Chapter 7 – Digital Information
• CS170
• Computer Applications for Business
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Chapter 7 – Digital Information
Chapter 7 – Representing Information Digitally
• PandA representation
• Binary system
• Hex notation
• Binary numbers compared with Decimal numbers
• Conversions: Hexadecimal, Decimal, Binary
• Digitizing text: ASCII, Extended ASCII, Unicode
• Metadata
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Data 01001000 01100101
01101100 01101100
01101111 00101100
00100000 01110111
01101111 01110010
01101100 01100100
00100001
Digitizing information
◦ data represented as numbers
the breakthrough!
machines reading digital info
◦ Census data digitized (1890) - Herman Hollerith
1880 it took 8 years to process the data by hand
punch cards digitized the process
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The PandA Representation
We refer to this system as “Presence and
Absence” or PandA.
Such a formulation is said to be discrete
Discrete means “distinct” or “separable”
It is not possible to transform one value into
another by tiny gradations
There are no “shades of gray”
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A Binary System
• The PandA encoding
has two patterns:
present and absent
• Two patterns make it a
binary system
• There is no law that
says on means
“present” or off means
“absent”
• The PandA unit is
https://code.org/educate/resou
known as a binary digit rces/videos BINARY and DATA
or bit
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Bits in Computer Memory
• Memory is arranged inside a computer in a
very long sequence of bits
• The physical phenomenon can be encoded,
the information can be set and detected to
present or absent
The “dirty secret”
of electronic 0’s
and 1’s
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Binary Explained
Computers use base-2 to represent numbers using
the binary number system
When counting in binary you are limited to only use
0 and 1
0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111, 1000, …
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Hex Explained
• Hex digits, short for hexadecimal digits,
are base-16 numbers
• Uses decimal numbers, and then the first
six Latin letters
– 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
• There needed to be a better way to write
bit sequences…hexadecimal digits
http://www.asciitable.com/
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Changing Hex to Binary
• The 32 bits below represent a
computer instruction
1000 1110 1101 1000 1010 0011 1010 0000
• Writing so many 0’s and 1’s is tedious
and error prone
• We can convert each four-bit group to
hex, giving the shorter version:
8ED8A3A0
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Hexadecimal Digits
Each hex digit codes a four-bit group:
0000 0 0100 4 1000 8 1100 C
0001 1 0101 5 1001 9 1101 D
0010 2 0110 6 1010 A 1110 E
0011 3 0111 7 1011 B 1111 F
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Digitizing Text
• We need to represent:
–26 uppercase,
–26 lowercase letters,
–10 numerals,
–20 punctuation characters,
–10 useful arithmetic characters,
– 3 other characters (new line, tab, and backspace)
–95 symbols…enough for English
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Assigning Symbols
• ASCII stands for American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
• Advantages of a “standard”?
• IBM decided to use the next larger set of symbols, the
8-bit symbols (28) – started w/7-bit
• Eight bits produce 28 = 256 symbols
– Handles many languages that derived from the
Latin alphabet
• IBM gave 8-bit sequences a special name, byte
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American Standard Code for Information
Interchange - ASCII
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Data Encoding
• HELLO
• (human readable)
• 48-45-4C-4C-4F
• (ASCII encode - Hex)
• 0100 1000-0100 0101-0100 1100-0100 1100-0100 1111
• (machine language)
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Unicode
• The 256 extended ASCII codes cover
most Western languages
• Unicode represents many more
characters by using up to 32 bits to code
characters
• UTF-8 records Unicode by writing long
characters as groups of bytes
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Conversion
Chart
Binary to Hex
Hex to Binary
http://www.asciitable.com/
(A = 65)
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Decimal vs. Binary
231 Base 10 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
2x100 3x10 1x1
2x102 3x101 1x100 1 1 1 0 01 11
1x27 1x26 1x25 0x24 0x23 1x22 1x21 1x20
128 + 64 + 32 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1
11100111 base 2 = 231 base 10
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Converting to Decimal
• Hex 48
• = (4 * 161) + (8 * 160)
• = 64 + 8
• = Decimal 72
• =Binary 1001000
= (1*26) (0*25) + (0*24) + (1*23) + (0*22) + (0*21) + (0*20)
= (1*64) + (0*32) (0*16) + (1*8) + (0*4) + (0*1) + (0*1)
= 64 + 0+ 0+ 8+ 0+ 0+ 0
= 72
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Converting – From Decimal
• Decimal to Hexadecimal
• 72 divided by 16 = 4 with the remainder of 8
• 4 divided by 16 = 0 with the remainder of 4
• = 48
• Decimal to Binary
• 72 divided by 2 = 36 with the remainder of 0
• 36 divided by 2 = 18 with the remainder of 0
• 18 divided by 2 = 9 with the remainder of 0
• 9 divided by 2 = 4 with the remainder of 1
• 4 divided by 2 = 2 with the remainder of 0
• 2 divided by 2 = 1 with the remainder of 0
• 1 divided by 2 = 0 with the remainder of 1
• = 1001000
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Let’s try some
Base 10 Base 2 Base 16
129
10110111
56
8C
C5
11001011
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Metadata
•Metadata is data about data
• How is content structures?
• What units?
• When created?
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Chapter 7 – Digital Information
Chapter 7 – Representing Information Digitally
• PandA representation
• Binary system
• Hex notation
• Binary numbers compared with Decimal numbers
• Conversions: Hexadecimal, Decimal, Binary
• Digitizing text: ASCII, Extended ASCII, Unicode
• Metadata
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