.

2. Detailed Energy Audit (Diagnostic Energy Audit). For detailed (or diagnostic) energy
audits, more detailed data and information are required. Measurements and a data inventory
are usually conducted and different energy systems (pump, fan, compressed air, steam,
process heating, etc.) are assessed in detail. Hence, the time required for this type of audit is
longer than that of preliminary audits. The results of these audits are more comprehensive
and useful since they give a more accurate picture of the energy performance of the plant and
more specific recommendation for improvements. The economic analysis conducted for the
efficiency measures recommended typically go beyond the simple payback period and
usually include the calculation of an Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV),
and often also Life Cycle Cost (LCC).

5
Phase I - Pre-Audit Phase Activities

A structured methodology to carry out an energy audit is necessary for efficient working. An
initial study of the site should always be carried out, as the planning of the procedures
necessary for an audit is most important. Initial Site Visit and Preparation Required for
Detailed Auditing An initial site visit may take one day and gives the Energy
Auditor/Engineer an opportunity to meet the personnel concerned, to familiarize him with the
site and to assess the procedures necessary to carry out the energy audit. During the initial
site visit the Energy Auditor/Engineer should carry out the following actions: - • Discuss with
the site's senior management the aims of the energy audit. • Discuss economic guidelines
associated with the recommendations of the audit. • Analyse the major energy consumption
data with the relevant personnel. • Obtain site drawings where available - building layout,
steam distribution, compressed air distribution, electricity distribution etc. • Tour the site
accompanied by engineering/production The main aims of this visit are: - • To finalise
Energy Audit team • To identify the main energy consuming areas/plant items to be surveyed
during the audit. • To identify any existing instrumentation/ additional metering required. •
To decide whether any meters will have to be installed prior to the audit eg. KWh, steam, oil
or gas meters. • To identify the instrumentation required for carrying out the audit. • To plan
with time frame • To collect macro data on plant energy resources, major energy consuming
centers • To create awareness through meetings/ programmed

Phase II – Detailed Energy Audit Activities

Depending on the nature and complexity of the site, a comprehensive audit can take from
several weeks to several months to complete. Detailed studies to establish, and investigate,
energy and material balances for specific plant departments or items of process equipment are
carried out. Whenever possible, checks of plant operations are carried out over extended
periods of time, at nights and at weekends as well as during normal daytime working hours,
to ensure that nothing is overlooked. The audit report will include a description of energy
inputs and product outputs by major department or by major processing function, and will
evaluate the efficiency of each step of the manufacturing process. Means of improving these
efficiencies will be listed, and at least a preliminary assessment of the cost of the
improvements will be made to indicate the expected payback on any capital investment

6
needed. The audit report should conclude with specific recommendations for detailed
engineering studies and feasibility analyses, which must then be performed to justify the
implementation of those conservation measures that require investments.

The information to be collected during the detailed audit includes: -

1. Energy consumption by type of energy, by department, by major items of process

equipment, by end-use 2. Material balance data (raw materials, intermediate and final
products, recycled materials, use of scrap or waste products, production of by-products for re-
use in other industries, etc.) 3. Energy cost and tariff data 4. Process and material flow
diagrams 5. Generation and distribution of site services (eg. compressed air, steam). 6.
Sources of energy supply (e.g. electricity from the grid or self-generation) 7. Potential for
fuel substitution, process modifications, and the use of co-generation systems (combined heat
and power generation). 8. Energy Management procedures and energy awareness training
programs within the establishment.

Phase III - Post Audit Phase

Monitoring actions and measurements will take place to ensure action plan is fulfilled.
Schedule for implementation will be recorded and reviewed periodically.

1.7 Energy Audit Instruments and Their Uses

• The requirement for an energy audit such as identification and quantification of

energy necessitates measurement these measurements required the use of instruments.

• These instruments must be portable, durable, easy to operate and relatively

inexpensive. An energy audit requires a large number of measurements of various electrical
and mechanical quantities.

• The data obtained from these measurements is analyzed to ascertain energy efficiency
of each device and equipment.

Electrical Measurements and Instruments

1. Voltmeter and ammeter to measure voltage and current.

7
2. Power factor meter to measure power factor.

3. Power Analyzer: An online power analyzer gives a continuous measurement and

record of real power (kVA), apparent power (kVA), voltage, current and power factor.

4. Multimeter

5. Synergy meter: This instrument measures and records current, voltage, power factor,
frequency, KWh, and KVAH.

Lighting Measurements

• Usually, a substantial portion of electrical energy requirement of a plant are for

illumination.

• A lux meter is a very convenient instrument to measure the level of illumination.

• A flue gas analysis is an essential part of energy audit in a plant emitting flue gases.

• The instruments used for flue gas analysis are:

1. Dragger: It indicates the degree of combustion in a boiler especially the extent of

carbon monoxide (CO) in flue gases.

2. Fyrite kit: This kit is used to measure percentage of Co2 and O2 in the flue gases.

Mechanical Instruments

1. Flow: The instrument for flow measurement is anemometer (to measure air velocity
and flow in a duct). Pitot tube (to measure pressure and gas flow rate in big ducts and
chimneys), electronic air flow meter (to measure velocity and pressure of air), heated
thermocouple anemometer (to measure air velocity in ducts), impact tube (to measure high air
velocity in small tubes) and smoke pellet (to measure low air velocity in a room).

2. Pressure: The instruments used for pressure measurements are: absolute pressure
manometer (for low absolute pressure), diaphragm gauge (for low absolute pressure),
barometer (for atmospheric pressure), manometer (for medium pressure differential),
micromanometer (for very low-pressure differential), Draft gauge (for low pressure
differential). Bourdon tube (for medium and high-pressure differential and pressure

8
transducer (for remote measurement of rapidly changing pressure). Many gauges available
now-a-days have digital display.

3. Speed: Non-contact tachometer and contact tachometer.

4. Steam trap testing: Engineers stethoscope and electronic steam tester.

5. Leaks: Ultrasonic leak checker. It operates by generation of ultrasonic waves and is

used to check compressed air and gas leakage.

9
 Conclusion

During the audit process, authors have observed that in some offices/labs/classrooms, there
are tube lights in excess. Also it was observed that there are old energy inefficient tube
lights/fans are installed in many labs/class rooms. In this project report energy inefficient fans
and tube lights are considered and accordingly recommendations are submitted in the form of
yearly energy saving. In this project report it is concluded that after the replacement of old
and excess fans/tube lights, there are total 11111111111 units saving of electrical energy.

10
 Future Scope
The present study can be extended in terms of cost benefit analysis. Implementation cost and
payback period can be estimated based on the study carried out in this project work.

11
 References
[1]. W. Lee, R. Kenarangui, “Energy management for motors, systems, and electrical
equipment, ” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications; vol. 38, no. 2, March/April
2002, pp. 602-607.
[2]. P.S. Hamer, D.M. Lowe, S.E. Wallace, “Energy efficient induction motors
performance characteristics and life cycle cost comparisons for centrifugal loads”,
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications; vol. 33, no. 5, Sept./Oct. 1997, pp. 1312–
1320.
[3]. Dr.K.Umesha “Energy Audit Report On a Technical Institute”, (IOSR-JEEE)
ISSN: 2278-1676 Volume 4, Issue 1 (Jan. - Feb. 2013), PP 23-37. Theses: [3]. sheikh
jellar rehman “ENERGY AUDIT IN TECHNO INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
SALT LAKE CAMPUS” School of energy studies, jadavpur university, kolkata-700
032. 2008-2009.
[4]. Chikku Abraham, George Mel & Jose Victor “ENERGY AUDIT OF IIT-
BOMBAY CAMPUS” IIT-BOMBAY, 2008.
[5]. Energy Audit Team “ENERGY AUDIT OF IIT-ROORKEE CAMPUS” IIT-
ROORKEE, January 2010. Books:
[6]. Utilization of Electric power, N.V.Surya Narayan, New age international
publishers, New Delhi, 1994
[7]. Utilization of Electrical power and Electric Traction 10th Edition, J B Gubta, S K
Kataria & Sons (1968)
[8]. L.C.Witte, P.S.Schmidt, D.R.Brown, Industrial Energy Management and
Utilisation, Hemisphere Publication, Washington, 1988.
[9]. W.C.Turner, Energy Management Handbook, Wiley, New York, 1982.

12
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE FIGURE NAME

PAGE NO.
NO.
1.1 PV principle 3
1.2 PV cell and module 3
1.3 Physical structure of a PV cell 4

1.4 PV array and Direct-Coupled PV system 5

1.5 Stand-alone PV system with battery storage 6
1.6 Decentralized grid-connected PV system 6
1.7 Central grid-connected PV system 7
3.1 Mathematical models of PV cell 12
3.2 ISDM and Rs-model 12
3.3 Single Diode Model (SDM) 14
3.4 Implementation of SDM 16
3.5 I-V and P-V curves of SDM at STC 16
3.6 Effect of solar irradiance changing on I-V and P-V curves of
17
SDM
3.7 Effect of temperature changing on I-V and P-V curves of SDM 17
3.8 Two Diode Model (TDM) 18
3.9 Implementation of TDM 20
3.10 I-V and P-V curves of TDM at STC 20
3.11 Effect of solar irradiance changing on I-V and P-V curves of
21
TDM
3.12 Effect of temperature changing on I-V and P-V curves of TDM 21
4.1 Classification of parameter extraction methods 23
4.2 Newton-Raphson method 25
4.3 N-R algorithm for SDM 27
4.4 N-R algorithm for TDM 28
5.1 Transport mechanisms of charge carriers 30
5.2 Classification of recombination mechanisms of charge carriers 31

13
5.3 Recombination mechanisms of charge carriers 32
6.1 Relative error for maximum power 34
6.2 Solar power meter and ecosense kit 36

14
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TABLE NAME PAGE NO.

2.1 Calculation of Block A (Ground Floor) 10

2.2 Calculation of Block A (1st Floor) 13

2.3 Calculation of Block B (GROUND Floor) 16

2.4 Calculation for Block B (1st Floor) 19

2.5 Calculation of Block B (2st Floor) 22

2.6 Calculation of Block C (GROUND Floor) 25

2.7 Calculation of Block C (1st Floor) 28

2.8 Calculation of Block C (2nd Floor) 31

15