Acknowledgment

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to university of gonar for facilitating this internship
opportunity.

Also I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to everyone who supported me during my internship at
EthioTelecom. First and foremost, I extend my sincere thanks to the management and staff of Ethio
Telecom for giving me the opportunity to intern at such a renowned institution and for providing me with
a conducive environment for learning.

I would especially like to thank my supervisor, MrBereket for their invaluable guidance, advice, and
patience throughout my internship. Your mentorship helped me gain practical knowledge in the field of
telecommunications, which has greatly enriched my academic experience.

I am also grateful to my colleagues and team members, whose collaboration and encouragement made my
learning journey enjoyable and insightful. Your willingness to share your knowledge and experiences has
significantly contributed to my professional development.

Lastly, I would like to thank my family and friends for their continuous support and encouragement
during this internship. This experience has been both professionally and personally rewarding, and I am
confident that the knowledge and skills I gained will be of great benefit as I pursue my future career
goals.
 Executive Summary

This report provides an overview of my internship experience at EthioTelecom, where I worked in the
wireless communications, Switching and Transmission systems. The key objectives of the internship
included enhancing my technical skills, gaining hands-on experience with telecommunications
technologies, and understanding the operations of a major telecom provider.

Over the internship period, I worked with various network systems such as GSM and LTE, improving my
knowledge in switching and transmission systems, and wireless communication protocols.The
comprehensive and technical description of my work at the hosting company is in the following part.
Following this are sections on conclusion and recommendations, which are mostly focused on the
internship's conclusion and factors that should be taken into account going forward. The student's
commitment to learning the practical application of a theoretical study framework while participating in
an internship programme is what matters most.

This report is on my internship with Ethiotelecom, which I undertook from June 28/2023 up to August
30, 2023.I was able to get actual telecom network knowledge throughout my internship, and I had a

positive working environment experience. I learned a lot about how Ethioelecom services are

provided, performing in IP and transmission section of South west Region of Ethiotelecom,

covering the network access method using copper and fiber cable during my two-month

internship at Ethiopia Telecom.

Furthermore, I have been educated about how router, switch, BTS, BSS, MSS devices function

to create network connection

List of Acronyms

 TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access

 CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access

 HSPA: High-Speed Packet Access.

 WPA: Wi-Fi protected Access

 OSS: Operation & Support Subsystem.

 MSCS: Mobile Switching Center Server.

 AUC: Authentication Center

 EIR: Equipment Identity Register

 HLR: Home Location Register

 HSS: Home Subscriber Server/ Overview

 PRS: General Packet Radio Service.

 SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node

 GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node

 RAN: Radio Access network

 VSAT: Very Small Aperture Terminal

 GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications

 GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications

 LTE: Long-Term Evolution

 BSS: Base Station Subsystem

 NSS: Network Switching Subsystem

 PDH: Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

 SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

 NGN: Next-Generation Networks

 BTS: Base Transceiver Station

 FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access

 CHAPTER ONE

1.INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Overview

The internship at EthioTelecom was designed to provide me with practical experience in the

Telecommunications industry, specifically in wireless communications and network management.

The primary objectives were to gain insights into the operation of wireless communication

Systems such as GSM and LTE, understand network switching technologies, and apply

Theoretical knowledge from my coursework to real-world tasks.

1.2 Background of the Organization

In this section before we see the short history of EthioTelecom we deal with the long history of
telecommunications in Ethiopia since it is the back bone of the current existence of EthioTelecom as
Telecommunications Company. Telecommunications service was introduced in Ethiopia by Emperor
Minlik II in 1894, 17 years after it is introduced to the world, when the construction of the telephone line
from Harare to the capital city, Addis Ababa, was commenced. The first major telephone line constructed
spanned a total distance of about 477 Km and connects Harare a major trade center in eastern region with
Addis Ababa. Immediately after the telephone line, a telegraph line was installed following the
construction of the first and only rail way line in Ethiopia. With a construction period of two years 880km
North to South telephone line connecting Asmara with Addis Ababa was constructed and made
operational in 1904. The ‘verbal repeater’ system was used to facilitate long distance calls, making use of
the several intermediate stations opened at the small towns and villages along the route. By 1930 a route
distance of 7000 km was completed and over 170 towns were being served by the telephone network.
International communication service, however took long to develop. Until 1930 Asmara and Djibouti are
the only cities connected. Later, in 1932, Ethiopia became a member of the International
Telecommunications Union (ITU) immediately before the Italian invasion of 1935 and radio
communication was introduced following the establishment of radio circuit links with Djibouti, Aden,
Cairo and London. By 1934 Ethiopia has established direct radio telephone links with Cairo, Djibouti,
Aden and London and soon after radio communications training sectors for Ethiopians in order to replace
the expatriates handling the nation’s traffic. Administratively the country’s telecommunication sector is
run by an office in imperial palace. During the Italian invasion, all the telephone lines that were building
were destroyed and they started to build a new telephone route again in new format. By 1941 they build a
telephone line in Addis Ababa and Asmara

Vision of the company

 To be a world-class telecommunications service provider.

Mission of the company

 Connect every Ethiopian through Information Communication technology.

 Provide telecommunication services and products that enhance the development of our Nation.

 Build reputable brand known for its customers' consideration.

 Build its managerial capability that enables ethiotelecom to operate an international standard.

 Core values:

 Customer-centric: - Respond quickly to both customers and staff while taking into account their values.

 Excellence: In order to provide exceptional client service, there is a provision of devoted to quality and
efficiency.

 Accountability: Doing the business with honesty, decency, and complete accountability.

 Impartiality: Being devoted to serving without bias and being unbiased.

 Sharing: To achieve the company's purpose, there is always work in synergy

Products/Services: EthioTelecom provides mobile services (GSM, LTE), broadband internet, enterprise
communication solutions, and other value-added services such as

SMS, MMS, and voicemail. Main customer

EthioTelecom, a leading telecommunications provider in Africa, serves a wide range of customers,

including mobile voice subscribers, data and internet users, and fixed broadband subscribers:

Mobile voice subscribers: As of June 2024, EthioTelecom had 0.4 million mobile voice subscribers.Data
and internet users: As of June 2024, EthioTelecom had 0.2 million data and internet users.

Fixed broadband subscribers: As of June 2024, EthioTelecom had 3.8 thousand fixed broadband

subscribers.

Fixed voice subscribers: As of June 2024, EthioTelecom had 4.2 thousand fixed voice subscribers.
Total customers: As of June 2024, EthioTelecom had 0.4 million total customers.

Organizational Structure

 EthioTelecom get organized under the control of with two Chinese companies, ZTE(Zhongxing
Telecommunication Equipment Corporation) and HUAWEI as it is scheduled on the transformation of
Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporations to Ethio Telecom
Since I was in the network division, here is the organizational structure

of the Network division.

Figure 1 ooo
Chapter 2: Overall Internship Experience

2.1 section of the company working

I received training on EthioTelecom‟s network architecture, including wireless communication

technologies and switching systems. My orientation covered the fundamentals of GSM, LTE,
and the operations of the Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). I was also introduced to network
management tools and protocols used at EthioTelecom to monitor and maintain network
performance That sounds like an interesting role! Working in the wireless communication
switching and transmission section at EthioTelecom likely involves a variety of tasks related to
managing and optimizing the network infrastructure. This can include:

1. Network Management: Overseeing the operation of switching systems and ensuring that voice
and data traffic is efficiently routed through the network.

2. Transmission Systems: Working with technologies like microwave, fiber optics, and other
transmission media to ensure reliable connectivity and communication.

3. Troubleshooting: Identifying and resolving issues related to network performance, outages, or

equipment failures.

4. Upgrades and Maintenance: Implementing upgrades to existing systems and maintaining

equipment to ensure optimal performance.

5. Collaboration: Coordinating with other teams, such as network planning, engineering, and
customer service, to deliver seamless communication services.

6. Monitoring and Reporting: Using various tools to monitor network performance metrics and
generating reports for analysis and decision-making.

2.3 How does the work flow

The workflow of a wireless communication and transmission class at Ethio Telecom is designed to equip
employees with the necessary skills and knowledge to operate, maintain, and improve wireless
communication systems effectively. By integrating theoretical learning with practical experience, the
organization ensures that its workforce is well-prepared to meet the challenges of the telecommunications
industry. Continuous assessment, quality assurance, and opportunities for further development are
essential components of this workflow. This workflow encompasses training, operations, maintenance,
and quality assurance aspects of wireless communication systems. Below is an overview of what this
workflow might look like:
▎1. Curriculum Development

• Needs Assessment: Identify the skills and knowledge required for employees in wireless communication
and transmission roles.

• Course Design: Develop a curriculum that includes theoretical knowledge (e.g., radio frequency
principles, modulation techniques) and practical skills (e.g., equipment handling, troubleshooting).

• Resource Allocation: Gather necessary resources such as textbooks, training materials, and access to
equipment.

▎2. Training Delivery

• Classroom Instruction: Conduct lectures and discussions on fundamental concepts of wireless

communication, including signal propagation, antenna theory, and transmission technologies (e.g., 4G,
5G).

• Hands-on Training: Provide practical sessions where participants can work with actual wireless
equipment, such as base stations, repeaters, and mobile devices.

• Field Visits: Organize visits to operational sites to observe real-world applications of wireless
communication systems and gain insights into field operations.

▎3. Assessment and Evaluation

• Knowledge Assessment: Implement quizzes, tests, or assignments to evaluate participants'

understanding of the material covered.

• Practical Assessments: Conduct hands-on evaluations to ensure participants can effectively operate and
troubleshoot wireless equipment.

• Feedback Mechanism: Gather feedback from participants to improve future training sessions and
address any gaps in knowledge.

▎4. Operational Integration

• Knowledge Transfer: Ensure that trained personnel can apply their knowledge in their respective roles
within the organization.

• Mentorship Programs: Pair new trainees with experienced staff for guidance and support in real-world
applications.

• Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs): Develop and distribute SOPs related to wireless communication
operations to ensure consistency and quality in work processes.

▎5. Maintenance and Support

• Scheduled Maintenance Training: Educate staff on regular maintenance procedures for wireless
equipment to prevent failures and prolong equipment life.

• Troubleshooting Protocols: Train employees on common troubleshooting techniques for resolving

issues in wireless communication systems.

• Emergency Response Training: Prepare staff for emergency situations, such as outages or equipment
failures, ensuring they know how to respond quickly and effectively.

▎6. Quality Assurance

• Performance Monitoring: Implement monitoring systems to track the performance of wireless networks
and identify areas for improvement.

• Regular Audits: Conduct periodic audits of wireless communication systems to ensure compliance with
industry standards and internal policies.

• Continuous Improvement: Use data gathered from monitoring and audits to inform ongoing training
needs and operational improvements.

▎7. Continuous Learning and Development

• Advanced Training: Offer advanced courses on emerging technologies (e.g., IoT, advanced modulation
techniques) to keep staff updated on industry trends.

• Certifications: Encourage employees to pursue industry-recognized certifications in wireless

communication to enhance their skills and credibility.

• Workshops and Seminars: Host workshops with industry experts to provide insights into new
technologies and best practices in wireless communication.

2.4 Work tasks we have been executing.

During my internship, my main responsibility was to assist in the monitoring and maintenance of
the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) and Network Switching Subsystem (NSS). I was tasked with
ensuring network stability and assisting in troubleshooting wireless communication systems and
transmission class.

Wireless Communications

Wireless communication: refers to the transfer of info. b/n 2 or more points that are not
physically connected. e.g. Cellular Networks.
It involves the transmission of info over a distance without help of wires, cables or any
other forms of electrical conductors.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere b/n a few meters (for example, a television‟s
remote control) & thousands of kilometres (for example, radio communication).

It is among technology‟s biggest contributions to mankind & the most common wireless
technologies use radio
Some of the devices used for wireless communication are:
Cordless telephones, mobiles, GPS units,
wireless computer parts, & satellite television

Rewards/Advantages:

Communication has enhanced to convey the info quickly to the consumers.

Working professionals can work & access Internet anywhere & anytime without
carrying cables wherever they go.

This also helps to complete the work anywhere on time & improves the productivity.

Urgent situation can be alerted through wireless communication.

 The affected regions can be provided help & support with the help of these alerts through wireless
communication

Drawbacks:

Wireless network has led to many security threats to mankind.

It is very easy for the hackers to grab the wireless signals that are spread in the air.

This also increases the risk to lose info. Strong security protocols must be created to

secure the wireless signals like WPA (Wi-Fi protected Access) & WPA2. 6

Another way to secure the wireless network is to have wireless intrusion prevention

system.

Ciphering ensures that no one listens to your data on the air interface.

Anything b/n 3KHz & 300GHz is referred to as RF waves, but they are subdivided
depending on the actual frequency.

The 3 broad categories of wireless transmission media are:

Multiple Access:

Frequency division multiple access technology

Channels in different frequency are allocated to different users, e.g. AMPS

Code division multiple access technology

Users distinguished by scramble code, e.g. CDMA

7 Cellular Networks

1G: 1st Generation ex. AMPS - Advanced Mobile Phone System.

Analog cellular.

2G: 2nd Generation ex. GSM - Global System for Mobile communication.

Digital cellular. 7

2.5G: GPRS – General Packet Radio Service

Enhanced digital cellular

2.75G: EDGE – Enhanced Data GPRS Evolution

3G:3rd Generation ex. UMTS/WCDMA

Multimedia cellular

3.5G: HSPA = HSDPA/HSUPA – High Speed Downlink/Uplink Packet Access

3.75G: HSPA+, Internet-HSPA

4G: 4 the Generation ex. LTE advanced

Broadband cellular

3.8 Differences b/n 1st & 2nd Generation Systems

Digital traffic channels: 1st-generation systems are almost purely analog; second-generation

systems are digital.

Encryption: all 2nd generation systems provide encryption to prevent eavesdropping.

Error detection & correction: 2nd -generation digital traffic allows for detection & correction,

giving clear voice reception.

Channel access: 2nd generation systems allow channels to be dynamically shared by a number

of users.

3.9 2G: GSM - Global System for Mobile Communication

2G networks were built mainly for voice services & slow data transmission.

Ethio‟s 2G GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz & 1800 MHz bands. => P-GSM 900

& DCS 1800.

GSM supports circuit switched voice & data.

VAS included in mobile GSM services:

SMS, MMS, CRBT (via 822 access code)8

NGVMS - Voice mail

Call waiting, Call Barring, Call diverting, etc.

3.10 2G based architecture of mobile networks.

It consists: MSS, BSS, NSS & OSS parts:

MSS: Mobile Station Subsystem.

MS = SIM Card + phone, Cu-interface SIM card & UE.

BSS: Base Station Subsystem.

o BSC, BTS

o NSS (Core nw): Network & Switching Subsystem

NSS (Core nw): Network & Switching Subsystem.

o MSC, VLR, HLR, EIR, AuC

o To display IMEI number of your phone: * # 06 # o

o To display the phone model, SW version & date: *#0000#

OSS: Operation & Support Subsystem.

o OMC (OMC-R, OMC-S), NMC

Subsystem (BSS Base Station)

GERAN

BSS (GERAN) consists of BSC, BTS, & TRAU (Transcoder & Rate Adaptation Unit)

The BSS carries out transcoding of speech channels, allocation of radio channels to

mobile phones, paging, transmission & reception over the air interface & many other

tasks related to the radio network.

Major components of the BSS include:

the BTS that consists of the radio modems & antenna equipment, &

the BSC that manages the radio activities of several BTSs.

BSS controls the radio subsystem, especially the Base Stations.

The major functions of the BSC include.

Mg‟t of the radio resources & handover.

It is also responsible for control of the power Txd, & it manages the O&M & its

signaling, security configurations & alarms.

BTS houses the radio transceivers that define a cell & handles the radio-link protocols with the MS.

2 Network & Switching Subsystems (NSS)

It is responsible for the switching functions that are necessary for interconnections

b/n mobile users, & other mobile & fixed network users.

The VLR comes into action once the subscriber enters the coverage region.

Unlike the HLR, the VLR is dynamic in nature & interacts with the HLR when

recording the data of a particular mobile subscriber.

AUC: Authentication Center

It is responsible for policing actions in the network.

This has all the data required to protect the network against false subscribers & to

protect the calls of regular subscribers.

EIR: Equipment Identity Register

Is used to manage the IMEI of all MS devices & checks whether each MS device is a

legal equipment.

To display IMEI number of your phone: * # 06 #

To display IMSI number: *100#

HLR: Home Location Register

Contains info related to each mobile subscriber, such as:

The type of subscription,

Services that the user can use,

The subscriber's current location & the mobile equipment status.

The database in the HLR remains intact & unchanged until the termination of the

subscription.HSS/ Home Subscriber Server/ Overview

The HSS is the main IMS database which also acts as database in EPC.

The HSS is the concatenation of the HLR & the AuC – 2 functions being already

present in pre-IMS 2G/GSM & 3G/UMTS networks.

The HSS is a super HLR that combined legacy HLR & AuC functions together

for CS & PS domains.

In the IMS architecture, the HSS connects to application servers as well as the

Call Session Control Function (CSCF) using the DIAMETER protocol.

The HLR can be considered to be a subset of the HSS that supports the PS domain

entities such as the SGSN, MME & GGSN.

It also supports the CS domain entities such as the MSC.

Operation & Support Subsystem: OSS

OSS is the functional entity from which the Network operator monitors &

controls the system.

The O&M center (OMC) is connected to all equipment in the switching system &

to the BSC.

The implementation of OMC is known as the OSS & it‟s uses are:
Alarm Handling, Fault Management

Manages the GSM functional blocks i.e. MSC, BSC (& indirectly the

BTSs)

Performance Management, Configuration Management

Software Version Management

Network Statistics Data Collection

Network Status Control, etc.

GPRS

- General Packet Radio Service.

By combining standard GSM time slots theoretical speeds of 171.2 Kbps are attainable.

GPRS adds packet-switched functionality to GSM networks.

There are 2 new functional elements w/c play a major role in how GPRS works: SGSN &

GGSN

PACKET CORE NETWORK

SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node

The SGSN takes care of some important tasks, including routing, handover & IP

address assignment.

One job of the SGSN is to make sure the connection is not interrupted as you make

your journey passing from cell to cell.

The SGSN works out which BSC to “route” your connection through.

If the user moves into a segment of the Nw that is managed by a d/nt SGSN it will

perform a handoff to the new SGSN.

SGSN may be regarded as the packet switched equivalent of the circuit-switched

MSC.

GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node

It is the “last port of call” in the GPRS network before a connection b/n an ISP or

corporate network‟s router occurs.

GGSN is responsible for allocating users with IP addresses & maintaining user PDP

(packet data protocol) sessions.

GGSN is responsible for allocating users with IP addresses & maintaining user PDP

(packet data protocol) sessions.

It serves as a gateway for an MS to access the external PDN.

For the external network, the GGSN serves as a router for all equipment in the GPRS
network.

3.14 3G Network

3G Mobile Network: UMTS

It is designed for multimedia communications.

It supports wideband services like high speed Internet access, video & high

quality image Tx & video conferencing.

By 3G, „We are moving away from the business of ears to the business of eyes.‟

3G networks aim to merge 2 of the most successful paradigms in

communications: cellular networks & the Internet

Why 3G?

Video calls, Video streaming, TV broadcast

Video clips – news, music, sports

Enhanced gaming, chat, location service.

UTRAN…

UTRAN consists of 2 elements: Node B & RNC

Node B

Converts data flow between Iub & Uu interfaces.

participates in radio resource management.

Radio Network Controller (RNC)

owns & controls radio resources in its domain

The service access point (SAP) for all services that UTRAN provides the CN. e.g.,

management of connections to UE
4G Technology: Mobile Broadband Technology

4G: 4 th generation of cellular wireless Ex. LTE advanced.

Long Term Evolution/LTE is the project name of a new high performance airinterface for

cellular mobile comm. systems.

It provides a comprehensive & secure IP based services to users.

"Anytime, Anywhere" at high data rates.

It is based on the GSM/EDGE & UMTS/HSPA network technologies,

It is increasing the capacity & speed using a d/nt radio interface together with CN

improvements.

Long Term Evolution/LTE

Downloading data rate up to 100 Mbps

Upload data rate up to 50 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth.

The main advantages with LTE are:

Great increase of spectrum efficiency

High throughput,

Low latency,

Plug-&-play use

Improved end-user experience

A simple architecture resulting in low operating costs

Support for older technologies such as GSM, cdmaOne, UMTS & CDMA2000.

Major LTE Radio Technologies:

Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink.

OFDM is a signal transmission scheme using multiple subcarriers closely-spaced in the

frequency domain such that adjacent subcarriers are orthogonal to each other;

Such schemes enable the symbol length to be increased compared to a single carrier transmission

& are therefore typically tolerant of multipath propagation.

1516

Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for

uplink

Uses Multi-input Multi-output (MIMO) for enhanced throughput

Reduced power consumption

Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less battery power used by handsets

Switching & Transmission systems

A telecom network is a collection of terminal nodes, links & any intermediate nodes w/c

are connected so as to enable telecommunication b/n the terminals.

The transmission links connect the nodes together.

The nodes use Ckt switching, message switching or packet switching to pass the signal

through the correct links & nodes to reach the correct destination terminal.
Each terminal in the network usually has a unique address so that messages or

connections can be routed to the correct recipients.17

A CS connection reserves dedicated transmission resources for data transfer at a fixed

rate for the duration of the communication session.

The reserved resources are not accessible to any other user

PDH/Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

Plesiochronous transmission is now often referred to as PDH.
PDH was replaced by SDH due to its drawback in synchronization where plesio
refers to nearly synchronous.
Digital data & voice Tx is based on a 2.048Mbit/s bearer consisting of 30 TDM voice
channels, each running at 64Kbps (known as E1).
The PDH contains 4 basic bit rates:
E1- 2.048 Mbps
E2- 8.448 Mbps => a line that carries 4 multiplexed E1 signals
E3 - 34.368 Mbps => is a line that carries 16 E1 signals
E4 - 139.264 Mbps => carries four E3 channels
E5 - 565.148 Mbps =>carries four E4 channels
The En is the result of multiplexing of 4 En-1.
E1?
E1 consists of 32 channels, w/c can be used to carry simultaneous voice calls, & each
channel is called a Time Slot (TS).
As per the ITU-T recommendations, 2 time slots are reserved for signaling &
synchronization.
Thus, E1 can carry 30 voice calls or data communications simultaneously.
Each Time Slot/TS/ of E1 has a bandwidth of 64 Kbps, which leads to 2.048 Mbps total
speed for an E1 carrier. => 32 *64Kbps = 2.048Mbps
The 2.048 Mbps frame is broken up into 32 TSs numbered 0 - 31.
Channels 0&16 are reserved for Tx management, while all other channels are used for
payload.
The payload bandwidth is thus 30*64Kbps = 1.920 Mbps.
E1 Applications & standards18
The E1 link or circuit is used for connecting a variety of elements within a network -
typically small exchanges, mobile base stations & the like will use E1 circuits.
Unlike Internet data services w/c are IP based, E-carrier systems are circuit switched
& permanently allocate capacity for a voice call for its entire duration.
E1 to E5 are defined & they are carriers in increasing multiples of the E1 format.
Physically E1 is transmitted as 32 Time slots/TSs & E3 has 512 TSs.
=> E3 = 4*4E1 = 16E1 = 16*32 = 512 Timeslots.
E1 circuits are widely used to connect to medium & large companies, to telephone
exchanges. They may also be used to provide links b/n some exchanges.
E3 lines are used where higher capacity is needed. They are often installed b/n
exchanges, & to provide connectivity between countries.
Typical E1 interface connectors & implementation
The most common physical formats for the data transmission are 2 coaxial cables
terminated in BNC connectors, or twisted pairs terminated with RJ-48C connectors.
The RJ-48C connector has a total of 8 connections.
SDH/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
Although PDH was a breakthrough in the digital transmission systems, it has a lot of
weaknesses:
No world standard on digital format (3 incompatible regional standards - European,
North American & Japanese).
No world standard for optical interfaces. => Networking is impossible at the optical level.
Rigid asynchronous multiplexing structure.
Limited management capability.
Because of PDH disadvantages, it was obvious that a new multiplexing method is
needed. The new method was called SDH.
=> SDH is the first world standard in digital format.
Rewards of SDH
Standardized optical interfaces
Easy & cost-efficient traffic add-and-drop & cross connect capability.
New network architecture. Highly flexible & survivable self-healing rings available.
Backward & forward compatibility:
Backward compatibility to existing PDH & Forward compatibility to future
BISDN, etc
First standard for bitrates higher than 45/140 Mbps
Provides concept for clock/synchronization, protection switching etc.
Suitable as the physical layer of ATM networks
SDH simply acts as a means of increasing transmission capacity
Benefits of SDH Transmission
SDH transmission systems have many benefits over PDH:
Software Control allows extensive use of intelligent Nw mgt software for high
flexibility, fast & easy re-configurability, & efficient Nw mg‟t.
Survivability:
With SDH, ring networks become practicable & their use enables automatic
reconfiguration & traffic rerouting when a link is damaged.20
End-to-end monitoring will allow full mgt & maintenance of the whole Nw.
Efficient drop & insert.
SDH allows simple & efficient cross-connect without full hierarchical multiplexing or
de-multiplexing.
A single E1 2.048Mbit/s tail can be dropped or inserted with relative ease even on Gbit/s
links.

FIBER OPTICS
Fiber-Optic communication network relies on fiber optics:
to operate in the 1550-nm region, &
is capable of adding capacity, providing longer links, &
enhancing system economy to conventional systems.
The wavelength of light in optical fiber is 850nm, 1310nm, or 1550nm.
An Optical Fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of glass (silica) or plastic,
slightly thicker than a human hair.
One fiber cable can contain 2 to 48 or more separate fibers.
Rewards of Optical Fiber Communications
Enormous potential bandwidth (>THz)
Lower signal attenuation (loss)
Immunity to Electrical Noise
No crosstalk
Lower bit error rates
Signal Security
Nonconductive (does not radiate signals) 21
Reduced size & weight cables
Resistant to radiation & corrosion, etc.
Optical Fiber Attributes Attenuation: Due to Rayleigh scattering & chemical absorptions,
the light intensity along a fiber
decreases with distance. This optical loss is a function of wavelength.
Dispersion: Different colors travel at different speeds down the optical fiber. This causes the
light pulses to spread in time & limits data rates.
Types of Dispersion
Chromatic Dispersion is caused mainly by the wavelength dependence of the index of
refraction (dominant in SM fibers)
Modal Dispersion arises from the differences in group velocity b/n the “modes”
travelling down the fiber (dominant in MM fibers)

Wavelength-division multiplexing/WDM
WDM is the practice of multiplying the available capacity of optical fibers through use of
parallel channels, each channel on a dedicated wavelength of light.
This requires a wavelength division multiplexer in the transmitting equipment & a
demultiplexer in the receiving equipment.
WDM is a technology w/c multiplexes a no. of optical carrier signals onto a single optical
fiber by using different wavelengths (i.e. colors) of laser light.
A WDM system uses a multiplexer at the transmitter to join the signals together,
& a demultiplexer at the receiver to split them apart.
The 1 st WDM systems combined only 2 signals. Modern systems can handle up to 160
signals & can thus expand a basic 10 Gbit/s system over a single fiber pair to over 1.6
Tbit/sWDM systems are divided into d/nt wavelength patterns,
Coarse WDM (CWDM) & Dense WDM (DWDM)
WDM, DWDM & CWDM are based on the same concept of using multiple wavelengths
of light on a single fiber, but differ in:
the spacing of the wavelengths, number of channels, &
the ability to amplify the multiplexed signals in the optical space.
WDM technology uses multiple wavelengths to transmit information over a single fiber
Coarse WDM (CWDM) has wider channel spacing (20 nm) – low cost
Dense WDM (DWDM) has dense channel spacing (0.8 nm) w/c allows
simultaneous transmission of 16+ wavelengths – high capacity
First WDM networks used just two wavelengths, 1310 nm & 1550 nm
Wavelength spacing practically depends on:
laser line-width
optical filter bandwidth
CWDM is also being used in cable television networks, where d/nt wavelengths are used
for the downstream & upstream signals.
CWDM is also being used in cable television networks, where d/nt wavelengths
are used for the downstream & upstream signals.
Used currently in Metro systems (rings, linear, mesh)
CWDM has less capacity than DWDM
Since CWDM is a passive technology, it allows for any protocol to be transported over
the link, as long as it is at a specific wavelength
Another benefit to the passive CWDM technology is that no configuration is necessary,
which makes CWDM a low-cost & effortless technology to implement.
22
WDM systems are divided into d/nt wavelength patterns,
Coarse WDM (CWDM) & Dense WDM (DWDM)
WDM, DWDM & CWDM are based on the same concept of using multiple wavelengths
of light on a single fiber, but differ in:
the spacing of the wavelengths, number of channels, &
the ability to amplify the multiplexed signals in the optical space.
WDM technology uses multiple wavelengths to transmit information over a single fiber
Coarse WDM (CWDM) has wider channel spacing (20 nm) – low cost
Dense WDM (DWDM) has dense channel spacing (0.8 nm) w/c allows
simultaneous transmission of 16+ wavelengths – high capacity
First WDM networks used just two wavelengths, 1310 nm & 1550 nm
Wavelength spacing practically depends on:
laser line-width
optical filter bandwidth
CWDM is also being used in cable television networks, where d/nt wavelengths are used
for the downstream & upstream signals.
CWDM is also being used in cable television networks, where d/nt wavelengths
are used for the downstream & upstream signals.
Used currently in Metro systems (rings, linear, mesh)
CWDM has less capacity than DWDM
Since CWDM is a passive technology, it allows for any protocol to be transported over
the link, as long as it is at a specific wavelength
Another benefit to the passive CWDM technology is that no configuration is necessary,
which makes CWDM a low-cost & effortless technology to implement.
2223
The most complex step in CWDM integration is aligning & connecting the patch cables
from the correct wavelength optic to the correct port on the multiplexers on each end of
the link.
CWDM doesn't span longer distances because its light signal isn‟t amplified.
DWDM
Developed to add capacity to undersea & transcontinental routes.
Uses the 1500nm to 1600nm band w/c has minimum attenuation for long distance routes.
Today's DWDM systems utilize 16, 32, 64, 128 or more wavelengths in the 1550 nm
window.
The range of standardized channel grids includes 50, 100, 200 & 1000 GHz spacing.
DWDM advantages
Greater fiber capacity.
Easier network expansion.
No new fiber needed, Just add a new wavelength, Incremental cost for a new channel is
low
Up to 32 channels can be done passively.
Up to 160 channels with an active solution.
Active solutions typically involve optical amplifiers to achieve longer distances.
DWDM systems capable of longer span lengths
TDM approach using STM-64 is more costly & more susceptible to chromatic &
polarization mode dispersion
DWDM Limitations
Theoretically large number of channels can be packed in a fiber
DWDM is very expensive
For physical realization of DWDM networks we need precise wavelength selective
devices
Optical amplifiers are imperative to provide long transmission distances without
repeaters
Active solutions require a lot of set-up & maintenance expense
“Passive” DWDM solution still requires power

Satellite Communication
A communications satellite is an orbiting artificial earth satellite that receives a comm..
signal from a transmitting ground station, amplifies & possibly processes it, then
transmits it back to the earth for reception by one or more receiving ground stations.
Satellite
is a microwave device that consists receiver, repeater & regenerator in orbit.

VST
A Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), is a 2-way satellite ground station with a dish
antenna that is < 4m diameter.
It is ideal for locations where there is no any access like farms, mining areas, remote schools,
gov‟t org‟s & national parks.
It supports up to 2Mbps data rate (Internet/data) with voice capability
Ethio BB VSAT Network is further grouped as:
Group I – SchoolNet
Group II – WeredaNet
Group III – AgriNet
Others – such as FiraNet
VSATs are connected by RF links via a satellite, with a so-called uplink from the station to the
satellite & a so-called downlink from the satellite to the station.
The overall link from station to station, sometimes called hop, consists of an UL & a DL. 25
Basically the satellite receives the uplinked carriers from the transmitting earth stations within
the field of view of its receiving antenna.
amplifies those carriers.
translates their frequency to a lower band to avoid possible output/input
interference, &
Transmits the amplified carriers to the stations located within the field of view of its
transmitting antenna

A fixed network refers to a telecommunications infrastructure that provides communication services

through wired connections, as opposed to wireless networks. In the context of Ethio Telecom and similar
providers, a fixed network typically includes the following components and characteristics:

Components of a Fixed Network

1. Access Network:

• Copper Lines: Traditional telephone lines (e.g., PSTN - Public Switched Telephone Network) used for
voice communication and DSL broadband services.

• Fiber Optic Cables: High-capacity cables that transmit data as light signals, allowing for high-speed
internet and data services. Technologies like Fiber to the Home (FTTH) connect directly to residential
buildings.
2. Core Network:

• This part of the network is responsible for routing data between different regions and managing traffic.
It includes routers, switches, and other equipment that handle large volumes of data.

3. Transmission Network:

• Connects various parts of the fixed network, ensuring that data can travel from the access network to
the core network and vice versa. This may involve various technologies, including microwave links and
fiber optics.

4. Service Platforms:

• Systems that support various services offered over the fixed network, such as voice calling, video
conferencing, and internet access.

Procedures we have been using while performing work tasks

The procedures and methods employed by Ethio Telecom in their wireless communication and
transmission class are designed to ensure that tasks are performed efficiently, safely, and in compliance
with regulatory standards. By following structured processes and utilizing effective methods, the
organization can maintain high-quality service delivery in its telecommunications operations. Continuous
training and adaptation to new technologies are also essential for staying competitive in the rapidly
evolving telecom industry.

Procedures
1. Task Planning and Preparation

• Define Objectives: Clearly outline the goals of the task (e.g., installation, maintenance,
troubleshooting).

• Resource Allocation: Identify and gather necessary tools, equipment, and personnel needed for the
task.

• Safety Protocols: Ensure compliance with safety regulations and protocols to protect personnel and
equipment.

2. Installation Procedures

• Site Survey: Conduct a site survey to assess the location for equipment installation, considering
factors like signal coverage, interference, and environmental conditions.

• Equipment Setup: Follow manufacturer guidelines for installing antennas, base stations, and other
wireless equipment.

• Configuration: Configure network settings, including frequency allocation, bandwidth settings, and
security protocols.

3. Maintenance Procedures

• Scheduled Maintenance: Implement routine maintenance checks according to a predefined schedule to

ensure optimal performance of wireless systems.

• Documentation: Maintain detailed records of maintenance activities, including issues encountered,

resolutions applied, and any parts replaced.
 • Performance Monitoring: Use monitoring tools to track system performance metrics such as signal
strength, data throughput, and error rates.

4. Troubleshooting Procedures

• Initial Assessment: Identify the nature of the problem through initial assessments or user reports.

What challenges we have been facing while performing our work tasks
During this internship program we face many challenges some of them are:

 The staff were too busy to show us detail operation of the company
 We were not allowed to access the server that has the necessary software to monitor the
network.
 CHAPTER THREE

OVERALL BENEFITS GAINED FROM THINTERNSHIP PROGRAM

3.1 Benefits Gained From Internship

This internship has been a peek view of the reality in the world of Electrical Engineering
working condition and overall organizational hierarchy. We almost spend 4 years in theoretical
aspect of Engineering without any exposure to working areas of it. In this internship we got to
know what we should focus on for our future career which skills are important for working with
other people. And also important life advise from our supervisors that is “ Don’t dream about
getting a good job instead imagine how you can solve a problem and become entrepreneur.” We
are so grateful for the times we spent there as it was life changing experience.

3.1.1 Upgraded Theoretical Knowledge

We learned some theoretical concepts that were not adequately discussed in classroom to state a
few:

 Basic networking (switching and routing, Ip addressing, vlan …)

 Broadband Services
 How ethiotelecom provides internet service throughout the country

3.1.2 Upgraded Practical Knowledge

We had the opportunity to apply the theoretical knowledge we have gained in our studies to real
world situations within the facility maintenance department of Ethiopian Airlines.

3.1.3 Improving Team Playing Skills

We were assigned with Adama Science and Technology University Students as well. This
created an opportunity to develop out team playing skills. Since we were also working with other
members of staffs and professionals we were asking them what we don’t understand and
discussing it with and we were completing the tasks given by them in time. We believe we were
able to get familiar with them.

3.1.4 Improving Interpersonal Skills

Interpersonal communication skill refers to one's capacity to effectively participate in discussions
concerning technical, environmental, and social matters in a professional manner and derive
valuable insights from them. However, this ability is not easily acquired initially. Over time, with
assistance from various sources, we managed to enhance this crucial skill. Our aim is to cultivate
strong communication skills with those around us. When encountering unfamiliar aspects within
the company, we would seek clarification from nearby colleagues whom we believed possessed
the knowledge. Consequently, apart from resolving ambiguities, we also nurtured our
communication methods and interpersonal communication abilities.

3.1.5 Improved Leadership Skill

Leadership skill entails the capacity to guide, oversee, and supervise colleagues and peers
engaged in various activities, whether in an office or production setting. It requires individuals
who are educated, skilled, and experienced, as the leader's role should serve as an exemplary
model for other workers. While we may not have directly participated in leadership roles, we
observed how managers and supervisors effectively managed and communicated instructions to
specialists, technicians, and even ourselves.

3.1.6 Work Ethics and related work

Work ethics encompasses a set of principles centered on hard work and conscientiousness. Our
internship experience at Ethio-Telecom played a significant role in developing our work ethics,
particularly in terms of reliability, proactivity, and the pursuit of new skills. Our work ethics
were cultivated through the values of attitude, behavior, respect, communication, and
interpersonal dynamics.

In general, it is important to adhere to the rules and regulations established by the company and
refrain from complaining about workloads, tasks, or assignments that may arise in production,
utility, or office settings, especially when we possess strong work ethics and take responsibility
for our assigned tasks. We approached our responsibilities and work ethics with great dedication,
recognizing the importance of aligning them with our personal growth and professional
development.

3.1.7 Entrepreneur skills

Entrepreneurship refers to the formation and operation of businesses by groups of individuals.
We have come to realize that being an entrepreneur is far more challenging than we had initially
imagined, as it entails encountering numerous anticipated problems. However, it can also be
highly rewarding if one possesses the strength and resilience to confront these obstacles, along
with competent and experienced managers and human resources. A valuable lesson we have
gleaned regarding entrepreneurship skills is the importance of being courageous enough to
establish various types of businesses and transform them into profitable ventures. This entails
gaining a deep understanding of the business concept and becoming familiar with its intricacies.

Chapter 4: Conclusion and Recommendation

4.1 Conclusion
In general, I've covered everything I did during my practice period for an internship in this
report, as well as the company's history and the overall advantages it provided me with. In my
opinion, software played a significant role in almost everything. I have observed how different
technologies are applied in Ethiopian telecommunications, as well as the topology used across
the entire nation, as well as how to handle and resolve transmission-related issues and keep track
of the transmission routes. The reader can see that the concepts listed above are divided into
chapters by looking at the overall report.
I interacted with a variety of people during this internship. Some of them were genuinely
voluntary; they taught me things I didn't know, showed me great hospitality, and looked after me
as they had in the past. These people give me a lot of experience. I also came to understand that
working and learning are very different as a result of my internship. Even though I've learned a
lot from the South west Region Ethio telecom Company, there are still many things I didn't
know. Certain things cannot be discussed in a classroom. And there are some things where I need
to put what I've learned into practice in order to succeed. Overall, I'm very satisfied with my
internship experience and the many worthwhile experiences I was able to gain from it.
After changing its name from Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation, the country's previous
telecom company, Ethio Telecom is a recently established business in Ethiopia's
telecommunications sector. As a student in my university's communication stream, Ethio
Telecom is the ideal location for me to complete my internship training. The business offers its
customers a variety of services and goods. Some of the services and products offered by this
company, with some improvements, are also offered by the former telecom company ETC. The
business also incorporates fresh services and goods from the previous telecom company.
Residential and business customers are the two main categories of customers for Ethio Telecom.
The organization of the company consists of various organs.
The difficulties encountered during the internship practice session improve the student's capacity
for problem-solving. By preparing them to offer solutions that directly address the issues
encountered, these difficulties also prepare internship students for the difficulties they will face
after graduation (when they enter the workplace). I encountered some difficulties during my
internship, but I also proposed solutions for them, which I believe will make things easier for me
when I transition into the workplace after graduating.
As I already mentioned, the primary goal of this project is to use an IP networking system and an
FTP server to address the workers' disorganized file management issue. This will make it easier
to implement my framework. Then I used CISCO packet tracer to design and simulate my rough
idea. Installing Windows Server, setting up the server as an FTP server, and observing the results
I got from the implementation after confirming that the simulation functions.

4.2 Recommendations

1. Enhance Preventive Maintenance Programs

Scheduled Inspections: Regularly schedule device inspections to identify and address
potential issues before they escalate. This will reduce unexpected downtime and repair
costs.
Condition Monitoring: Use condition-based maintenance (CBM) techniques such as
vibration analysis and thermal imaging to monitor equipment performance in real-time.
This allows for predictive maintenance instead of reactive maintenance.
Training Programs for Technicians: Regularly update the skills of technicians through
training on the latest maintenance techniques and troubleshooting. This helps ensure that
technicians can handle newer technologies as Ethio Telecom upgrades its systems.
Maintain Digital Records: Use digital maintenance management systems to track
maintenance history, spare parts inventory, and scheduling. This improves efficiency and
reduces manual errors.
Spare Parts Inventory Management: Ensure critical spare parts are available on-site
for quick repairs. Ethio Telecom should establish partnerships with reliable suppliers for
timely delivery of parts.
2. Establish Local Manufacturing and Assembly
Partnership with Local Manufacturers: Collaborate with local industries and
universities to develop manufacturing capabilities for telecom components such as
antennas, circuit boards, or casings. This will reduce dependency on imported
components and lower costs.
Build R&D Facilities: Invest in research and development (R&D) to design components
tailored to the local market and Ethiopian environmental conditions. Developing in-house
solutions can offer a competitive advantage.
Skill Development Programs: Create specialized training programs to build a skilled
workforce in electronics manufacturing, product design, and quality control. Collaborate with
educational institutions like technical colleges and universities to ensure there‟s a
pipeline of qualified workers.
Quality Control Systems: Implement stringent quality control processes for locally
manufactured components to ensure they meet international telecom standards and last
longer in the field.
Eco-Friendly Manufacturing: Emphasize sustainability by encouraging the use of eco
friendly materials in device manufacturing and recycling of old devices. This could be an
opportunity to develop local expertise in green technologies.
3. Adopt Modern Maintenance Technologies
Remote Monitoring Systems: Utilize IoT (Internet of Things) devices and sensors to
monitor telecom infrastructure remotely. This would allow Ethio Telecom to identify
potential issues in real-time, particularly in rural areas where physical access is
challenging.
Augmented Reality for Remote Assistance: Implement AR-based remote assistance for
maintenance teams working in rural or difficult-to-reach areas. This would allow on-site
technicians to get guidance from experts without needing the expert to be physically
present.
4. The language used in communications
The language used in communications is also rife with acronyms. The adaptation of those
abbreviations was not without its difficulties.
5. Extend Device Lifecycle through Refurbishment
Device Refurbishment Centers: Establish refurbishment centers for customer devices
(e.g., routers, modems, smartphones) to extend their lifecycle. These centers can repair
and restore used devices to working condition and resell them at a lower price to rural
customers, increasing affordability and reducing electronic waste.
30Incentive Programs for Device Return: Encourage customers to return old devices by
offering incentives, such as discounts on new devices. These old devices can either be
refurbished or stripped for usable parts.
6. Expand Local Supply Chain for Components
Local Component Sourcing: Work on building partnerships with local businesses for
components like plastics, metal parts, and packaging materials. This reduces dependency
on imports and supports local economic development.
Joint Ventures with International Firms: Ethio Telecom could establish joint ventures
with global telecom equipment manufacturers, bringing the expertise and resources
needed to develop local production capabilities. This would also lead to knowledge
transfer and the development of local expertise in high-tech component production.
By focusing on these areas, Ethio Telecom can improve device maintenance efficiency, reduce
operational costs, and contribute to the local economy by developing the capacity for component
manufacturing in Ethiopia