PROJECT REPORT ON

Vocational TRAINING IN
CENTRAL PUBLIC WORKS DEPT. (CPWD)(C),
BHILAI (C.G.)

Under the Guidance of:

1. SHRI MUKESH KAUSHAL, EE (C)
2. SHRI ROHIT MAHESHWARI, EE (C)
3. SHRI GAUTAM ROY, AE (C)
4. SHRI R.K. RAM, AE (C)
5. SHRI PRANAY (QE) (L&T)

SUBMITTED BY:
4TH Sem student
NIT
RAIPUR
 SUBMITTED BY:

Bharat Swami(20114012)
Devansh Gupta(20114018)
Piyush Brijwani (20114053)
Prince Kumar (20114054)
Saarth Raisagar (20114069)

BRANCH: CIVIL

YEAR: 2ND (4TH SEM)

THANK YOU FOR ALLOWING US TO

HAVE TRAINING IN SUCH A
PRESTIGIOUS DEPARTMENT
(CPWD)
Table of content

★ About the project

★ Introduction
★ Materials used in site
○ Brick
○ Cement
○ Sand
○ Aggregate
○ Others
★ Special Items
★ Test in site
○ Test for Soil
○ Test for Cement
○ Test for Concrete
○ Test for Sand
○ Test for Aggregate
★ Basic component of building
○ Column
○ Plinth
○ Brick masonry
○ Lintel
○ RCC lintel
○ plastering
○ slab
★ Griha/Green building
★ Brick Factory
★ Batching Plant
★ Design Mix
★ Precaution
★ Conclusion
ABOUT THE PROJECT
INTRODUCTION
What are the subjects required to start the construction work?
1. Geo tech

First of all before starting the construction work first we have

to find the SBC (soil bearing capacity) because if we don’t know
how much the soil can bear the load then how can we
construct the building. After knowing the SBC we can proceed
for the construction like what we have to do: raft foundation or
isolated footing.
2. Survey
After knowing the SBC and designing the structure in software
we go for surveying. In surveying we do leveling to find the
elevation of the ground from some datum. Various instruments
are available for leveling i.e auto level, theodolite , dumpy
level. So we opt for an auto level instrument for leveling with
the height of the instrument method. Basically we do surveying
to know how much the elevation should be there for water
supply, sanitary or drainage.

3. SOM
In SOM we get to know the strength of material. If we don't
know how much our material can bear the load then how can
we do construction? That's why we study SOM.
Image- AAC BLOCKS

Image- UltraTech Fixoblock

It is a versatile thin jointing

material for laying AAC
blocks.
Materials used in Site

1. BRICKS

Modular fly ash brick

of size 230*110*70 mm is used. In all aspects fly ash bricks are better
than clay bricks. They are environment-friendly because the maximum
constituent is ash and flies. Fly ash bricks have greater strength as
compared to red bricks.

AAC Blocks
AAC blocks are a precast, foam concrete, sustainable construction
material made from aggregates of quartz sand, calcined gypsum, lime,
portland cement, water and aluminum powder. It is environment
friendly and lightweight construction [Link] is widely used in the
construction of non-residential buildings.

Dimension- (24*8*4) inch

Density- 500-650 kg/m3
Strength- 5N/mm2

AAC block has several advantages over conventional bricks,some of

which are
:Better workability and faster construction (as no curing is required)
:Earthquake resistant
:Thermal insulation and energy-efficiency
:Sound insulation
:Fire-resistant
:Sustainable and affordable

Although AAC blocks are widely used in masonry units of high-rise RCC
framed structures, they can be expensive when used for small load
bearing structures

2. SAND
Generally sand is classified as Zone I, Zone II, Zone III and Zone IV (i.e.
coarser to finer). There is sieve designation for each zone. Gradation is
made in accord with the usage of the sand. There are testing sieves,
consists of 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.183mm, 600microns, 300 microns and
150 [Link] our site Zone II is used.

3. AGGREGATE
Based on the shape of the aggregates, they are classified as rounded,
angular,elongated and [Link] aggregates have minimum surface
area to the volume and have poor interlocking bond, making them
unsuitable for the production of concrete. Angular aggregates are sharp
and they have angular shape and rough texture. These aggregates are
best suited for the preparation of high strength [Link] aggregates
whose thickness is less than 0.6 times the mean dimension are called as
flaky [Link] aggregates whose length is 1.8 times the mean
dimension are called as elongated aggregates.

4. CEMENT
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) is a variation of Ordinary Portland
Cement(OPC) . Pozzolana materials namely fly ash, volcanic ash, are
added to the OPC so that it becomes PPC. PPC has a lower heat of
hydration and it is prone to fewer cracks compared to OPC. PPC has
lower strength than OPC but PPC provides better workability and
finishing than OPC.

5. WOOD
There are various types of wood available in the market. In our site
mostly bamboo wood, plywood and teak wood are used.
Special Items

RC jali is perforated stone or

latticed screen, usually with an
ornamental pattern constructed
through the use of geometry,
calligraphy or natural patterns.

It is primarily used for

decorative purpose.

This Jali allows light and air

while minimizing the sun and
rain.
 VICAT APPARATUS: Used to find
standard consistency and Initial &
Final setting time of cement.

Temp.= 27 +/- 2 *C

Humidity > 95%

TESTS IN SITE

TEST FOR CEMENT

1) Standard Consistency Test
 This test is used to find the water content at which cement
consistency is produced.
 Standard consistency permits penetration of vicat plunger of size
10mm dia and 50mm height upto a depth of 33-35mm from top into
mold.
 Test is done using Vicat Apparatus.
 Done as per IS:4031-Part-1

2) Fineness Test
 It is used to check proper grinding which has a direct impact on rate
of hydration, rate of gain of strength and evolution of strength.
 100 gm of cement is placed on IS sieve no.9 (90 micron) and sieving
is performed for 15 mins. The weight of residue should not exceed
10% of original weight of OPC.
 Done as per IS:4031-Part-1-1996

3) Initial & Final setting Time

 Initial setting time gives us an idea about how fast cement can start
losing its plasticity.
 Final setting time is the time when the paste completely loses its
plasticity.
 Test is done using Vicat Apparatus.
 Done as per IS:4031-Part-5-1998

4) Soundness
 Soundness of cement can be defined as its ability to retain its volume
after it gets hardened.
 It is determined by two methods: Le Chatelier’s Method and
Autoclave Method.
 Done as per IS:4031
TEST FOR CONCRETE
1) Slump Test
 The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete
before it sets. It is performed to check the workability of freshly
made concrete, and therefore the ease with which concrete flows.
 It is used to ensure uniformity for different loads of concrete under
field conditions.
 Done as per IS code 1199-1959.

2) Compressive Strength Test

 Three specimen cubes are prepared and cement, sand & water is
taken as - 185g (cement)
-555g (sand)
- (P/4 + 3.5) , (where P= % of water required for
standard consistency)
 Compressive strength of cement is tested in Universal Testing
Machine (UTM)
 The cubes are tested for Target Mean Strength.
T.M.S.= Fck + 1.65*(S.D.) ,where Fck- characteristic strength
S.D.- standard deviation
Standard Deviation for M35 - 5 (IS code 10262:2009)
Therefore, TMS for M35= 35 + 1.65*5
= 43.25 N/mm2
 Done as per IS 456-2000.

TEST FOR SAND

1) Silt Content
 Silt content in the sand must not exceed 8%.
 If silt content exceeds 8%, that may result in the reduction of binding
capacity of mixed materials, which also affects the strength and
durability of the final product.
 Done as per IS 2386-2 (1963)

2) Sieve Analysis/Fineness
Fig. IMPACT VALUE &
CRUSHING VALUE
APPARATUS
 Seive Analysis of sand is done to check the gradation of sand
particles.
 Sand particle distribution in sand volume is important for good
quality concrete and mortar.
 Done as per IS 2386-Part 1

3) Bulking of Sand
 The increase in the volume of sand due to increase in moisture
content is known as bulking of sand. A film of water is created
around the sand particle which forces the particles to get a side from
each other and thus the volume is increased.
 Done as per IS 2386-Part 3

TEST FOR AGGREGATE

1) Impact Value Test
 Impact value test is used to measure the toughness of aggregates
which is nothing but the ability of aggregates to resist the sudden
loading or impact loading.
 Aggregate passing 12.5mm seive and retaining 10mm seive is taken
as sample for test
 The maximum permissible limit of impact value is 35%.
 Done as per IS 2386-Part 4 (1963).

2) Crushing Value Test

 Aggregate passing 12.5mm seive and retaining 10mm seive is taken
as sample for test.
 The aggregate crushing value gives a relative measure of the
resistance of an aggregate to crushing under a gradually applied
compressive load.
 The maximum permissible limit of crushing value is 35%.
 Done as per IS 2386-Part 4 (1963).

3) Sieve Analysis
 The seive analysis determines the gradation ( the distribution of
aggregate particles, by size, within a given sample) in order to
determine compliance with design, production control requirements,
and verification specifications.
 Done as per IS 383 (1970)
4) Specific Gravity
 Done as per IS 2386-Part 3 (1963)

5) Density
 Done as per IS 2386-Part 3 (1963)

TEST FOR BRICKS

1) Dimension Test
 20 pieces of bricks are taken and checked for tolerance limits.
 Tolerances-
length – (3800 +/- 80mm)
width – (1800 +/- 40mm)
height – (1800 +/- 40mm)
 Done as per IS code 1077 (1992)

2) Strength Test
 Done as per IS 3495-Part 1-1992
 Compressive strength for
1st class brick = 10 N/mm2
2nd class brick = 7.5 N/mm2
3rd class brick = 3.5 N/mm2
3) Efflorescence Test
 The bricks when immersed in water for 24 hrs should not show any
sign of efflorescence & staining.
 Done as per IS 3495-Part 3

4) Water Absorption
 The bricks when immersed in water for 24hrs should not absorb
water by more than-
20% – 1st class bricks
22% – 2nd class bricks
25% – 3rd class bricks
 Done as per IS 3495-Part-2-1992
BASIC COMPONENT OF BUILDING
Column

A column can be defend as a vertical structural member designed to

transmit a compressive load. A column transmits the load from
ceiling/roof slab and beam, including its own weight to the foundation.
Hence it should be realized that the failure of a column results in the
collapse of the entire structure. For all buildings The average size of
column is 300x600 mm.

Plinth

A plinth level forms the foundation of a buildings. Plinth beam is a

reinforced concrete beam constructed between the wall and its
foundation. Plinth beam is provided to prevent the extension or
propagation of cracks from the foundation into the wall above when the
foundation suffers from settlement. Plinth beams distributes the load of
the wall over the foundation evenly. 100.45 after floor finish for
structure and for commercial complex plinth level is 100.90 from
internal road.

Brick masonry

In this project the brick masonry is done in English bond. The mortar to
be used for bedding layers is prepared by mixing 1 part of cement and 4
part of sand by weight for 100mm thick brick work and 1 part of cement
and 6 part of sand by weight is used for 230 mm thick brick work.

Lintel

A lintel is a horizontal member which is placed across an opening to

support the portion of the portion of the structure above it. The function
of a lintel is just the same as that of an arch or a beam. However the
lintels are easy and simple in construction for an arch special centering
or from work is required however arches are suitable under the
following circumstances.

In GPRA project lintel are provided above the doors and windows as
specified in drawings.
R.C.C. Lintel

The lintel is widely used today in this iron rod are passed in the cement
and concrete. Irons rod are fitted in the downward direction of lintel. So
that they can faces tensed force.

Plastering

6mm and 12mm gypsum plaster is provided in the internal walls of the
flats and 12mm and 15mm cement mortar plaster is provided in the stilt
and wet areas. 18mm cement mortar plaster in two coats 12mm and
6mm is used for external walls.

Slab

In the GPRA project the slab is provided as 150 and 125 depending on
the type of building and loading.
BRICK FACTORY

Firstly,
All the components are batched
into a limited quantity. Here,
sand, dust, fly-ash and water are
taken into grinding machine.

Secondly,
Grinding machine mix
thoroughly and put into the
mould.
 Using high pressure bricks
are then compressed to
standard shape.

Lastly, it is being transferred to

plates which is then cured for 7
days.
BATCHING PLANT

 Batching is done as per IS 4926.

 Accuracy of instrument while batching Cement = +/- 2%
 Accuracy of instrument while batching others = +/- 3%
DESIGN MIX

Admixtures are used to modify the

properties of hardened concrete, to
ensure the quality of concrete during
mixing, transporting, placing and curing.
Also it is used to reduce the cost of
concrete construction.
GREEN BUILDING/ GRIHA

 A green building is one which uses less water, optimises energy

efficiency, conserves natural resources, generate less waste and
provides healthier spaces for occupants, as compared to a
conventional building.

 To quantify green building concept, a rating tool(GRIHA) is made.

GRIHA is a rating tool that helps people assesses the performance of
their building against certain nationally acceptable benchmarks.

 It evaluates the environmental performances of a building holistically

over its entire life cycle, thereby providing a definitive standard for
what constitutes a ‘green building’.

 It is 100 point system consisting of some core points, which are

mandatory, while the rest are optional. Different levels of
certification are awarded based on the number of points earned.
25-40 : One Star
41-55 : Two Star
56-70 : Three Star (silver)
71-85 : Four Star (gold)
86-100: Five Star (platinum)
Precautions
Several precautions have to be taken while constructing the buildings.
 During brick work white patches should not be there it is because of
the alkali or salt present in brick or salt present in water.
 Concrete should be laid continuously to avoid irregular and unsightly
lines.
 To avoid sticking of concrete, formwork should be oiled before
concreting.
 While placing concrete, the position of formwork and reinforcement
should not get disturbed.
 To avoid segregation, concrete should not be dropped from a height
more than 1 meter.
 Concrete should not be placed during rain.

Conclusion
In order to make a good and safe building one must follow the
specifications given by IS Code or it may create problems during
construction or in future.